initial commit
This commit is contained in:
Harald Hoyer
commit
429a176559
59 changed files with 4097 additions and 0 deletions
5
content/2015/02/25/_index.md
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5
content/2015/02/25/_index.md
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@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
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+++
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transparent = true
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sort_by = "date"
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paginate_by = 5
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+++
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@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
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+++
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title = "Single UEFI executable for kernel+initrd+cmdline"
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date = 2015-02-25T15:55:16+00:00
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||||
+++
|
||||
|
||||
Lately Kay Sievers and David Herrmann created a UEFI
|
||||
[loader stub](http://cgit.freedesktop.org/gummiboot/tree/src/efi/stub.c), which starts a linux kernel
|
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with an initrd and a kernel command line, which are COFF sections of the executable.
|
||||
This enables us to create single UEFI executable with a standard distribution kernel,
|
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a custom initrd and our own kernel command line attached.
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- more -->
|
||||
|
||||
Of course booting a linux kernel
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||||
directly from the UEFI has been possible before with the kernel EFI stub. But to add an initrd and
|
||||
kernel command line, this had to be specified at kernel compile time.
|
||||
|
||||
To demonstrate this feature
|
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and have a useful product, I created a shell script, which creates a "rescue" image on Fedora with
|
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the rescue kernel and rescue initrd. The kernel command line "rd.auto" instructs dracut to assemble
|
||||
all devices, while waiting 20 seconds for device appearance "rd.retry=20" and drop to a final shell
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because "root=/dev/failme" is specified (which does not exist of course). Now in this shell you can
|
||||
fsck your devices, mount them and repair your system.
|
||||
|
||||
The shell script can be downloaded and viewed on
|
||||
[github](https://github.com/haraldh/mkrescue-uefi).
|
||||
|
||||
To run the script, you will need to install gummiboot >= 46 and binutils.
|
||||
```console
|
||||
# yum install gummiboot binutils
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Run the script:
|
||||
```console
|
||||
# bash mkrescue-uefi.sh BOOTX64.EFI
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Copy `BOOTX64.EFI` to e.g. a USB stick to `EFI/BOOT/BOOTX64.EFI` in the FAT boot partition
|
||||
and point your BIOS to boot from the USB stick. Voilà!
|
||||
|
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A rescue USB stick with just one file! :-)
|
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5
content/2015/02/_index.md
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5
content/2015/02/_index.md
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transparent = true
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sort_by = "date"
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paginate_by = 5
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+++
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5
content/2015/03/05/_index.md
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5
content/2015/03/05/_index.md
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+++
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transparent = true
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sort_by = "date"
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paginate_by = 5
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+++
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@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
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+++
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title = "libtool: getting rid of 180,000 sed forks"
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date = 2015-03-05T08:10:36+00:00
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+++
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When compiling systemd on rawhide, we noticed a significant slowdown in compile time.
|
||||
Investigating further, it turns out, that libtool forks an incredible amount of sed.
|
||||
Running perf showed 30% of the "make all" was spent in bash. strace showed an execve of
|
||||
sed with the same arguments 180,000 times!!!!!
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- more -->
|
||||
|
||||
Looking in the code reveals the culprit:
|
||||
```bash
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_G_unquoted_arg=`printf '%s\n' "$1" |$SED "$sed_quote_subst"` ;;
|
||||
```
|
||||
and
|
||||
```bash
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||||
qECHO=`$ECHO "$ECHO" | $SED "$sed_quote_subst"`
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
`sed_quote_subst` looks like this:
|
||||
```bash
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||||
sed_quote_subst='s|\([`"$\\]\)|\\\1|g'
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
This substitution can be easily done in bash, without forking sed. So I came up with a patch for libtool:
|
||||
|
||||
```diff
|
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--- libtool.orig 2015-03-04 15:44:39.632703654 +0100
|
||||
+++ libtool.fixed 2015-03-04 17:16:42.495983610 +0100
|
||||
@@ -1607,7 +1607,15 @@
|
||||
while test 0 -lt $#; do
|
||||
case $1 in
|
||||
*[\\\`\"\$]*)
|
||||
- _G_unquoted_arg=`printf '%s\n' "$1" |$SED "$sed_quote_subst"` ;;
|
||||
+ if test set = "${BASH_VERSION+set}"; then
|
||||
+ _G_unquoted_arg=${1//\\/\\\\}
|
||||
+ _G_unquoted_arg=${_G_unquoted_arg//\"/\\\"}
|
||||
+ _G_unquoted_arg=${_G_unquoted_arg//\$/\\\$}
|
||||
+ _G_unquoted_arg=${_G_unquoted_arg//\`/\\\`}
|
||||
+ else
|
||||
+ _G_unquoted_arg=`printf '%s\n' "$1" |$SED "$sed_quote_subst"`
|
||||
+ fi
|
||||
+ ;;
|
||||
*)
|
||||
_G_unquoted_arg=$1 ;;
|
||||
esac
|
||||
@@ -5756,7 +5764,11 @@
|
||||
if test \"\$libtool_execute_magic\" != \"$magic\"; then
|
||||
file=\"\$0\""
|
||||
|
||||
- qECHO=`$ECHO "$ECHO" | $SED "$sed_quote_subst"`
|
||||
+ if test set = "${BASH_VERSION+set}"; then
|
||||
+ qECHO=$(_G=$($ECHO "$ECHO");_G=${_G//\\/\\\\};_G=${_G//\"/\\\"};_G=${_G//\$/\\\$};_G=${_G//\`/\\\`};printf '%s\n' "$_G")
|
||||
+ else
|
||||
+ qECHO=`$ECHO "$ECHO" | $SED "$sed_quote_subst"`
|
||||
+ fi
|
||||
$ECHO "\
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
With that patch, I compared the runtime of a compile (with ccache on). Original libtool:
|
||||
```console
|
||||
$ time make -j4
|
||||
[…]
|
||||
real 5m23.880s
|
||||
user 11m39.731s
|
||||
sys 7m12.578s
|
||||
```
|
||||
Fixed libtool:
|
||||
```console
|
||||
$ time make -j4
|
||||
[…]
|
||||
real 2m47.325s
|
||||
user 9m33.561s
|
||||
sys 0m57.522s
|
||||
```
|
||||
The old version spent half of the time creating a pipe, forking sed and parsing the
|
||||
output. Someone with connections to the libtool maintainers, please point them to
|
||||
this problem! Reported as [bug 20006](http://debbugs.gnu.org/cgi/bugreport.cgi?bug=20006).
|
||||
5
content/2015/03/_index.md
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5
content/2015/03/_index.md
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|||
+++
|
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transparent = true
|
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sort_by = "date"
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||||
paginate_by = 5
|
||||
+++
|
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5
content/2015/10/13/_index.md
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5
content/2015/10/13/_index.md
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|
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+++
|
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transparent = true
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sort_by = "date"
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||||
paginate_by = 5
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+++
|
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357
content/2015/10/13/a-python-transaction-class.md
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357
content/2015/10/13/a-python-transaction-class.md
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|
|||
+++
|
||||
title = "A Python Transaction Class"
|
||||
date = 2015-10-13T10:20:43+00:00
|
||||
+++
|
||||
This is a repost of a blog post of 2008. Just for the reference :-)
|
||||
|
||||
This class allows sub-classes to commit changes to an instance to a history, and rollback to previous states.
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- more -->
|
||||
|
||||
The final class with an extension for `__setstate__` and `__getstate__` can be found here:
|
||||
[transaction.py](/files/transaction.py)
|
||||
and [transaction_test.py](/files/transaction_test.py).
|
||||
|
||||
Now to the story, that led to it: I had the need for a transaction class in python and browsing the python cookbook led me to a [small Transaction class](http://aspn.activestate.com/ASPN/Cookbook/Python/Recipe/551788).
|
||||
|
||||
```python
|
||||
$ python
|
||||
Python 2.5.1 (r251:54863, Oct 30 2007, 13:45:26)
|
||||
[GCC 4.1.2 20070925 (Red Hat 4.1.2-33)] on linux2
|
||||
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
|
||||
>>> class Transaction(object):
|
||||
... def __init__(self):
|
||||
... self.log = []
|
||||
... def commit(self):
|
||||
... self.log.append(self.__dict__.copy())
|
||||
... def rollback(self):
|
||||
... try:
|
||||
... self.__dict__.update(self.log.pop(-1))
|
||||
... except IndexError:
|
||||
... pass
|
||||
...
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Ok, lets have some fun with it.
|
||||
|
||||
```python
|
||||
>>> class A(Transaction):
|
||||
... pass
|
||||
...
|
||||
>>> a = A()
|
||||
>>> a.test = True
|
||||
>>> a.commit()
|
||||
>>> a.test = False
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||||
>>> a
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||||
'self.__dict__ = {'test': False, 'log': [{'test': True, 'log': [...]}]}'
|
||||
>>> a.rollback()
|
||||
>>> a
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||||
'self.__dict__ = {'test': True, 'log': []}'
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Nice. Let's see if we can commit and rollback several times.
|
||||
|
||||
```python
|
||||
>>> a = A()
|
||||
>>> a.test = 1
|
||||
>>> a.commit()
|
||||
>>> a.test = 2
|
||||
>>> a.commit()
|
||||
>>> a.test = 3
|
||||
>>> a
|
||||
'self.__dict__ = {'test': 3, 'log': [{'test': 1, 'log': [...]}, {'test': 2, 'log': [...]}]}'
|
||||
>>> a.rollback()
|
||||
>>> a
|
||||
'self.__dict__ = {'test': 2, 'log': [{'test': 1, 'log': [...]}]}'
|
||||
>>> a.rollback()
|
||||
>>> a
|
||||
'self.__dict__ = {'test': 1, 'log': []}'
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Ok.. works :) Let's try some lists.
|
||||
|
||||
```python
|
||||
>>> a = A()
|
||||
>>> a.test = [ 0, 1 ]
|
||||
>>> a.commit()
|
||||
>>> a.test.append(2)
|
||||
>>> a
|
||||
'self.__dict__ = {'test': [0, 1, 2], 'log': [{'test': [0, 1, 2], 'log': [...]}]}'
|
||||
>>> a.rollback()
|
||||
>>> a
|
||||
'self.__dict__ = {'test': [0, 1, 2], 'log': []}'
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Doh! Ok, someone mentioned that already in the comments. copy.deepcopy() is the key.
|
||||
|
||||
```python
|
||||
>>> import copy
|
||||
>>>
|
||||
>>> class Transaction2(Transaction):
|
||||
... def commit(self, **kwargs):
|
||||
... self.log.append(copy.deepcopy(self.__dict__))
|
||||
...
|
||||
>>> class A(Transaction2):
|
||||
... pass
|
||||
...
|
||||
>>> a = A()
|
||||
>>> a.test = [ 0, 1 ]
|
||||
>>> a.commit()
|
||||
>>> a.test.append(2)
|
||||
>>> a
|
||||
'self.__dict__ = {'test': [0, 1, 2], 'log': [{'test': [0, 1], 'log': []}]}'
|
||||
>>> a.rollback()
|
||||
>>> a
|
||||
'self.__dict__ = {'test': [0, 1], 'log': []}'
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Ah, works. Very good. Now another check:
|
||||
|
||||
```python
|
||||
>>> a = A()
|
||||
>>> a.test = 1
|
||||
>>> a.commit()
|
||||
>>> a
|
||||
'self.__dict__ = {'test': 1, 'log': [{'test': 1, 'log': []}]}'
|
||||
>>> a.other = 2
|
||||
>>> a
|
||||
'self.__dict__ = {'test': 1, 'other': 2, 'log': [{'test': 1, 'log': []}]}'
|
||||
>>> a.rollback()
|
||||
>>> a
|
||||
'self.__dict__ = {'test': 1, 'other': 2, 'log': []}'
|
||||
>>> a.other
|
||||
2
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Oh, a leftover... seems like `self.__dict__` has to be cleared, before the update.
|
||||
|
||||
```python
|
||||
>>> class Transaction3(Transaction2):
|
||||
... def rollback(self, **kwargs):
|
||||
... try:
|
||||
... state = self.log.pop(-1)
|
||||
... self.__dict__.clear()
|
||||
... self.__dict__.update(state)
|
||||
... except IndexError:
|
||||
... pass
|
||||
...
|
||||
>>> class A(Transaction3):
|
||||
... pass
|
||||
...
|
||||
>>> a = A()
|
||||
>>> a.test = 1
|
||||
>>> a.commit()
|
||||
>>> a
|
||||
'self.__dict__ = {'test': 1, 'log': [{'test': 1, 'log': []}]}'
|
||||
>>> a.other = 2
|
||||
>>> a
|
||||
'self.__dict__ = {'test': 1, 'other': 2, 'log': [{'test': 1, 'log': []}]}'
|
||||
>>> a.rollback()
|
||||
>>> a
|
||||
'self.__dict__ = {'test': 1, 'log': []}'
|
||||
>>> a.other
|
||||
Traceback (most recent call last):
|
||||
File "", line 1, in
|
||||
AttributeError: 'A' object has no attribute 'other'
|
||||
>>>
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Ah, works. Very good. Ok, more tests...
|
||||
|
||||
```python
|
||||
>>> b = a.ncls
|
||||
>>> a.ncls.test = True
|
||||
>>> a.commit()
|
||||
>>> a.ncls.test = False
|
||||
>>> a.rollback()
|
||||
>>> a
|
||||
'self.__dict__ = {'ncls': 'self.__dict__ = {'test': True, 'log': []}', 'log': []}'
|
||||
>>> b
|
||||
'self.__dict__ = {'test': False, 'log': []}'
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Oh, what if we work with "b", which stills holds the old value? Maybe we should commit() all our attributes also, traversing through them all? Ok, here is such a beast:
|
||||
|
||||
```python
|
||||
>>> class TransactionNew1(object):
|
||||
... def _docommit(self):
|
||||
... if "log" not in self.__dict__:
|
||||
... self.__dict__["log"] = list()
|
||||
...
|
||||
... self.__dict__["log"].append(copy.deepcopy(self.__dict__))
|
||||
...
|
||||
... def _dorollback(self):
|
||||
... if "log" not in self.__dict__:
|
||||
... return
|
||||
... try:
|
||||
... state = self.__dict__["log"].pop(-1)
|
||||
... self.__dict__.clear()
|
||||
... self.__dict__.update(state)
|
||||
... except IndexError:
|
||||
... pass
|
||||
...
|
||||
... def commit(self, **kwargs):
|
||||
... # commit ourselves, then our childs
|
||||
... self._docommit()
|
||||
... if kwargs.get("deep", True):
|
||||
... for child in self.__dict__.values():
|
||||
... if isinstance(child, self.__class__):
|
||||
... child.commit()
|
||||
...
|
||||
... def rollback(self, **kwargs):
|
||||
... # rollback our childs, then ourselves
|
||||
... if kwargs.get("deep", True):
|
||||
... for child in self.__dict__.values():
|
||||
... if isinstance(child, self.__class__):
|
||||
... child.rollback()
|
||||
... self._dorollback()
|
||||
...
|
||||
... def __repr__(self):
|
||||
... return "'self.__dict__ = %s'" % self.__dict__
|
||||
...
|
||||
>>> class A(TransactionNew1):
|
||||
... pass
|
||||
...
|
||||
>>> a = A()
|
||||
>>> a.ncls = A()
|
||||
>>> b = a.ncls
|
||||
>>> a.ncls.test = True
|
||||
>>> a.commit()
|
||||
>>> a.ncls.test = False
|
||||
>>> a.rollback()
|
||||
>>> a
|
||||
'self.__dict__ = {'ncls': 'self.__dict__ = {'test': True}', 'log': []}'
|
||||
>>> b
|
||||
'self.__dict__ = {'test': True, 'log': []}'
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Ok... looks good, but we lost the reference. id(b) != id(a.ncls) ... ( update: this is fixed in the final version ) Working with it revealed also:
|
||||
|
||||
```python
|
||||
>>> a = A()
|
||||
>>> b = a
|
||||
>>> for i in xrange(3):
|
||||
... b.n = A()
|
||||
... b.t = "test"
|
||||
... b = b.n
|
||||
... a.commit()
|
||||
...
|
||||
>>> a
|
||||
'self.__dict__ = {'log': [{'n': 'self.__dict__ = {}', 'log': [], 't': 'test'}, {'n': 'self.__dict__ = {'log': [{'log': []}], 't': 'test', 'n': 'self.__dict__ = {}'}', 'log': [{'t': 'test', 'log': [], 'n': 'self.__dict__ = {}'}], 't': 'test'}, {'n': 'self.__dict__ = {'log': [{'log': []}, {'log': [{'log': []}], 't': 'test', 'n': 'self.__dict__ = {}'}], 't': 'test', 'n': 'self.__dict__ = {'log': [{'log': []}], 't': 'test', 'n': 'self.__dict__ = {}'}'}', 'log': [{'t': 'test', 'log': [], 'n': 'self.__dict__ = {}'}, {'t': 'test', 'log': [{'n': 'self.__dict__ = {}', 't': 'test', 'log': []}], 'n': 'self.__dict__ = {'t': 'test', 'log': [{'log': []}], 'n': 'self.__dict__ = {}'}'}], 't': 'test'}], 't': 'test', 'n': 'self.__dict__ = {'t': 'test', 'log': [{'log': []}, {'n': 'self.__dict__ = {}', 't': 'test', 'log': [{'log': []}]}, {'n': 'self.__dict__ = {'log': [{'log': []}], 't': 'test', 'n': 'self.__dict__ = {}'}', 't': 'test', 'log': [{'log': []}, {'log': [{'log': []}], 't': 'test', 'n': 'self.__dict__ = {}'}]}], 'n': 'self.__dict__ = {'t': 'test', 'log': [{'log': []}, {'n': 'self.__dict__ = {}', 't': 'test', 'log': [{'log': []}]}], 'n': 'self.__dict__ = {'log': [{'log': []}]}'}'}'}'
|
||||
>>> len(str(a))
|
||||
1192
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Hmm... seems strange.. Ah, self.log was also copied with copy.deepcopy(). So, we have multiple useless copies. Let's "pop()" the state from self.__dict__ before the deepcopy.
|
||||
|
||||
```python
|
||||
>>> class TransactionNew2(TransactionNew1):
|
||||
... def _docommit(self):
|
||||
... if "log" in self.__dict__:
|
||||
... oldstate = self.__dict__.pop("log")
|
||||
... else:
|
||||
... oldstate = None
|
||||
... state = copy.deepcopy(self.__dict__)
|
||||
... if oldstate:
|
||||
... state["log"] = oldstate
|
||||
... self.__dict__["log"] = state
|
||||
... def _dorollback(self):
|
||||
... if "log" not in self.__dict__:
|
||||
... return
|
||||
... try:
|
||||
... state = self.__dict__["log"]
|
||||
... self.__dict__.clear()
|
||||
... self.__dict__.update(state)
|
||||
... except IndexError:
|
||||
... pass
|
||||
...
|
||||
>>> class A(TransactionNew2):
|
||||
... pass
|
||||
...
|
||||
>>>
|
||||
>>> a = A()
|
||||
>>> b = a
|
||||
>>> for i in xrange(3):
|
||||
... b.n = A()
|
||||
... b.t = "test"
|
||||
... b = b.n
|
||||
... a.commit()
|
||||
...
|
||||
>>> a
|
||||
'self.__dict__ = {'log': {'log': {'log': {'t': 'test', 'n': 'self.__dict__ = {}'}, 't': 'test', 'n': 'self.__dict__ = {'log': {}, 't': 'test', 'n': 'self.__dict__ = {}'}'}, 't': 'test', 'n': 'self.__dict__ = {'log': {'t': 'test', 'n': 'self.__dict__ = {}'}, 't': 'test', 'n': 'self.__dict__ = {'log': {}, 't': 'test', 'n': 'self.__dict__ = {}'}'}'}, 't': 'test', 'n': 'self.__dict__ = {'t': 'test', 'log': {'log': {'t': 'test', 'n': 'self.__dict__ = {}'}, 't': 'test', 'n': 'self.__dict__ = {'log': {}, 't': 'test', 'n': 'self.__dict__ = {}'}'}, 'n': 'self.__dict__ = {'t': 'test', 'log': {'t': 'test', 'n': 'self.__dict__ = {}'}, 'n': 'self.__dict__ = {'log': {}}'}'}'}'
|
||||
>>> len(str(a))
|
||||
671
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Ok, saved us a bit of state length. The final version has:
|
||||
|
||||
```python
|
||||
>>> a
|
||||
'self.__dict__ = {'__l': {'__l': {'__l': {'t': 'test'}, 't': 'test'}, 't': 'test'}, 't': 'test', 'n': 'self.__dict__ = {'__l': {'__l': {'t': 'test'}, 't': 'test'}, 't': 'test', 'n': 'self.__dict__ = {'__l': {'t': 'test'}, 't': 'test', 'n': 'self.__dict__ = {'__l': {}}'}'}'}'
|
||||
>>> len(str(a))
|
||||
275
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Now another thing:
|
||||
|
||||
```python
|
||||
>>> a = A()
|
||||
>>> a.n = a
|
||||
>>> a.commit()
|
||||
|
||||
File "/usr/lib64/python2.5/copy.py", line 162, in deepcopy
|
||||
y = copier(x, memo)
|
||||
RuntimeError: maximum recursion depth exceeded
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
... Oh, oh! Recursion in commit()... Now we have to check, if we have been there.
|
||||
|
||||
```python
|
||||
>>> class TransactionNew3(TransactionNew2):
|
||||
... def _checksetseen(self, seen):
|
||||
... if id(self) in seen:
|
||||
... import sys
|
||||
... sys.stderr.write("Recursion detected... \n")
|
||||
... return True
|
||||
... seen.add(id(self))
|
||||
... return False
|
||||
...
|
||||
... def commit(self, **kwargs): # pylint: disable-msg=W0613
|
||||
... seen = kwargs.get("_commit_seen", set())
|
||||
... if self._checksetseen(seen):
|
||||
... return
|
||||
... # commit ourselves, then our childs
|
||||
... self._docommit()
|
||||
... if kwargs.get("deep", True):
|
||||
... for child in self.__dict__.values():
|
||||
... if isinstance(child, self.__class__):
|
||||
... child.commit(_commit_seen = seen)
|
||||
...
|
||||
... def rollback(self, **kwargs):
|
||||
... seen = kwargs.get("_rollback_seen", set())
|
||||
... if self._checksetseen(seen):
|
||||
... return
|
||||
... # rollback our childs, then ourselves
|
||||
... if kwargs.get("deep", True):
|
||||
... for child in self.__dict__.values():
|
||||
... if isinstance(child, self.__class__):
|
||||
... child.rollback(_rollback_seen = seen)
|
||||
... self._dorollback()
|
||||
...
|
||||
>>>
|
||||
>>> class A(TransactionNew3):
|
||||
... pass
|
||||
...
|
||||
>>> a = A()
|
||||
>>> a.n = a
|
||||
>>> a.commit()
|
||||
Recursion detected...
|
||||
>>>
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
The final class with an extension for `__setstate__` and `__getstate__` can be found here: [transaction.py](https://harald.hoyer.xyz/files/transaction.py) and [transaction_test.py](/files/transaction_test.py). Have fun with it :-)
|
||||
5
content/2015/10/_index.md
Normal file
5
content/2015/10/_index.md
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
|
|||
+++
|
||||
transparent = true
|
||||
sort_by = "date"
|
||||
paginate_by = 5
|
||||
+++
|
||||
5
content/2015/_index.md
Normal file
5
content/2015/_index.md
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
|
|||
+++
|
||||
transparent = true
|
||||
sort_by = "date"
|
||||
paginate_by = 5
|
||||
+++
|
||||
Loading…
Add table
Add a link
Reference in a new issue