From 12caec03a0ccf38d1137ba35a2de17b730c958e8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: haraldh Date: Tue, 3 Mar 2020 14:16:51 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] deploy: 1d43a39c61e9748a5c33da7f0f49498ea1424ada --- book.js | 194 +- print.html | 14434 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++- searchindex.js | 2 +- searchindex.json | 2 +- tutorial1.html | 10 +- tutorial10.html | 1200 +++- tutorial11.html | 1200 +++- tutorial12.html | 1200 +++- tutorial13.html | 1202 +++- tutorial14.html | 4 +- tutorial2.html | 1202 +++- tutorial3.html | 1202 +++- tutorial4.html | 1202 +++- tutorial5.html | 1202 +++- tutorial6.html | 1204 +++- tutorial7.html | 1202 +++- tutorial8.html | 1202 +++- tutorial9.html | 1202 +++- 18 files changed, 28810 insertions(+), 256 deletions(-) diff --git a/book.js b/book.js index 8c6946d..186f9ae 100644 --- a/book.js +++ b/book.js @@ -16,9 +16,6 @@ function playpen_text(playpen) { } (function codeSnippets() { - // Hide Rust code lines prepended with a specific character - var hiding_character = "#"; - function fetch_with_timeout(url, options, timeout = 6000) { return Promise.race([ fetch(url, options), @@ -55,6 +52,15 @@ function playpen_text(playpen) { editor.addEventListener("change", function (e) { update_play_button(playpen_block, playground_crates); }); + // add Ctrl-Enter command to execute rust code + editor.commands.addCommand({ + name: "run", + bindKey: { + win: "Ctrl-Enter", + mac: "Ctrl-Enter" + }, + exec: _editor => run_rust_code(playpen_block) + }); } } } @@ -101,31 +107,24 @@ function playpen_text(playpen) { } let text = playpen_text(code_block); + let classes = code_block.querySelector('code').classList; + let has_2018 = classes.contains("edition2018"); + let edition = has_2018 ? "2018" : "2015"; var params = { - channel: "stable", - mode: "debug", - edition: "2018", - crateType: "bin", - tests: false, - code: text + version: "stable", + optimize: "0", + code: text, + edition: edition }; if (text.indexOf("#![feature") !== -1) { - params.channel = "nightly"; - } - - if (text.indexOf("#[test]") !== -1) { - params.tests = "true"; - } - - if (text.indexOf("#![crate_type=\"lib\"]") !== -1) { - params.crateType = "lib"; + params.version = "nightly"; } result_block.innerText = "Running..."; - fetch_with_timeout("https://play.rust-lang.org/execute", { + fetch_with_timeout("https://play.rust-lang.org/evaluate.json", { headers: { 'Content-Type': "application/json", }, @@ -134,7 +133,7 @@ function playpen_text(playpen) { body: JSON.stringify(params) }) .then(response => response.json()) - .then(response => result_block.innerText = response.stderr + "\n\n" + response.stdout) + .then(response => result_block.innerText = response.result) .catch(error => result_block.innerText = "Playground Communication: " + error.message); } @@ -168,95 +167,59 @@ function playpen_text(playpen) { Array.from(document.querySelectorAll("code.language-rust")).forEach(function (block) { - var code_block = block; - var pre_block = block.parentNode; - // hide lines - var lines = code_block.innerHTML.split("\n"); - var first_non_hidden_line = false; - var lines_hidden = false; - var trimmed_line = ""; - - for (var n = 0; n < lines.length; n++) { - trimmed_line = lines[n].trim(); - if (trimmed_line[0] == hiding_character && trimmed_line[1] != hiding_character) { - if (first_non_hidden_line) { - lines[n] = "" + "\n" + lines[n].replace(/(\s*)# ?/, "$1") + ""; - } - else { - lines[n] = "" + lines[n].replace(/(\s*)# ?/, "$1") + "\n" + ""; - } - lines_hidden = true; - } - else if (first_non_hidden_line) { - lines[n] = "\n" + lines[n]; - } - else { - first_non_hidden_line = true; - } - if (trimmed_line[0] == hiding_character && trimmed_line[1] == hiding_character) { - lines[n] = lines[n].replace("##", "#") - } - } - code_block.innerHTML = lines.join(""); - + var lines = Array.from(block.querySelectorAll('.boring')); // If no lines were hidden, return - if (!lines_hidden) { return; } + if (!lines.length) { return; } + block.classList.add("hide-boring"); var buttons = document.createElement('div'); buttons.className = 'buttons'; buttons.innerHTML = ""; // add expand button + var pre_block = block.parentNode; pre_block.insertBefore(buttons, pre_block.firstChild); pre_block.querySelector('.buttons').addEventListener('click', function (e) { if (e.target.classList.contains('fa-expand')) { - var lines = pre_block.querySelectorAll('span.hidden'); - e.target.classList.remove('fa-expand'); e.target.classList.add('fa-compress'); e.target.title = 'Hide lines'; e.target.setAttribute('aria-label', e.target.title); - Array.from(lines).forEach(function (line) { - line.classList.remove('hidden'); - line.classList.add('unhidden'); - }); + block.classList.remove('hide-boring'); } else if (e.target.classList.contains('fa-compress')) { - var lines = pre_block.querySelectorAll('span.unhidden'); - e.target.classList.remove('fa-compress'); e.target.classList.add('fa-expand'); e.target.title = 'Show hidden lines'; e.target.setAttribute('aria-label', e.target.title); - Array.from(lines).forEach(function (line) { - line.classList.remove('unhidden'); - line.classList.add('hidden'); - }); + block.classList.add('hide-boring'); } }); }); - Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('pre code')).forEach(function (block) { - var pre_block = block.parentNode; - if (!pre_block.classList.contains('playpen')) { - var buttons = pre_block.querySelector(".buttons"); - if (!buttons) { - buttons = document.createElement('div'); - buttons.className = 'buttons'; - pre_block.insertBefore(buttons, pre_block.firstChild); + if (window.playpen_copyable) { + Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('pre code')).forEach(function (block) { + var pre_block = block.parentNode; + if (!pre_block.classList.contains('playpen')) { + var buttons = pre_block.querySelector(".buttons"); + if (!buttons) { + buttons = document.createElement('div'); + buttons.className = 'buttons'; + pre_block.insertBefore(buttons, pre_block.firstChild); + } + + var clipButton = document.createElement('button'); + clipButton.className = 'fa fa-copy clip-button'; + clipButton.title = 'Copy to clipboard'; + clipButton.setAttribute('aria-label', clipButton.title); + clipButton.innerHTML = ''; + + buttons.insertBefore(clipButton, buttons.firstChild); } - - var clipButton = document.createElement('button'); - clipButton.className = 'fa fa-copy clip-button'; - clipButton.title = 'Copy to clipboard'; - clipButton.setAttribute('aria-label', clipButton.title); - clipButton.innerHTML = ''; - - buttons.insertBefore(clipButton, buttons.firstChild); - } - }); + }); + } // Process playpen code blocks Array.from(document.querySelectorAll(".playpen")).forEach(function (pre_block) { @@ -274,19 +237,21 @@ function playpen_text(playpen) { runCodeButton.title = 'Run this code'; runCodeButton.setAttribute('aria-label', runCodeButton.title); - var copyCodeClipboardButton = document.createElement('button'); - copyCodeClipboardButton.className = 'fa fa-copy clip-button'; - copyCodeClipboardButton.innerHTML = ''; - copyCodeClipboardButton.title = 'Copy to clipboard'; - copyCodeClipboardButton.setAttribute('aria-label', copyCodeClipboardButton.title); - buttons.insertBefore(runCodeButton, buttons.firstChild); - buttons.insertBefore(copyCodeClipboardButton, buttons.firstChild); - runCodeButton.addEventListener('click', function (e) { run_rust_code(pre_block); }); + if (window.playpen_copyable) { + var copyCodeClipboardButton = document.createElement('button'); + copyCodeClipboardButton.className = 'fa fa-copy clip-button'; + copyCodeClipboardButton.innerHTML = ''; + copyCodeClipboardButton.title = 'Copy to clipboard'; + copyCodeClipboardButton.setAttribute('aria-label', copyCodeClipboardButton.title); + + buttons.insertBefore(copyCodeClipboardButton, buttons.firstChild); + } + let code_block = pre_block.querySelector("code"); if (window.ace && code_block.classList.contains("editable")) { var undoChangesButton = document.createElement('button'); @@ -328,7 +293,7 @@ function playpen_text(playpen) { themeToggleButton.focus(); } - function set_theme(theme) { + function set_theme(theme, store = true) { let ace_theme; if (theme == 'coal' || theme == 'navy') { @@ -341,13 +306,11 @@ function playpen_text(playpen) { stylesheets.ayuHighlight.disabled = false; stylesheets.tomorrowNight.disabled = true; stylesheets.highlight.disabled = true; - ace_theme = "ace/theme/tomorrow_night"; } else { stylesheets.ayuHighlight.disabled = true; stylesheets.tomorrowNight.disabled = true; stylesheets.highlight.disabled = false; - ace_theme = "ace/theme/dawn"; } @@ -365,9 +328,10 @@ function playpen_text(playpen) { try { previousTheme = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-theme'); } catch (e) { } if (previousTheme === null || previousTheme === undefined) { previousTheme = default_theme; } - try { localStorage.setItem('mdbook-theme', theme); } catch (e) { } + if (store) { + try { localStorage.setItem('mdbook-theme', theme); } catch (e) { } + } - document.body.className = theme; html.classList.remove(previousTheme); html.classList.add(theme); } @@ -377,7 +341,7 @@ function playpen_text(playpen) { try { theme = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-theme'); } catch(e) { } if (theme === null || theme === undefined) { theme = default_theme; } - set_theme(theme); + set_theme(theme, false); themeToggleButton.addEventListener('click', function () { if (themePopup.style.display === 'block') { @@ -399,7 +363,7 @@ function playpen_text(playpen) { } }); - // Should not be needed, but it works around an issue on macOS & iOS: https://github.com/rust-lang-nursery/mdBook/issues/628 + // Should not be needed, but it works around an issue on macOS & iOS: https://github.com/rust-lang/mdBook/issues/628 document.addEventListener('click', function(e) { if (themePopup.style.display === 'block' && !themeToggleButton.contains(e.target) && !themePopup.contains(e.target)) { hideThemes(); @@ -444,8 +408,10 @@ function playpen_text(playpen) { (function sidebar() { var html = document.querySelector("html"); var sidebar = document.getElementById("sidebar"); + var sidebarScrollBox = document.getElementById("sidebar-scrollbox"); var sidebarLinks = document.querySelectorAll('#sidebar a'); var sidebarToggleButton = document.getElementById("sidebar-toggle"); + var sidebarResizeHandle = document.getElementById("sidebar-resize-handle"); var firstContact = null; function showSidebar() { @@ -459,6 +425,17 @@ function playpen_text(playpen) { try { localStorage.setItem('mdbook-sidebar', 'visible'); } catch (e) { } } + + var sidebarAnchorToggles = document.querySelectorAll('#sidebar a.toggle'); + + function toggleSection(ev) { + ev.currentTarget.parentElement.classList.toggle('expanded'); + } + + Array.from(sidebarAnchorToggles).forEach(function (el) { + el.addEventListener('click', toggleSection); + }); + function hideSidebar() { html.classList.remove('sidebar-visible') html.classList.add('sidebar-hidden'); @@ -485,6 +462,23 @@ function playpen_text(playpen) { } }); + sidebarResizeHandle.addEventListener('mousedown', initResize, false); + + function initResize(e) { + window.addEventListener('mousemove', resize, false); + window.addEventListener('mouseup', stopResize, false); + html.classList.add('sidebar-resizing'); + } + function resize(e) { + document.documentElement.style.setProperty('--sidebar-width', (e.clientX - sidebar.offsetLeft) + 'px'); + } + //on mouseup remove windows functions mousemove & mouseup + function stopResize(e) { + html.classList.remove('sidebar-resizing'); + window.removeEventListener('mousemove', resize, false); + window.removeEventListener('mouseup', stopResize, false); + } + document.addEventListener('touchstart', function (e) { firstContact = { x: e.touches[0].clientX, @@ -513,7 +507,7 @@ function playpen_text(playpen) { // Scroll sidebar to current active section var activeSection = sidebar.querySelector(".active"); if (activeSection) { - sidebar.scrollTop = activeSection.offsetTop; + sidebarScrollBox.scrollTop = activeSection.offsetTop; } })(); @@ -554,7 +548,7 @@ function playpen_text(playpen) { elem.className = 'fa fa-copy tooltipped'; } - var clipboardSnippets = new Clipboard('.clip-button', { + var clipboardSnippets = new ClipboardJS('.clip-button', { text: function (trigger) { hideTooltip(trigger); let playpen = trigger.closest("pre"); @@ -606,6 +600,6 @@ function playpen_text(playpen) { menu.classList.remove('bordered'); } - previousScrollTop = document.scrollingElement.scrollTop; + previousScrollTop = Math.max(document.scrollingElement.scrollTop, 0); }, { passive: true }); })(); diff --git a/print.html b/print.html index e8b8f62..9235fd8 100644 --- a/print.html +++ b/print.html @@ -275,32 +275,32 @@ prints out the last Error.

and improves inspecting the sources of an error.

You can also run the tutorial examples in the checked out chainerror git repo.

-
$ cargo run -q --example tutorial1
+
$ cargo run -q --example tutorial1
 

 
use std::error::Error;
 use std::io;
 use std::result::Result;
 
-fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> {
+fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> {
+fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
     if let Err(_) = do_some_io() {
         Err("func2 error")?;
     }
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> {
+fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
     if let Err(_) = func2() {
         Err("func1 error")?;
     }
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn main() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> {
+fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
     func1()
 }
 

@@ -314,32 +314,1222 @@ use std::error::Error;
 use std::io;
 use std::result::Result;
 
-fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> {
+fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> {
+fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
     if let Err(e) = do_some_io() {
         Err(cherr!(e, "func2 error"))?;
     }
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> {
+fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
     if let Err(e) = func2() {
         Err(cherr!(e, "func1 error"))?;
     }
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn main() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> {
+fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
     func1()
 }
 #[allow(dead_code)]
 mod chainerror {
-{{#includecomment ../src/lib.rs}}
-}
+//! `chainerror` provides an error backtrace without doing a real backtrace, so even after you `strip` your
+//! binaries, you still have the error backtrace.
+//!
+//! `chainerror` has no dependencies!
+//!
+//! `chainerror` uses `.source()` of `std::error::Error` along with `line()!` and `file()!` to provide a nice debug error backtrace.
+//! It encapsulates all types, which have `Display + Debug` and can store the error cause internally.
+//!
+//! Along with the `ChainError<T>` struct, `chainerror` comes with some useful helper macros to save a lot of typing.
+//!
+//! ## Features
+//!
+//! `no-fileline`
+//! : completely turn off storing filename and line
+//!
+//! `display-cause`
+//! : turn on printing a backtrace of the errors in `Display`
+//!
+//! `no-debug-cause`
+//! : turn off printing a backtrace of the errors in `Debug`
+//!
+//!
+//! # Tutorial
+//!
+//! Read the [Tutorial](https://haraldh.github.io/chainerror/tutorial1.html)
+//!
+//! # Examples
+//!
+//! ```rust
+//! use chainerror::*;
+//! use std::error::Error;
+//! use std::io;
+//! use std::result::Result;
+//!
+//! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+//!     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
+//!     Ok(())
+//! }
+//!
+//! fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+//!     let filename = "foo.txt";
+//!     do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?;
+//!     Ok(())
+//! }
+//!
+//! fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+//!     func2().map_err(mstrerr!("func1 error"))?;
+//!     Ok(())
+//! }
+//!
+//! fn main() {
+//!     if let Err(e) = func1() {
+//!         #[cfg(not(windows))]
+//!         assert_eq!(
+//!             format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#"
+//! src/lib.rs:20: func1 error
+//! Caused by:
+//! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt'
+//! Caused by:
+//! Kind(NotFound)
+//! "#
+//!         );
+//!     }
+//! #    else {
+//! #        unreachable!();
+//! #    }
+//! }
+//! ```
+//!
+//!
+//! ```rust
+//! use chainerror::*;
+//! use std::error::Error;
+//! use std::io;
+//! use std::result::Result;
+//!
+//! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+//!     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
+//!     Ok(())
+//! }
+//!
+//! fn func3() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+//!     let filename = "foo.txt";
+//!     do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?;
+//!     Ok(())
+//! }
+//!
+//! derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);
+//!
+//! fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {
+//!     func3().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "func2 error: calling func3"))?;
+//!     Ok(())
+//! }
+//!
+//! enum Func1Error {
+//!     Func2,
+//!     IO(String),
+//! }
+//!
+//! impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1Error {
+//!     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+//!         match self {
+//!             Func1Error::Func2 => write!(f, "func1 error calling func2"),
+//!             Func1Error::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename),
+//!         }
+//!     }
+//! }
+//!
+//! impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Func1Error {
+//!     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+//!         write!(f, "{}", self)
+//!     }
+//! }
+//!
+//! fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1Error> {
+//!     func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::Func2))?;
+//!     let filename = String::from("bar.txt");
+//!     do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::IO(filename)))?;
+//!     Ok(())
+//! }
+//!
+//! fn main() {
+//!     if let Err(e) = func1() {
+//!         assert!(
+//!             match e.kind() {
+//!                 Func1Error::Func2 => {
+//!                     eprintln!("Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2");
+//!                     true
+//!                 }
+//!                 Func1Error::IO(filename) => {
+//!                     eprintln!("Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'", filename);
+//!                     false
+//!                 }
+//!             }
+//!         );
+//!
+//!         assert!(e.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some());
+//!
+//!         if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>() {
+//!             eprintln!("\nError reported by Func2Error: {}", e)
+//!         }
+//!
+//!
+//!         assert!(e.root_cause().is_some());
+//!
+//!         if let Some(e) = e.root_cause() {
+//!             let io_error = e.downcast_ref::<io::Error>().unwrap();
+//!             eprintln!("\nThe root cause was: std::io::Error: {:#?}", io_error);
+//!         }
+//!
+//!         #[cfg(not(windows))]
+//!         assert_eq!(
+//!             format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#"
+//! src/lib.rs:47: func1 error calling func2
+//! Caused by:
+//! src/lib.rs:22: Func2Error(func2 error: calling func3)
+//! Caused by:
+//! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt'
+//! Caused by:
+//! Kind(NotFound)
+//! "#
+//!         );
+//!     }
+//! #    else {
+//! #        unreachable!();
+//! #    }
+//! }
+//! ```
+
+#![deny(
+    warnings,
+    absolute_paths_not_starting_with_crate,
+    deprecated_in_future,
+    keyword_idents,
+    macro_use_extern_crate,
+    missing_debug_implementations,
+    trivial_numeric_casts,
+    unused_extern_crates,
+    unused_import_braces,
+    unused_qualifications,
+    unused_results,
+    unused_labels,
+    unused_lifetimes,
+    unstable_features,
+    unreachable_pub,
+    future_incompatible,
+    missing_copy_implementations,
+    missing_doc_code_examples,
+    rust_2018_idioms,
+    rust_2018_compatibility
+)]
+
+use std::any::TypeId;
+use std::error::Error;
+use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter, Result};
+
+/// chains an inner error kind `T` with a causing error
+pub struct ChainError<T> {
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))]
+    occurrence: Option<&'static str>,
+    kind: T,
+    error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>,
+}
+
+/// convenience type alias
+pub type ChainResult<O, E> = std::result::Result<O, ChainError<E>>;
+
+impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> ChainError<T> {
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))]
+    /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn new(
+        kind: T,
+        error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>,
+        occurrence: Option<&'static str>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            occurrence,
+            kind,
+            error_cause,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "no-fileline")]
+    /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn new(
+        kind: T,
+        error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>,
+        _occurrence: Option<&'static str>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self { kind, error_cause }
+    }
+
+    /// return the root cause of the error chain, if any exists
+    pub fn root_cause(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
+        self.iter().last()
+    }
+
+    /// Find the first error cause of type U, if any exists
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// use chainerror::*;
+    /// use std::error::Error;
+    /// use std::io;
+    ///
+    /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+    ///     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
+    ///     Ok(())
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);
+    ///
+    /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+    ///     let filename = "foo.txt";
+    ///     do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?;
+    ///     Ok(())
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);
+    ///
+    /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+    ///     func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?;
+    ///     Ok(())
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// fn main() {
+    ///     if let Err(e) = func1() {
+    ///         if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() {
+    ///
+    ///             assert!(f1err.find_cause::<io::Error>().is_some());
+    ///
+    ///             assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some());
+    ///         }
+    /// #        else {
+    /// #            panic!();
+    /// #        }
+    ///     }
+    /// #    else {
+    /// #         unreachable!();
+    /// #    }
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn find_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&U> {
+        self.iter().filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::<U>).next()
+    }
+
+    /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError<U>`, if any exists
+    ///
+    /// Same as `find_cause`, but hides the `ChainError<U>` implementation internals
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use chainerror::*;
+    /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooError);
+    /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);
+    /// // Instead of writing
+    /// err.find_cause::<ChainError<FooError>>();
+    ///
+    /// // leave out the ChainError<FooError> implementation detail
+    /// err.find_chain_cause::<FooError>();
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn find_chain_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<U>> {
+        self.iter()
+            .filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::<ChainError<U>>)
+            .next()
+    }
+
+    /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError<U>` or `U`, if any exists and return `U`
+    ///
+    /// Same as `find_cause` and `find_chain_cause`, but hides the `ChainError<U>` implementation internals
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use chainerror::*;
+    /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooErrorKind);
+    /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);
+    /// // Instead of writing
+    /// err.find_cause::<ChainError<FooErrorKind>>();
+    /// // and/or
+    /// err.find_chain_cause::<FooErrorKind>();
+    /// // and/or
+    /// err.find_cause::<FooErrorKind>();
+    ///
+    /// // leave out the ChainError<FooErrorKind> implementation detail
+    /// err.find_kind_or_cause::<FooErrorKind>();
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn find_kind_or_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&U> {
+        self.iter()
+            .filter_map(|e| {
+                e.downcast_ref::<ChainError<U>>()
+                    .map(|e| e.kind())
+                    .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::<U>())
+            })
+            .next()
+    }
+
+    /// Return a reference to T of `ChainError<T>`
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// use chainerror::*;
+    /// use std::error::Error;
+    /// use std::io;
+    ///
+    /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+    ///     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
+    ///     Ok(())
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);
+    ///
+    /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+    ///     let filename = "foo.txt";
+    ///     do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?;
+    ///     Ok(())
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// #[derive(Debug)]
+    /// enum Func1ErrorKind {
+    ///     Func2,
+    ///     IO(String),
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// /// impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {…}
+    /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {
+    /// #     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+    /// #         match self {
+    /// #             Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, "func1 error calling func2"),
+    /// #             Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename),
+    /// #         }
+    /// #     }
+    /// # }
+    ///
+    /// fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> {
+    ///     func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::Func2))?;
+    ///     do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::IO("bar.txt".into())))?;
+    ///     Ok(())
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// fn main() {
+    ///     if let Err(e) = func1() {
+    ///         match e.kind() {
+    ///             Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => {}
+    ///             Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => panic!(),
+    ///         }
+    ///     }
+    /// #    else {
+    /// #         unreachable!();
+    /// #    }
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn kind(&self) -> &T {
+        &self.kind
+    }
+
+    /// Returns an Iterator over all error causes/sources
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    ///
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &(dyn Error + 'static)> {
+        ErrorIter {
+            current: Some(self),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+struct ErrorIter<'a> {
+    current: Option<&'a (dyn Error + 'static)>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Iterator for ErrorIter<'a> {
+    type Item = &'a (dyn Error + 'static);
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        let current = self.current;
+        self.current = self.current.and_then(Error::source);
+        current
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> std::ops::Deref for ChainError<T> {
+    type Target = T;
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        &self.kind
+    }
+}
+
+/// Convenience trait to hide the `ChainError<T>` implementation internals
+pub trait ChainErrorDown {
+    /// Test if of type `ChainError<T>`
+    fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool;
+    /// Downcast to a reference of `ChainError<T>`
+    fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>>;
+    /// Downcast to a mutable reference of `ChainError<T>`
+    fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>>;
+    /// Downcast to T of `ChainError<T>`
+    fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T>;
+    /// Downcast to T mutable reference of `ChainError<T>`
+    fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>;
+}
+
+impl<U: 'static + Display + Debug> ChainErrorDown for ChainError<U> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool {
+        TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<U>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> {
+        if self.is_chain::<T>() {
+            #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
+            unsafe {
+                #[allow(trivial_casts)]
+                Some(&*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError<T>))
+            }
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> {
+        if self.is_chain::<T>() {
+            #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
+            unsafe {
+                #[allow(trivial_casts)]
+                Some(&mut *(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError<T>))
+            }
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
+        if self.is_chain::<T>() {
+            #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
+            unsafe {
+                #[allow(trivial_casts)]
+                Some(&(*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError<T>)).kind)
+            }
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {
+        if self.is_chain::<T>() {
+            #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
+            unsafe {
+                #[allow(trivial_casts)]
+                Some(&mut (*(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError<T>)).kind)
+            }
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static {
+    #[inline]
+    fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> {
+        self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> {
+        self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
+        self.downcast_ref::<T>()
+            .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind()))
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {
+        if self.is::<T>() {
+            return self.downcast_mut::<T>();
+        }
+
+        self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>()
+            .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>())
+    }
+}
+
+impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send {
+    #[inline]
+    fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> {
+        self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> {
+        self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
+        self.downcast_ref::<T>()
+            .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind()))
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {
+        if self.is::<T>() {
+            return self.downcast_mut::<T>();
+        }
+
+        self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>()
+            .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>())
+    }
+}
+
+impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync {
+    #[inline]
+    fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> {
+        self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> {
+        self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
+        self.downcast_ref::<T>()
+            .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind()))
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {
+        if self.is::<T>() {
+            return self.downcast_mut::<T>();
+        }
+
+        self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>()
+            .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for ChainError<T> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
+        self.error_cause
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for &ChainError<T> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
+        self.error_cause
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for &mut ChainError<T> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
+        self.error_cause
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Display for ChainError<T> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {
+        write!(f, "{}", self.kind)?;
+
+        #[cfg(feature = "display-cause")]
+        {
+            if let Some(e) = self.source() {
+                writeln!(f, "\nCaused by:")?;
+                Display::fmt(&e, f)?;
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Debug for ChainError<T> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {
+        #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))]
+        {
+            if let Some(ref o) = self.occurrence {
+                Display::fmt(o, f)?;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if self.is_chain::<String>() {
+            Display::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;
+        } else {
+            Debug::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;
+        }
+
+        #[cfg(not(feature = "no-debug-cause"))]
+        {
+            if let Some(e) = self.source() {
+                writeln!(f, "\nCaused by:")?;
+                Debug::fmt(&e, f)?;
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+/// `ChainErrorFrom<T>` is similar to `From<T>`
+pub trait ChainErrorFrom<T>: Sized {
+    /// similar to From<T>::from()
+    fn chain_error_from(from: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self>;
+}
+
+/// `IntoChainError<T>` is similar to `Into<T>`
+pub trait IntoChainError<T>: Sized {
+    /// similar to Into<T>::into()
+    fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<T>;
+}
+
+impl<T, U> IntoChainError<U> for T
+where
+    U: ChainErrorFrom<T>,
+{
+    #[inline]
+    fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<U> {
+        U::chain_error_from(self, line_filename)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, U> ChainErrorFrom<T> for U
+where
+    T: Into<U>,
+    U: 'static + Display + Debug,
+{
+    #[inline]
+    fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self> {
+        let e: U = t.into();
+        ChainError::new(e, None, line_filename)
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+impl<T, U> ChainErrorFrom<T> for U
+    where
+        T: 'static + Error + Into<Box<T>> + Clone,
+        U: 'static + Display + Debug + From<T>,
+{
+    #[inline]
+    fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self> {
+        ChainError::new(U::from(t.clone()), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename)
+    }
+}
+*/
+
+/// map into `ChainError<T>` with `T::from(err)`
+///
+/// adds `line!()` and `file!()` information
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! minto_cherr {
+    ( $k:ident ) => (
+        |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $k::from(&e))
+    );
+    ( $enum:ident $(:: $enum_path:ident)* ) => (
+        |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $enum $(:: $enum_path)*::from(&e))
+    );
+}
+
+/// Creates a new `ChainError<T>`
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// Create a new ChainError<FooError>, where `FooError` must implement `Display` and `Debug`.
+/// ```rust
+/// # use chainerror::*;
+/// # #[derive(Debug)]
+/// enum FooError {
+///     Bar,
+///     Baz(&'static str),
+/// }
+/// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError {
+/// #     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+/// #         match self {
+/// #             FooError::Bar => write!(f, "Bar Error"),
+/// #             FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, "Baz Error: '{}'", s),
+/// #         }
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+///
+/// //  impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError
+///
+/// fn do_some_stuff() -> bool {
+///     false
+/// }
+///
+/// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> {
+///     if ! do_some_stuff() {
+///         Err(cherr!(FooError::Baz("Error")))?;
+///     }
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+/// # pub fn main() {
+/// #     match func().unwrap_err().kind() {
+/// #         FooError::Baz(s) if s == &"Error" => {}
+/// #         _ => panic!(),
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+/// ```
+///
+/// Additionally an error cause can be added.
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use chainerror::*;
+/// # use std::io;
+/// # use std::error::Error;
+/// # #[derive(Debug)]
+/// # enum FooError {
+/// #     Bar,
+/// #     Baz(&'static str),
+/// # }
+/// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError {
+/// #     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+/// #         match self {
+/// #             FooError::Bar => write!(f, "Bar Error"),
+/// #             FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, "Baz Error: '{}'", s),
+/// #         }
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+/// fn do_some_stuff() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+///     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+///
+/// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> {
+///     do_some_stuff().map_err(
+///         |e| cherr!(e, FooError::Baz("Error"))
+///     )?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+/// # pub fn main() {
+/// #     match func().unwrap_err().kind() {
+/// #         FooError::Baz(s) if s == &"Error" => {}
+/// #         _ => panic!(),
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+/// ```
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! cherr {
+    ( $k:expr ) => ({
+        $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": ")))
+    });
+    ( None, $k:expr ) => ({
+        $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": ")))
+    });
+    ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))
+    });
+    ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))
+    });
+    ( $e:path, $k:expr ) => ({
+        $crate::ChainError::new($k, Some(Box::from($e)), Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": ")))
+    });
+    ( $e:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!($e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))
+    });
+}
+
+/// Convenience macro for `|e| cherr!(e, format!(…))`
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use crate::chainerror::*;
+/// # use std::error::Error;
+/// # use std::io;
+/// # use std::result::Result;
+/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+/// #     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
+/// #     Ok(())
+/// # }
+/// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+///     let filename = "foo.txt";
+///     do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+///
+/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+///     func2().map_err(mstrerr!("func1 error"))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+///
+/// # fn main() {
+/// #     if let Err(e) = func1() {
+/// #         #[cfg(not(windows))]
+/// #         assert_eq!(
+/// #             format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#"
+/// # src/lib.rs:18: func1 error
+/// # Caused by:
+/// # src/lib.rs:13: Error reading 'foo.txt'
+/// # Caused by:
+/// # Kind(NotFound)
+/// # "#
+/// #         );
+/// #     } else {
+/// #         unreachable!();
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+/// ```
+///
+/// `mstrerr!()` can also be used to map a new `ChainError<T>`, where T was defined with
+/// `derive_str_cherr!(T)`
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use crate::chainerror::*;
+/// # use std::error::Error;
+/// # use std::io;
+/// # use std::result::Result;
+/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+/// #     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
+/// #     Ok(())
+/// # }
+/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);
+///
+/// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+///     let filename = "foo.txt";
+///     do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+///
+/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);
+///
+/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+///     func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+/// # fn main() {
+/// #     if let Err(e) = func1() {
+/// #         if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() {
+/// #             assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some());
+/// #             assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some());
+/// #         } else {
+/// #             panic!();
+/// #         }
+/// #     } else {
+/// #         unreachable!();
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+/// ```
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! mstrerr {
+    ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({
+        |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string()))
+    });
+    ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({
+        |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string()))
+    });
+    ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({
+        |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )))
+    });
+    ($msg:expr) => ({
+        |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string())
+    });
+    ($msg:expr, ) => ({
+        |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string())
+    });
+    ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({
+        |e| $crate::cherr!(e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))
+    });
+}
+
+/// Convenience macro for `cherr!(T(format!(…)))` where `T(String)`
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use crate::chainerror::*;
+/// # use std::error::Error;
+/// # use std::result::Result;
+/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);
+///
+/// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {
+///     let filename = "foo.txt";
+///     Err(strerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))
+/// }
+///
+/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);
+///
+/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+///     func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+/// # fn main() {
+/// #     if let Err(e) = func1() {
+/// #         if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() {
+/// #             assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some());
+/// #             assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some());
+/// #         } else {
+/// #             panic!();
+/// #         }
+/// #     } else {
+/// #         unreachable!();
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+/// ```
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! strerr {
+    ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string()))
+    });
+    ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string()))
+    });
+    ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!($t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )))
+    });
+    ($msg:expr) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string())
+    });
+    ($msg:expr, ) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string())
+    });
+    ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!(format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))
+    });
+}
+
+/// Convenience macro to create a "new type" T(String) and implement Display + Debug for T
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use crate::chainerror::*;
+/// # use std::error::Error;
+/// # use std::io;
+/// # use std::result::Result;
+/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+/// #     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
+/// #     Ok(())
+/// # }
+/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);
+///
+/// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {
+///     let filename = "foo.txt";
+///     do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+///
+/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);
+///
+/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+///     func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+/// # fn main() {
+/// #     if let Err(e) = func1() {
+/// #         if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() {
+/// #             assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some());
+/// #             assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some());
+/// #         } else {
+/// #             panic!();
+/// #         }
+/// #     } else {
+/// #         unreachable!();
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+/// ```
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! derive_str_cherr {
+    ($e:ident) => {
+        #[derive(Clone)]
+        pub struct $e(pub String);
+        impl ::std::fmt::Display for $e {
+            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+                write!(f, "{}", self.0)
+            }
+        }
+        impl ::std::fmt::Debug for $e {
+            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+                write!(f, "{}({})", stringify!($e), self.0)
+            }
+        }
+        impl ::std::error::Error for $e {}
+    };
+}
+
+/// Derive an Error for an ErrorKind, which wraps a `ChainError` and implements a `kind()` method
+///
+/// It basically hides `ChainError` to the outside and only exposes the `kind()`
+/// method.
+///
+/// Error::kind() returns the ErrorKind
+/// Error::source() returns the parent error
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// use std::io;
+/// use chainerror::*;
+///
+/// fn do_some_io(_f: &str) -> std::result::Result<(), io::Error> {
+///     return Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound));
+/// }
+///
+/// #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+/// pub enum ErrorKind {
+///     IO(String),
+///     FatalError(String),
+///     Unknown,
+/// }
+///
+/// derive_err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind);
+///
+/// impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind {
+///     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
+///         match self {
+///             ErrorKind::FatalError(e) => write!(f, "fatal error {}", e),
+///             ErrorKind::Unknown => write!(f, "unknown error"),
+///             ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename),
+///         }
+///     }
+/// }
+///
+/// impl ErrorKind {
+///     fn from_io_error(e: &io::Error, f: String) -> Self {
+///         match e.kind() {
+///             io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe => panic!("Should not happen"),
+///             io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset => {
+///                 ErrorKind::FatalError(format!("While reading `{}`: {}", f, e))
+///             }
+///             _ => ErrorKind::IO(f),
+///         }
+///     }
+/// }
+///
+/// impl From<&io::Error> for ErrorKind {
+///     fn from(e: &io::Error) -> Self {
+///         ErrorKind::IO(format!("{}", e))
+///     }
+/// }
+///
+/// pub fn func1() -> std::result::Result<(), Error> {
+///     let filename = "bar.txt";
+///
+///     do_some_io(filename)
+///         .map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from_io_error(&e, filename.into())))?;
+///     do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::IO(filename.into())))?;
+///     do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from(&e)))?;
+///     do_some_io(filename).map_err(minto_cherr!(ErrorKind))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+/// ```
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! derive_err_kind {
+    ($e:ident, $k:ident) => {
+        pub struct $e($crate::ChainError<$k>);
+
+        impl $e {
+            pub fn kind(&self) -> &$k {
+                self.0.kind()
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl From<$k> for $e {
+            fn from(e: $k) -> Self {
+                $e($crate::ChainError::new(e, None, None))
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl From<ChainError<$k>> for $e {
+            fn from(e: $crate::ChainError<$k>) -> Self {
+                $e(e)
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl From<&$e> for $k
+        where
+            $k: Clone,
+        {
+            fn from(e: &$e) -> Self {
+                e.kind().clone()
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl $crate::ChainErrorFrom<$e> for $k
+        where
+            $k: Clone,
+        {
+            #[inline]
+            fn chain_error_from(
+                t: $e,
+                line_filename: Option<&'static str>,
+            ) -> $crate::ChainError<$k> {
+                $crate::ChainError::new((*t.kind()).clone(), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename)
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl std::error::Error for $e {
+            fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> {
+                self.0.source()
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl std::fmt::Display for $e {
+            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
+                std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f)
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl std::fmt::Debug for $e {
+            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
+                std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.0, f)
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+}

What did we do here?

    if let Err(e) = do_some_io() {
@@ -362,22 +1552,22 @@ use std::error::Error;
 use std::io;
 use std::result::Result;
 
-fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> {
+fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> {
+fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
     do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, "func2 error"))?;
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> {
+fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
     func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, "func1 error"))?;
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn main() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> {
+fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
     if let Err(e) = func1() {
         eprintln!("{:?}", e);
     }
@@ -385,8 +1575,1198 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> {
 }
 #[allow(dead_code)]
 mod chainerror {
-{{#includecomment ../src/lib.rs}}
-}
+//! `chainerror` provides an error backtrace without doing a real backtrace, so even after you `strip` your
+//! binaries, you still have the error backtrace.
+//!
+//! `chainerror` has no dependencies!
+//!
+//! `chainerror` uses `.source()` of `std::error::Error` along with `line()!` and `file()!` to provide a nice debug error backtrace.
+//! It encapsulates all types, which have `Display + Debug` and can store the error cause internally.
+//!
+//! Along with the `ChainError<T>` struct, `chainerror` comes with some useful helper macros to save a lot of typing.
+//!
+//! ## Features
+//!
+//! `no-fileline`
+//! : completely turn off storing filename and line
+//!
+//! `display-cause`
+//! : turn on printing a backtrace of the errors in `Display`
+//!
+//! `no-debug-cause`
+//! : turn off printing a backtrace of the errors in `Debug`
+//!
+//!
+//! # Tutorial
+//!
+//! Read the [Tutorial](https://haraldh.github.io/chainerror/tutorial1.html)
+//!
+//! # Examples
+//!
+//! ```rust
+//! use chainerror::*;
+//! use std::error::Error;
+//! use std::io;
+//! use std::result::Result;
+//!
+//! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+//!     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
+//!     Ok(())
+//! }
+//!
+//! fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+//!     let filename = "foo.txt";
+//!     do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?;
+//!     Ok(())
+//! }
+//!
+//! fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+//!     func2().map_err(mstrerr!("func1 error"))?;
+//!     Ok(())
+//! }
+//!
+//! fn main() {
+//!     if let Err(e) = func1() {
+//!         #[cfg(not(windows))]
+//!         assert_eq!(
+//!             format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#"
+//! src/lib.rs:20: func1 error
+//! Caused by:
+//! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt'
+//! Caused by:
+//! Kind(NotFound)
+//! "#
+//!         );
+//!     }
+//! #    else {
+//! #        unreachable!();
+//! #    }
+//! }
+//! ```
+//!
+//!
+//! ```rust
+//! use chainerror::*;
+//! use std::error::Error;
+//! use std::io;
+//! use std::result::Result;
+//!
+//! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+//!     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
+//!     Ok(())
+//! }
+//!
+//! fn func3() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+//!     let filename = "foo.txt";
+//!     do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?;
+//!     Ok(())
+//! }
+//!
+//! derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);
+//!
+//! fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {
+//!     func3().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "func2 error: calling func3"))?;
+//!     Ok(())
+//! }
+//!
+//! enum Func1Error {
+//!     Func2,
+//!     IO(String),
+//! }
+//!
+//! impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1Error {
+//!     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+//!         match self {
+//!             Func1Error::Func2 => write!(f, "func1 error calling func2"),
+//!             Func1Error::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename),
+//!         }
+//!     }
+//! }
+//!
+//! impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Func1Error {
+//!     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+//!         write!(f, "{}", self)
+//!     }
+//! }
+//!
+//! fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1Error> {
+//!     func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::Func2))?;
+//!     let filename = String::from("bar.txt");
+//!     do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::IO(filename)))?;
+//!     Ok(())
+//! }
+//!
+//! fn main() {
+//!     if let Err(e) = func1() {
+//!         assert!(
+//!             match e.kind() {
+//!                 Func1Error::Func2 => {
+//!                     eprintln!("Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2");
+//!                     true
+//!                 }
+//!                 Func1Error::IO(filename) => {
+//!                     eprintln!("Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'", filename);
+//!                     false
+//!                 }
+//!             }
+//!         );
+//!
+//!         assert!(e.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some());
+//!
+//!         if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>() {
+//!             eprintln!("\nError reported by Func2Error: {}", e)
+//!         }
+//!
+//!
+//!         assert!(e.root_cause().is_some());
+//!
+//!         if let Some(e) = e.root_cause() {
+//!             let io_error = e.downcast_ref::<io::Error>().unwrap();
+//!             eprintln!("\nThe root cause was: std::io::Error: {:#?}", io_error);
+//!         }
+//!
+//!         #[cfg(not(windows))]
+//!         assert_eq!(
+//!             format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#"
+//! src/lib.rs:47: func1 error calling func2
+//! Caused by:
+//! src/lib.rs:22: Func2Error(func2 error: calling func3)
+//! Caused by:
+//! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt'
+//! Caused by:
+//! Kind(NotFound)
+//! "#
+//!         );
+//!     }
+//! #    else {
+//! #        unreachable!();
+//! #    }
+//! }
+//! ```
+
+#![deny(
+    warnings,
+    absolute_paths_not_starting_with_crate,
+    deprecated_in_future,
+    keyword_idents,
+    macro_use_extern_crate,
+    missing_debug_implementations,
+    trivial_numeric_casts,
+    unused_extern_crates,
+    unused_import_braces,
+    unused_qualifications,
+    unused_results,
+    unused_labels,
+    unused_lifetimes,
+    unstable_features,
+    unreachable_pub,
+    future_incompatible,
+    missing_copy_implementations,
+    missing_doc_code_examples,
+    rust_2018_idioms,
+    rust_2018_compatibility
+)]
+
+use std::any::TypeId;
+use std::error::Error;
+use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter, Result};
+
+/// chains an inner error kind `T` with a causing error
+pub struct ChainError<T> {
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))]
+    occurrence: Option<&'static str>,
+    kind: T,
+    error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>,
+}
+
+/// convenience type alias
+pub type ChainResult<O, E> = std::result::Result<O, ChainError<E>>;
+
+impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> ChainError<T> {
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))]
+    /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn new(
+        kind: T,
+        error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>,
+        occurrence: Option<&'static str>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            occurrence,
+            kind,
+            error_cause,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "no-fileline")]
+    /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn new(
+        kind: T,
+        error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>,
+        _occurrence: Option<&'static str>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self { kind, error_cause }
+    }
+
+    /// return the root cause of the error chain, if any exists
+    pub fn root_cause(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
+        self.iter().last()
+    }
+
+    /// Find the first error cause of type U, if any exists
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// use chainerror::*;
+    /// use std::error::Error;
+    /// use std::io;
+    ///
+    /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+    ///     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
+    ///     Ok(())
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);
+    ///
+    /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+    ///     let filename = "foo.txt";
+    ///     do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?;
+    ///     Ok(())
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);
+    ///
+    /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+    ///     func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?;
+    ///     Ok(())
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// fn main() {
+    ///     if let Err(e) = func1() {
+    ///         if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() {
+    ///
+    ///             assert!(f1err.find_cause::<io::Error>().is_some());
+    ///
+    ///             assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some());
+    ///         }
+    /// #        else {
+    /// #            panic!();
+    /// #        }
+    ///     }
+    /// #    else {
+    /// #         unreachable!();
+    /// #    }
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn find_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&U> {
+        self.iter().filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::<U>).next()
+    }
+
+    /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError<U>`, if any exists
+    ///
+    /// Same as `find_cause`, but hides the `ChainError<U>` implementation internals
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use chainerror::*;
+    /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooError);
+    /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);
+    /// // Instead of writing
+    /// err.find_cause::<ChainError<FooError>>();
+    ///
+    /// // leave out the ChainError<FooError> implementation detail
+    /// err.find_chain_cause::<FooError>();
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn find_chain_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<U>> {
+        self.iter()
+            .filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::<ChainError<U>>)
+            .next()
+    }
+
+    /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError<U>` or `U`, if any exists and return `U`
+    ///
+    /// Same as `find_cause` and `find_chain_cause`, but hides the `ChainError<U>` implementation internals
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use chainerror::*;
+    /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooErrorKind);
+    /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);
+    /// // Instead of writing
+    /// err.find_cause::<ChainError<FooErrorKind>>();
+    /// // and/or
+    /// err.find_chain_cause::<FooErrorKind>();
+    /// // and/or
+    /// err.find_cause::<FooErrorKind>();
+    ///
+    /// // leave out the ChainError<FooErrorKind> implementation detail
+    /// err.find_kind_or_cause::<FooErrorKind>();
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn find_kind_or_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&U> {
+        self.iter()
+            .filter_map(|e| {
+                e.downcast_ref::<ChainError<U>>()
+                    .map(|e| e.kind())
+                    .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::<U>())
+            })
+            .next()
+    }
+
+    /// Return a reference to T of `ChainError<T>`
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// use chainerror::*;
+    /// use std::error::Error;
+    /// use std::io;
+    ///
+    /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+    ///     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
+    ///     Ok(())
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);
+    ///
+    /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+    ///     let filename = "foo.txt";
+    ///     do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?;
+    ///     Ok(())
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// #[derive(Debug)]
+    /// enum Func1ErrorKind {
+    ///     Func2,
+    ///     IO(String),
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// /// impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {…}
+    /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {
+    /// #     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+    /// #         match self {
+    /// #             Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, "func1 error calling func2"),
+    /// #             Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename),
+    /// #         }
+    /// #     }
+    /// # }
+    ///
+    /// fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> {
+    ///     func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::Func2))?;
+    ///     do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::IO("bar.txt".into())))?;
+    ///     Ok(())
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// fn main() {
+    ///     if let Err(e) = func1() {
+    ///         match e.kind() {
+    ///             Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => {}
+    ///             Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => panic!(),
+    ///         }
+    ///     }
+    /// #    else {
+    /// #         unreachable!();
+    /// #    }
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn kind(&self) -> &T {
+        &self.kind
+    }
+
+    /// Returns an Iterator over all error causes/sources
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    ///
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &(dyn Error + 'static)> {
+        ErrorIter {
+            current: Some(self),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+struct ErrorIter<'a> {
+    current: Option<&'a (dyn Error + 'static)>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Iterator for ErrorIter<'a> {
+    type Item = &'a (dyn Error + 'static);
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        let current = self.current;
+        self.current = self.current.and_then(Error::source);
+        current
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> std::ops::Deref for ChainError<T> {
+    type Target = T;
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        &self.kind
+    }
+}
+
+/// Convenience trait to hide the `ChainError<T>` implementation internals
+pub trait ChainErrorDown {
+    /// Test if of type `ChainError<T>`
+    fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool;
+    /// Downcast to a reference of `ChainError<T>`
+    fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>>;
+    /// Downcast to a mutable reference of `ChainError<T>`
+    fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>>;
+    /// Downcast to T of `ChainError<T>`
+    fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T>;
+    /// Downcast to T mutable reference of `ChainError<T>`
+    fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>;
+}
+
+impl<U: 'static + Display + Debug> ChainErrorDown for ChainError<U> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool {
+        TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<U>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> {
+        if self.is_chain::<T>() {
+            #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
+            unsafe {
+                #[allow(trivial_casts)]
+                Some(&*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError<T>))
+            }
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> {
+        if self.is_chain::<T>() {
+            #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
+            unsafe {
+                #[allow(trivial_casts)]
+                Some(&mut *(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError<T>))
+            }
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
+        if self.is_chain::<T>() {
+            #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
+            unsafe {
+                #[allow(trivial_casts)]
+                Some(&(*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError<T>)).kind)
+            }
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {
+        if self.is_chain::<T>() {
+            #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
+            unsafe {
+                #[allow(trivial_casts)]
+                Some(&mut (*(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError<T>)).kind)
+            }
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static {
+    #[inline]
+    fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> {
+        self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> {
+        self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
+        self.downcast_ref::<T>()
+            .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind()))
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {
+        if self.is::<T>() {
+            return self.downcast_mut::<T>();
+        }
+
+        self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>()
+            .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>())
+    }
+}
+
+impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send {
+    #[inline]
+    fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> {
+        self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> {
+        self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
+        self.downcast_ref::<T>()
+            .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind()))
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {
+        if self.is::<T>() {
+            return self.downcast_mut::<T>();
+        }
+
+        self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>()
+            .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>())
+    }
+}
+
+impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync {
+    #[inline]
+    fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> {
+        self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> {
+        self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
+        self.downcast_ref::<T>()
+            .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind()))
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {
+        if self.is::<T>() {
+            return self.downcast_mut::<T>();
+        }
+
+        self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>()
+            .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for ChainError<T> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
+        self.error_cause
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for &ChainError<T> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
+        self.error_cause
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for &mut ChainError<T> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
+        self.error_cause
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Display for ChainError<T> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {
+        write!(f, "{}", self.kind)?;
+
+        #[cfg(feature = "display-cause")]
+        {
+            if let Some(e) = self.source() {
+                writeln!(f, "\nCaused by:")?;
+                Display::fmt(&e, f)?;
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Debug for ChainError<T> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {
+        #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))]
+        {
+            if let Some(ref o) = self.occurrence {
+                Display::fmt(o, f)?;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if self.is_chain::<String>() {
+            Display::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;
+        } else {
+            Debug::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;
+        }
+
+        #[cfg(not(feature = "no-debug-cause"))]
+        {
+            if let Some(e) = self.source() {
+                writeln!(f, "\nCaused by:")?;
+                Debug::fmt(&e, f)?;
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+/// `ChainErrorFrom<T>` is similar to `From<T>`
+pub trait ChainErrorFrom<T>: Sized {
+    /// similar to From<T>::from()
+    fn chain_error_from(from: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self>;
+}
+
+/// `IntoChainError<T>` is similar to `Into<T>`
+pub trait IntoChainError<T>: Sized {
+    /// similar to Into<T>::into()
+    fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<T>;
+}
+
+impl<T, U> IntoChainError<U> for T
+where
+    U: ChainErrorFrom<T>,
+{
+    #[inline]
+    fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<U> {
+        U::chain_error_from(self, line_filename)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, U> ChainErrorFrom<T> for U
+where
+    T: Into<U>,
+    U: 'static + Display + Debug,
+{
+    #[inline]
+    fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self> {
+        let e: U = t.into();
+        ChainError::new(e, None, line_filename)
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+impl<T, U> ChainErrorFrom<T> for U
+    where
+        T: 'static + Error + Into<Box<T>> + Clone,
+        U: 'static + Display + Debug + From<T>,
+{
+    #[inline]
+    fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self> {
+        ChainError::new(U::from(t.clone()), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename)
+    }
+}
+*/
+
+/// map into `ChainError<T>` with `T::from(err)`
+///
+/// adds `line!()` and `file!()` information
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! minto_cherr {
+    ( $k:ident ) => (
+        |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $k::from(&e))
+    );
+    ( $enum:ident $(:: $enum_path:ident)* ) => (
+        |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $enum $(:: $enum_path)*::from(&e))
+    );
+}
+
+/// Creates a new `ChainError<T>`
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// Create a new ChainError<FooError>, where `FooError` must implement `Display` and `Debug`.
+/// ```rust
+/// # use chainerror::*;
+/// # #[derive(Debug)]
+/// enum FooError {
+///     Bar,
+///     Baz(&'static str),
+/// }
+/// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError {
+/// #     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+/// #         match self {
+/// #             FooError::Bar => write!(f, "Bar Error"),
+/// #             FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, "Baz Error: '{}'", s),
+/// #         }
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+///
+/// //  impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError
+///
+/// fn do_some_stuff() -> bool {
+///     false
+/// }
+///
+/// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> {
+///     if ! do_some_stuff() {
+///         Err(cherr!(FooError::Baz("Error")))?;
+///     }
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+/// # pub fn main() {
+/// #     match func().unwrap_err().kind() {
+/// #         FooError::Baz(s) if s == &"Error" => {}
+/// #         _ => panic!(),
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+/// ```
+///
+/// Additionally an error cause can be added.
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use chainerror::*;
+/// # use std::io;
+/// # use std::error::Error;
+/// # #[derive(Debug)]
+/// # enum FooError {
+/// #     Bar,
+/// #     Baz(&'static str),
+/// # }
+/// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError {
+/// #     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+/// #         match self {
+/// #             FooError::Bar => write!(f, "Bar Error"),
+/// #             FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, "Baz Error: '{}'", s),
+/// #         }
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+/// fn do_some_stuff() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+///     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+///
+/// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> {
+///     do_some_stuff().map_err(
+///         |e| cherr!(e, FooError::Baz("Error"))
+///     )?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+/// # pub fn main() {
+/// #     match func().unwrap_err().kind() {
+/// #         FooError::Baz(s) if s == &"Error" => {}
+/// #         _ => panic!(),
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+/// ```
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! cherr {
+    ( $k:expr ) => ({
+        $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": ")))
+    });
+    ( None, $k:expr ) => ({
+        $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": ")))
+    });
+    ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))
+    });
+    ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))
+    });
+    ( $e:path, $k:expr ) => ({
+        $crate::ChainError::new($k, Some(Box::from($e)), Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": ")))
+    });
+    ( $e:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!($e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))
+    });
+}
+
+/// Convenience macro for `|e| cherr!(e, format!(…))`
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use crate::chainerror::*;
+/// # use std::error::Error;
+/// # use std::io;
+/// # use std::result::Result;
+/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+/// #     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
+/// #     Ok(())
+/// # }
+/// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+///     let filename = "foo.txt";
+///     do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+///
+/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+///     func2().map_err(mstrerr!("func1 error"))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+///
+/// # fn main() {
+/// #     if let Err(e) = func1() {
+/// #         #[cfg(not(windows))]
+/// #         assert_eq!(
+/// #             format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#"
+/// # src/lib.rs:18: func1 error
+/// # Caused by:
+/// # src/lib.rs:13: Error reading 'foo.txt'
+/// # Caused by:
+/// # Kind(NotFound)
+/// # "#
+/// #         );
+/// #     } else {
+/// #         unreachable!();
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+/// ```
+///
+/// `mstrerr!()` can also be used to map a new `ChainError<T>`, where T was defined with
+/// `derive_str_cherr!(T)`
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use crate::chainerror::*;
+/// # use std::error::Error;
+/// # use std::io;
+/// # use std::result::Result;
+/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+/// #     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
+/// #     Ok(())
+/// # }
+/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);
+///
+/// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+///     let filename = "foo.txt";
+///     do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+///
+/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);
+///
+/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+///     func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+/// # fn main() {
+/// #     if let Err(e) = func1() {
+/// #         if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() {
+/// #             assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some());
+/// #             assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some());
+/// #         } else {
+/// #             panic!();
+/// #         }
+/// #     } else {
+/// #         unreachable!();
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+/// ```
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! mstrerr {
+    ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({
+        |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string()))
+    });
+    ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({
+        |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string()))
+    });
+    ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({
+        |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )))
+    });
+    ($msg:expr) => ({
+        |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string())
+    });
+    ($msg:expr, ) => ({
+        |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string())
+    });
+    ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({
+        |e| $crate::cherr!(e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))
+    });
+}
+
+/// Convenience macro for `cherr!(T(format!(…)))` where `T(String)`
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use crate::chainerror::*;
+/// # use std::error::Error;
+/// # use std::result::Result;
+/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);
+///
+/// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {
+///     let filename = "foo.txt";
+///     Err(strerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))
+/// }
+///
+/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);
+///
+/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+///     func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+/// # fn main() {
+/// #     if let Err(e) = func1() {
+/// #         if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() {
+/// #             assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some());
+/// #             assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some());
+/// #         } else {
+/// #             panic!();
+/// #         }
+/// #     } else {
+/// #         unreachable!();
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+/// ```
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! strerr {
+    ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string()))
+    });
+    ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string()))
+    });
+    ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!($t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )))
+    });
+    ($msg:expr) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string())
+    });
+    ($msg:expr, ) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string())
+    });
+    ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!(format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))
+    });
+}
+
+/// Convenience macro to create a "new type" T(String) and implement Display + Debug for T
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use crate::chainerror::*;
+/// # use std::error::Error;
+/// # use std::io;
+/// # use std::result::Result;
+/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+/// #     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
+/// #     Ok(())
+/// # }
+/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);
+///
+/// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {
+///     let filename = "foo.txt";
+///     do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+///
+/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);
+///
+/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+///     func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+/// # fn main() {
+/// #     if let Err(e) = func1() {
+/// #         if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() {
+/// #             assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some());
+/// #             assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some());
+/// #         } else {
+/// #             panic!();
+/// #         }
+/// #     } else {
+/// #         unreachable!();
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+/// ```
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! derive_str_cherr {
+    ($e:ident) => {
+        #[derive(Clone)]
+        pub struct $e(pub String);
+        impl ::std::fmt::Display for $e {
+            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+                write!(f, "{}", self.0)
+            }
+        }
+        impl ::std::fmt::Debug for $e {
+            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+                write!(f, "{}({})", stringify!($e), self.0)
+            }
+        }
+        impl ::std::error::Error for $e {}
+    };
+}
+
+/// Derive an Error for an ErrorKind, which wraps a `ChainError` and implements a `kind()` method
+///
+/// It basically hides `ChainError` to the outside and only exposes the `kind()`
+/// method.
+///
+/// Error::kind() returns the ErrorKind
+/// Error::source() returns the parent error
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// use std::io;
+/// use chainerror::*;
+///
+/// fn do_some_io(_f: &str) -> std::result::Result<(), io::Error> {
+///     return Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound));
+/// }
+///
+/// #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+/// pub enum ErrorKind {
+///     IO(String),
+///     FatalError(String),
+///     Unknown,
+/// }
+///
+/// derive_err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind);
+///
+/// impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind {
+///     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
+///         match self {
+///             ErrorKind::FatalError(e) => write!(f, "fatal error {}", e),
+///             ErrorKind::Unknown => write!(f, "unknown error"),
+///             ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename),
+///         }
+///     }
+/// }
+///
+/// impl ErrorKind {
+///     fn from_io_error(e: &io::Error, f: String) -> Self {
+///         match e.kind() {
+///             io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe => panic!("Should not happen"),
+///             io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset => {
+///                 ErrorKind::FatalError(format!("While reading `{}`: {}", f, e))
+///             }
+///             _ => ErrorKind::IO(f),
+///         }
+///     }
+/// }
+///
+/// impl From<&io::Error> for ErrorKind {
+///     fn from(e: &io::Error) -> Self {
+///         ErrorKind::IO(format!("{}", e))
+///     }
+/// }
+///
+/// pub fn func1() -> std::result::Result<(), Error> {
+///     let filename = "bar.txt";
+///
+///     do_some_io(filename)
+///         .map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from_io_error(&e, filename.into())))?;
+///     do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::IO(filename.into())))?;
+///     do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from(&e)))?;
+///     do_some_io(filename).map_err(minto_cherr!(ErrorKind))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+/// ```
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! derive_err_kind {
+    ($e:ident, $k:ident) => {
+        pub struct $e($crate::ChainError<$k>);
+
+        impl $e {
+            pub fn kind(&self) -> &$k {
+                self.0.kind()
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl From<$k> for $e {
+            fn from(e: $k) -> Self {
+                $e($crate::ChainError::new(e, None, None))
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl From<ChainError<$k>> for $e {
+            fn from(e: $crate::ChainError<$k>) -> Self {
+                $e(e)
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl From<&$e> for $k
+        where
+            $k: Clone,
+        {
+            fn from(e: &$e) -> Self {
+                e.kind().clone()
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl $crate::ChainErrorFrom<$e> for $k
+        where
+            $k: Clone,
+        {
+            #[inline]
+            fn chain_error_from(
+                t: $e,
+                line_filename: Option<&'static str>,
+            ) -> $crate::ChainError<$k> {
+                $crate::ChainError::new((*t.kind()).clone(), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename)
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl std::error::Error for $e {
+            fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> {
+                self.0.source()
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl std::fmt::Display for $e {
+            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
+                std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f)
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl std::fmt::Debug for $e {
+            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
+                std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.0, f)
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+}

If you compare the output to the previous example, you will see, that:

@@ -409,23 +2789,23 @@ use std::error::Error; use std::io; use std::result::Result; -fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { +fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(()) } -fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { +fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { let filename = "foo.txt"; do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?; Ok(()) } -fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { +fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { func2().map_err(mstrerr!("func1 error"))?; Ok(()) } -fn main() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { +fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { if let Err(e) = func1() { eprintln!("{:?}", e); } @@ -433,8 +2813,1198 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { } #[allow(dead_code)] mod chainerror { -{{#includecomment ../src/lib.rs}} -} +//! `chainerror` provides an error backtrace without doing a real backtrace, so even after you `strip` your +//! binaries, you still have the error backtrace. +//! +//! `chainerror` has no dependencies! +//! +//! `chainerror` uses `.source()` of `std::error::Error` along with `line()!` and `file()!` to provide a nice debug error backtrace. +//! It encapsulates all types, which have `Display + Debug` and can store the error cause internally. +//! +//! Along with the `ChainError<T>` struct, `chainerror` comes with some useful helper macros to save a lot of typing. +//! +//! ## Features +//! +//! `no-fileline` +//! : completely turn off storing filename and line +//! +//! `display-cause` +//! : turn on printing a backtrace of the errors in `Display` +//! +//! `no-debug-cause` +//! : turn off printing a backtrace of the errors in `Debug` +//! +//! +//! # Tutorial +//! +//! Read the [Tutorial](https://haraldh.github.io/chainerror/tutorial1.html) +//! +//! # Examples +//! +//! ```rust +//! use chainerror::*; +//! use std::error::Error; +//! use std::io; +//! use std::result::Result; +//! +//! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! let filename = "foo.txt"; +//! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! func2().map_err(mstrerr!("func1 error"))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn main() { +//! if let Err(e) = func1() { +//! #[cfg(not(windows))] +//! assert_eq!( +//! format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#" +//! src/lib.rs:20: func1 error +//! Caused by: +//! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt' +//! Caused by: +//! Kind(NotFound) +//! "# +//! ); +//! } +//! # else { +//! # unreachable!(); +//! # } +//! } +//! ``` +//! +//! +//! ```rust +//! use chainerror::*; +//! use std::error::Error; +//! use std::io; +//! use std::result::Result; +//! +//! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn func3() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! let filename = "foo.txt"; +//! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); +//! +//! fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> { +//! func3().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "func2 error: calling func3"))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! enum Func1Error { +//! Func2, +//! IO(String), +//! } +//! +//! impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1Error { +//! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { +//! match self { +//! Func1Error::Func2 => write!(f, "func1 error calling func2"), +//! Func1Error::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename), +//! } +//! } +//! } +//! +//! impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Func1Error { +//! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { +//! write!(f, "{}", self) +//! } +//! } +//! +//! fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1Error> { +//! func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::Func2))?; +//! let filename = String::from("bar.txt"); +//! do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::IO(filename)))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn main() { +//! if let Err(e) = func1() { +//! assert!( +//! match e.kind() { +//! Func1Error::Func2 => { +//! eprintln!("Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2"); +//! true +//! } +//! Func1Error::IO(filename) => { +//! eprintln!("Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'", filename); +//! false +//! } +//! } +//! ); +//! +//! assert!(e.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); +//! +//! if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>() { +//! eprintln!("\nError reported by Func2Error: {}", e) +//! } +//! +//! +//! assert!(e.root_cause().is_some()); +//! +//! if let Some(e) = e.root_cause() { +//! let io_error = e.downcast_ref::<io::Error>().unwrap(); +//! eprintln!("\nThe root cause was: std::io::Error: {:#?}", io_error); +//! } +//! +//! #[cfg(not(windows))] +//! assert_eq!( +//! format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#" +//! src/lib.rs:47: func1 error calling func2 +//! Caused by: +//! src/lib.rs:22: Func2Error(func2 error: calling func3) +//! Caused by: +//! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt' +//! Caused by: +//! Kind(NotFound) +//! "# +//! ); +//! } +//! # else { +//! # unreachable!(); +//! # } +//! } +//! ``` + +#![deny( + warnings, + absolute_paths_not_starting_with_crate, + deprecated_in_future, + keyword_idents, + macro_use_extern_crate, + missing_debug_implementations, + trivial_numeric_casts, + unused_extern_crates, + unused_import_braces, + unused_qualifications, + unused_results, + unused_labels, + unused_lifetimes, + unstable_features, + unreachable_pub, + future_incompatible, + missing_copy_implementations, + missing_doc_code_examples, + rust_2018_idioms, + rust_2018_compatibility +)] + +use std::any::TypeId; +use std::error::Error; +use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter, Result}; + +/// chains an inner error kind `T` with a causing error +pub struct ChainError<T> { + #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))] + occurrence: Option<&'static str>, + kind: T, + error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>, +} + +/// convenience type alias +pub type ChainResult<O, E> = std::result::Result<O, ChainError<E>>; + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> ChainError<T> { + #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))] + /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly + #[inline] + pub fn new( + kind: T, + error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>, + occurrence: Option<&'static str>, + ) -> Self { + Self { + occurrence, + kind, + error_cause, + } + } + + #[cfg(feature = "no-fileline")] + /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly + #[inline] + pub fn new( + kind: T, + error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>, + _occurrence: Option<&'static str>, + ) -> Self { + Self { kind, error_cause } + } + + /// return the root cause of the error chain, if any exists + pub fn root_cause(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { + self.iter().last() + } + + /// Find the first error cause of type U, if any exists + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ```rust + /// use chainerror::*; + /// use std::error::Error; + /// use std::io; + /// + /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); + /// + /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// let filename = "foo.txt"; + /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); + /// + /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// fn main() { + /// if let Err(e) = func1() { + /// if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { + /// + /// assert!(f1err.find_cause::<io::Error>().is_some()); + /// + /// assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); + /// } + /// # else { + /// # panic!(); + /// # } + /// } + /// # else { + /// # unreachable!(); + /// # } + /// } + /// ``` + #[inline] + pub fn find_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&U> { + self.iter().filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::<U>).next() + } + + /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError<U>`, if any exists + /// + /// Same as `find_cause`, but hides the `ChainError<U>` implementation internals + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ```rust + /// # use chainerror::*; + /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooError); + /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None); + /// // Instead of writing + /// err.find_cause::<ChainError<FooError>>(); + /// + /// // leave out the ChainError<FooError> implementation detail + /// err.find_chain_cause::<FooError>(); + /// ``` + #[inline] + pub fn find_chain_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<U>> { + self.iter() + .filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::<ChainError<U>>) + .next() + } + + /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError<U>` or `U`, if any exists and return `U` + /// + /// Same as `find_cause` and `find_chain_cause`, but hides the `ChainError<U>` implementation internals + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ```rust + /// # use chainerror::*; + /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooErrorKind); + /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None); + /// // Instead of writing + /// err.find_cause::<ChainError<FooErrorKind>>(); + /// // and/or + /// err.find_chain_cause::<FooErrorKind>(); + /// // and/or + /// err.find_cause::<FooErrorKind>(); + /// + /// // leave out the ChainError<FooErrorKind> implementation detail + /// err.find_kind_or_cause::<FooErrorKind>(); + /// ``` + #[inline] + pub fn find_kind_or_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&U> { + self.iter() + .filter_map(|e| { + e.downcast_ref::<ChainError<U>>() + .map(|e| e.kind()) + .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::<U>()) + }) + .next() + } + + /// Return a reference to T of `ChainError<T>` + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ```rust + /// use chainerror::*; + /// use std::error::Error; + /// use std::io; + /// + /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); + /// + /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// let filename = "foo.txt"; + /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// #[derive(Debug)] + /// enum Func1ErrorKind { + /// Func2, + /// IO(String), + /// } + /// + /// /// impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {…} + /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind { + /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { + /// # match self { + /// # Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, "func1 error calling func2"), + /// # Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename), + /// # } + /// # } + /// # } + /// + /// fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> { + /// func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::Func2))?; + /// do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::IO("bar.txt".into())))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// fn main() { + /// if let Err(e) = func1() { + /// match e.kind() { + /// Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => {} + /// Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => panic!(), + /// } + /// } + /// # else { + /// # unreachable!(); + /// # } + /// } + /// ``` + #[inline] + pub fn kind(&self) -> &T { + &self.kind + } + + /// Returns an Iterator over all error causes/sources + /// + /// # Example + /// + /// + #[inline] + pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &(dyn Error + 'static)> { + ErrorIter { + current: Some(self), + } + } +} + +struct ErrorIter<'a> { + current: Option<&'a (dyn Error + 'static)>, +} + +impl<'a> Iterator for ErrorIter<'a> { + type Item = &'a (dyn Error + 'static); + + #[inline] + fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> { + let current = self.current; + self.current = self.current.and_then(Error::source); + current + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> std::ops::Deref for ChainError<T> { + type Target = T; + + #[inline] + fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target { + &self.kind + } +} + +/// Convenience trait to hide the `ChainError<T>` implementation internals +pub trait ChainErrorDown { + /// Test if of type `ChainError<T>` + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool; + /// Downcast to a reference of `ChainError<T>` + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>>; + /// Downcast to a mutable reference of `ChainError<T>` + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>>; + /// Downcast to T of `ChainError<T>` + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T>; + /// Downcast to T mutable reference of `ChainError<T>` + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>; +} + +impl<U: 'static + Display + Debug> ChainErrorDown for ChainError<U> { + #[inline] + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool { + TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<U>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> { + if self.is_chain::<T>() { + #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)] + unsafe { + #[allow(trivial_casts)] + Some(&*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError<T>)) + } + } else { + None + } + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> { + if self.is_chain::<T>() { + #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)] + unsafe { + #[allow(trivial_casts)] + Some(&mut *(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError<T>)) + } + } else { + None + } + } + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> { + if self.is_chain::<T>() { + #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)] + unsafe { + #[allow(trivial_casts)] + Some(&(*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError<T>)).kind) + } + } else { + None + } + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { + if self.is_chain::<T>() { + #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)] + unsafe { + #[allow(trivial_casts)] + Some(&mut (*(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError<T>)).kind) + } + } else { + None + } + } +} + +impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static { + #[inline] + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool { + self.is::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> { + self.downcast_ref::<T>() + .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind())) + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { + if self.is::<T>() { + return self.downcast_mut::<T>(); + } + + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>()) + } +} + +impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send { + #[inline] + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool { + self.is::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> { + self.downcast_ref::<T>() + .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind())) + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { + if self.is::<T>() { + return self.downcast_mut::<T>(); + } + + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>()) + } +} + +impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync { + #[inline] + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool { + self.is::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> { + self.downcast_ref::<T>() + .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind())) + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { + if self.is::<T>() { + return self.downcast_mut::<T>(); + } + + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>()) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { + self.error_cause + .as_ref() + .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static)) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for &ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { + self.error_cause + .as_ref() + .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static)) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for &mut ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { + self.error_cause + .as_ref() + .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static)) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Display for ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result { + write!(f, "{}", self.kind)?; + + #[cfg(feature = "display-cause")] + { + if let Some(e) = self.source() { + writeln!(f, "\nCaused by:")?; + Display::fmt(&e, f)?; + } + } + Ok(()) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Debug for ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result { + #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))] + { + if let Some(ref o) = self.occurrence { + Display::fmt(o, f)?; + } + } + + if self.is_chain::<String>() { + Display::fmt(&self.kind, f)?; + } else { + Debug::fmt(&self.kind, f)?; + } + + #[cfg(not(feature = "no-debug-cause"))] + { + if let Some(e) = self.source() { + writeln!(f, "\nCaused by:")?; + Debug::fmt(&e, f)?; + } + } + Ok(()) + } +} + +/// `ChainErrorFrom<T>` is similar to `From<T>` +pub trait ChainErrorFrom<T>: Sized { + /// similar to From<T>::from() + fn chain_error_from(from: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self>; +} + +/// `IntoChainError<T>` is similar to `Into<T>` +pub trait IntoChainError<T>: Sized { + /// similar to Into<T>::into() + fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<T>; +} + +impl<T, U> IntoChainError<U> for T +where + U: ChainErrorFrom<T>, +{ + #[inline] + fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<U> { + U::chain_error_from(self, line_filename) + } +} + +impl<T, U> ChainErrorFrom<T> for U +where + T: Into<U>, + U: 'static + Display + Debug, +{ + #[inline] + fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self> { + let e: U = t.into(); + ChainError::new(e, None, line_filename) + } +} + +/* +impl<T, U> ChainErrorFrom<T> for U + where + T: 'static + Error + Into<Box<T>> + Clone, + U: 'static + Display + Debug + From<T>, +{ + #[inline] + fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self> { + ChainError::new(U::from(t.clone()), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename) + } +} +*/ + +/// map into `ChainError<T>` with `T::from(err)` +/// +/// adds `line!()` and `file!()` information +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! minto_cherr { + ( $k:ident ) => ( + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $k::from(&e)) + ); + ( $enum:ident $(:: $enum_path:ident)* ) => ( + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $enum $(:: $enum_path)*::from(&e)) + ); +} + +/// Creates a new `ChainError<T>` +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// Create a new ChainError<FooError>, where `FooError` must implement `Display` and `Debug`. +/// ```rust +/// # use chainerror::*; +/// # #[derive(Debug)] +/// enum FooError { +/// Bar, +/// Baz(&'static str), +/// } +/// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError { +/// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { +/// # match self { +/// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, "Bar Error"), +/// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, "Baz Error: '{}'", s), +/// # } +/// # } +/// # } +/// +/// // impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError +/// +/// fn do_some_stuff() -> bool { +/// false +/// } +/// +/// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> { +/// if ! do_some_stuff() { +/// Err(cherr!(FooError::Baz("Error")))?; +/// } +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # pub fn main() { +/// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() { +/// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &"Error" => {} +/// # _ => panic!(), +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +/// +/// Additionally an error cause can be added. +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use chainerror::*; +/// # use std::io; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # #[derive(Debug)] +/// # enum FooError { +/// # Bar, +/// # Baz(&'static str), +/// # } +/// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError { +/// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { +/// # match self { +/// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, "Bar Error"), +/// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, "Baz Error: '{}'", s), +/// # } +/// # } +/// # } +/// fn do_some_stuff() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> { +/// do_some_stuff().map_err( +/// |e| cherr!(e, FooError::Baz("Error")) +/// )?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # pub fn main() { +/// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() { +/// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &"Error" => {} +/// # _ => panic!(), +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! cherr { + ( $k:expr ) => ({ + $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": "))) + }); + ( None, $k:expr ) => ({ + $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": "))) + }); + ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); + ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); + ( $e:path, $k:expr ) => ({ + $crate::ChainError::new($k, Some(Box::from($e)), Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": "))) + }); + ( $e:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); +} + +/// Convenience macro for `|e| cherr!(e, format!(…))` +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use crate::chainerror::*; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # use std::io; +/// # use std::result::Result; +/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +/// # Ok(()) +/// # } +/// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// let filename = "foo.txt"; +/// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// func2().map_err(mstrerr!("func1 error"))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// # fn main() { +/// # if let Err(e) = func1() { +/// # #[cfg(not(windows))] +/// # assert_eq!( +/// # format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#" +/// # src/lib.rs:18: func1 error +/// # Caused by: +/// # src/lib.rs:13: Error reading 'foo.txt' +/// # Caused by: +/// # Kind(NotFound) +/// # "# +/// # ); +/// # } else { +/// # unreachable!(); +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +/// +/// `mstrerr!()` can also be used to map a new `ChainError<T>`, where T was defined with +/// `derive_str_cherr!(T)` +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use crate::chainerror::*; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # use std::io; +/// # use std::result::Result; +/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +/// # Ok(()) +/// # } +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); +/// +/// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// let filename = "foo.txt"; +/// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); +/// +/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # fn main() { +/// # if let Err(e) = func1() { +/// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { +/// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some()); +/// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); +/// # } else { +/// # panic!(); +/// # } +/// # } else { +/// # unreachable!(); +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! mstrerr { + ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string())) + }); + ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string())) + }); + ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))) + }); + ($msg:expr) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string()) + }); + ($msg:expr, ) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string()) + }); + ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); +} + +/// Convenience macro for `cherr!(T(format!(…)))` where `T(String)` +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use crate::chainerror::*; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # use std::result::Result; +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); +/// +/// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> { +/// let filename = "foo.txt"; +/// Err(strerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename)) +/// } +/// +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); +/// +/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> { +/// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # fn main() { +/// # if let Err(e) = func1() { +/// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { +/// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some()); +/// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); +/// # } else { +/// # panic!(); +/// # } +/// # } else { +/// # unreachable!(); +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! strerr { + ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string())) + }); + ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string())) + }); + ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))) + }); + ($msg:expr) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string()) + }); + ($msg:expr, ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string()) + }); + ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({ + $crate::cherr!(format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); +} + +/// Convenience macro to create a "new type" T(String) and implement Display + Debug for T +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use crate::chainerror::*; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # use std::io; +/// # use std::result::Result; +/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +/// # Ok(()) +/// # } +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); +/// +/// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> { +/// let filename = "foo.txt"; +/// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); +/// +/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> { +/// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # fn main() { +/// # if let Err(e) = func1() { +/// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { +/// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some()); +/// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); +/// # } else { +/// # panic!(); +/// # } +/// # } else { +/// # unreachable!(); +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! derive_str_cherr { + ($e:ident) => { + #[derive(Clone)] + pub struct $e(pub String); + impl ::std::fmt::Display for $e { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { + write!(f, "{}", self.0) + } + } + impl ::std::fmt::Debug for $e { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { + write!(f, "{}({})", stringify!($e), self.0) + } + } + impl ::std::error::Error for $e {} + }; +} + +/// Derive an Error for an ErrorKind, which wraps a `ChainError` and implements a `kind()` method +/// +/// It basically hides `ChainError` to the outside and only exposes the `kind()` +/// method. +/// +/// Error::kind() returns the ErrorKind +/// Error::source() returns the parent error +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ```rust +/// use std::io; +/// use chainerror::*; +/// +/// fn do_some_io(_f: &str) -> std::result::Result<(), io::Error> { +/// return Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound)); +/// } +/// +/// #[derive(Debug, Clone)] +/// pub enum ErrorKind { +/// IO(String), +/// FatalError(String), +/// Unknown, +/// } +/// +/// derive_err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind); +/// +/// impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind { +/// fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { +/// match self { +/// ErrorKind::FatalError(e) => write!(f, "fatal error {}", e), +/// ErrorKind::Unknown => write!(f, "unknown error"), +/// ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename), +/// } +/// } +/// } +/// +/// impl ErrorKind { +/// fn from_io_error(e: &io::Error, f: String) -> Self { +/// match e.kind() { +/// io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe => panic!("Should not happen"), +/// io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset => { +/// ErrorKind::FatalError(format!("While reading `{}`: {}", f, e)) +/// } +/// _ => ErrorKind::IO(f), +/// } +/// } +/// } +/// +/// impl From<&io::Error> for ErrorKind { +/// fn from(e: &io::Error) -> Self { +/// ErrorKind::IO(format!("{}", e)) +/// } +/// } +/// +/// pub fn func1() -> std::result::Result<(), Error> { +/// let filename = "bar.txt"; +/// +/// do_some_io(filename) +/// .map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from_io_error(&e, filename.into())))?; +/// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::IO(filename.into())))?; +/// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from(&e)))?; +/// do_some_io(filename).map_err(minto_cherr!(ErrorKind))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! derive_err_kind { + ($e:ident, $k:ident) => { + pub struct $e($crate::ChainError<$k>); + + impl $e { + pub fn kind(&self) -> &$k { + self.0.kind() + } + } + + impl From<$k> for $e { + fn from(e: $k) -> Self { + $e($crate::ChainError::new(e, None, None)) + } + } + + impl From<ChainError<$k>> for $e { + fn from(e: $crate::ChainError<$k>) -> Self { + $e(e) + } + } + + impl From<&$e> for $k + where + $k: Clone, + { + fn from(e: &$e) -> Self { + e.kind().clone() + } + } + + impl $crate::ChainErrorFrom<$e> for $k + where + $k: Clone, + { + #[inline] + fn chain_error_from( + t: $e, + line_filename: Option<&'static str>, + ) -> $crate::ChainError<$k> { + $crate::ChainError::new((*t.kind()).clone(), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename) + } + } + + impl std::error::Error for $e { + fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> { + self.0.source() + } + } + + impl std::fmt::Display for $e { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { + std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f) + } + } + + impl std::fmt::Debug for $e { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { + std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.0, f) + } + } + }; +} +}

The source() of Errors

Sometimes you want to inspect the source() of an Error. @@ -444,18 +4014,18 @@ use std::error::Error; use std::io; use std::result::Result; -fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { +fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(()) } -fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { +fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { let filename = "foo.txt"; do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?; Ok(()) } -fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { +fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { if let Err(e) = func2() { if let Some(s) = e.source() { eprintln!("func2 failed because of '{}'", s); @@ -465,7 +4035,7 @@ fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { Ok(()) } -fn main() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { +fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { if let Err(e) = func1() { eprintln!("{}", e); } @@ -473,8 +4043,1198 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { } #[allow(dead_code)] mod chainerror { -{{#includecomment ../src/lib.rs}} -} +//! `chainerror` provides an error backtrace without doing a real backtrace, so even after you `strip` your +//! binaries, you still have the error backtrace. +//! +//! `chainerror` has no dependencies! +//! +//! `chainerror` uses `.source()` of `std::error::Error` along with `line()!` and `file()!` to provide a nice debug error backtrace. +//! It encapsulates all types, which have `Display + Debug` and can store the error cause internally. +//! +//! Along with the `ChainError<T>` struct, `chainerror` comes with some useful helper macros to save a lot of typing. +//! +//! ## Features +//! +//! `no-fileline` +//! : completely turn off storing filename and line +//! +//! `display-cause` +//! : turn on printing a backtrace of the errors in `Display` +//! +//! `no-debug-cause` +//! : turn off printing a backtrace of the errors in `Debug` +//! +//! +//! # Tutorial +//! +//! Read the [Tutorial](https://haraldh.github.io/chainerror/tutorial1.html) +//! +//! # Examples +//! +//! ```rust +//! use chainerror::*; +//! use std::error::Error; +//! use std::io; +//! use std::result::Result; +//! +//! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! let filename = "foo.txt"; +//! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! func2().map_err(mstrerr!("func1 error"))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn main() { +//! if let Err(e) = func1() { +//! #[cfg(not(windows))] +//! assert_eq!( +//! format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#" +//! src/lib.rs:20: func1 error +//! Caused by: +//! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt' +//! Caused by: +//! Kind(NotFound) +//! "# +//! ); +//! } +//! # else { +//! # unreachable!(); +//! # } +//! } +//! ``` +//! +//! +//! ```rust +//! use chainerror::*; +//! use std::error::Error; +//! use std::io; +//! use std::result::Result; +//! +//! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn func3() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! let filename = "foo.txt"; +//! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); +//! +//! fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> { +//! func3().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "func2 error: calling func3"))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! enum Func1Error { +//! Func2, +//! IO(String), +//! } +//! +//! impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1Error { +//! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { +//! match self { +//! Func1Error::Func2 => write!(f, "func1 error calling func2"), +//! Func1Error::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename), +//! } +//! } +//! } +//! +//! impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Func1Error { +//! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { +//! write!(f, "{}", self) +//! } +//! } +//! +//! fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1Error> { +//! func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::Func2))?; +//! let filename = String::from("bar.txt"); +//! do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::IO(filename)))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn main() { +//! if let Err(e) = func1() { +//! assert!( +//! match e.kind() { +//! Func1Error::Func2 => { +//! eprintln!("Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2"); +//! true +//! } +//! Func1Error::IO(filename) => { +//! eprintln!("Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'", filename); +//! false +//! } +//! } +//! ); +//! +//! assert!(e.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); +//! +//! if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>() { +//! eprintln!("\nError reported by Func2Error: {}", e) +//! } +//! +//! +//! assert!(e.root_cause().is_some()); +//! +//! if let Some(e) = e.root_cause() { +//! let io_error = e.downcast_ref::<io::Error>().unwrap(); +//! eprintln!("\nThe root cause was: std::io::Error: {:#?}", io_error); +//! } +//! +//! #[cfg(not(windows))] +//! assert_eq!( +//! format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#" +//! src/lib.rs:47: func1 error calling func2 +//! Caused by: +//! src/lib.rs:22: Func2Error(func2 error: calling func3) +//! Caused by: +//! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt' +//! Caused by: +//! Kind(NotFound) +//! "# +//! ); +//! } +//! # else { +//! # unreachable!(); +//! # } +//! } +//! ``` + +#![deny( + warnings, + absolute_paths_not_starting_with_crate, + deprecated_in_future, + keyword_idents, + macro_use_extern_crate, + missing_debug_implementations, + trivial_numeric_casts, + unused_extern_crates, + unused_import_braces, + unused_qualifications, + unused_results, + unused_labels, + unused_lifetimes, + unstable_features, + unreachable_pub, + future_incompatible, + missing_copy_implementations, + missing_doc_code_examples, + rust_2018_idioms, + rust_2018_compatibility +)] + +use std::any::TypeId; +use std::error::Error; +use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter, Result}; + +/// chains an inner error kind `T` with a causing error +pub struct ChainError<T> { + #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))] + occurrence: Option<&'static str>, + kind: T, + error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>, +} + +/// convenience type alias +pub type ChainResult<O, E> = std::result::Result<O, ChainError<E>>; + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> ChainError<T> { + #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))] + /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly + #[inline] + pub fn new( + kind: T, + error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>, + occurrence: Option<&'static str>, + ) -> Self { + Self { + occurrence, + kind, + error_cause, + } + } + + #[cfg(feature = "no-fileline")] + /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly + #[inline] + pub fn new( + kind: T, + error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>, + _occurrence: Option<&'static str>, + ) -> Self { + Self { kind, error_cause } + } + + /// return the root cause of the error chain, if any exists + pub fn root_cause(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { + self.iter().last() + } + + /// Find the first error cause of type U, if any exists + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ```rust + /// use chainerror::*; + /// use std::error::Error; + /// use std::io; + /// + /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); + /// + /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// let filename = "foo.txt"; + /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); + /// + /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// fn main() { + /// if let Err(e) = func1() { + /// if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { + /// + /// assert!(f1err.find_cause::<io::Error>().is_some()); + /// + /// assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); + /// } + /// # else { + /// # panic!(); + /// # } + /// } + /// # else { + /// # unreachable!(); + /// # } + /// } + /// ``` + #[inline] + pub fn find_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&U> { + self.iter().filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::<U>).next() + } + + /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError<U>`, if any exists + /// + /// Same as `find_cause`, but hides the `ChainError<U>` implementation internals + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ```rust + /// # use chainerror::*; + /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooError); + /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None); + /// // Instead of writing + /// err.find_cause::<ChainError<FooError>>(); + /// + /// // leave out the ChainError<FooError> implementation detail + /// err.find_chain_cause::<FooError>(); + /// ``` + #[inline] + pub fn find_chain_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<U>> { + self.iter() + .filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::<ChainError<U>>) + .next() + } + + /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError<U>` or `U`, if any exists and return `U` + /// + /// Same as `find_cause` and `find_chain_cause`, but hides the `ChainError<U>` implementation internals + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ```rust + /// # use chainerror::*; + /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooErrorKind); + /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None); + /// // Instead of writing + /// err.find_cause::<ChainError<FooErrorKind>>(); + /// // and/or + /// err.find_chain_cause::<FooErrorKind>(); + /// // and/or + /// err.find_cause::<FooErrorKind>(); + /// + /// // leave out the ChainError<FooErrorKind> implementation detail + /// err.find_kind_or_cause::<FooErrorKind>(); + /// ``` + #[inline] + pub fn find_kind_or_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&U> { + self.iter() + .filter_map(|e| { + e.downcast_ref::<ChainError<U>>() + .map(|e| e.kind()) + .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::<U>()) + }) + .next() + } + + /// Return a reference to T of `ChainError<T>` + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ```rust + /// use chainerror::*; + /// use std::error::Error; + /// use std::io; + /// + /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); + /// + /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// let filename = "foo.txt"; + /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// #[derive(Debug)] + /// enum Func1ErrorKind { + /// Func2, + /// IO(String), + /// } + /// + /// /// impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {…} + /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind { + /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { + /// # match self { + /// # Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, "func1 error calling func2"), + /// # Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename), + /// # } + /// # } + /// # } + /// + /// fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> { + /// func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::Func2))?; + /// do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::IO("bar.txt".into())))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// fn main() { + /// if let Err(e) = func1() { + /// match e.kind() { + /// Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => {} + /// Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => panic!(), + /// } + /// } + /// # else { + /// # unreachable!(); + /// # } + /// } + /// ``` + #[inline] + pub fn kind(&self) -> &T { + &self.kind + } + + /// Returns an Iterator over all error causes/sources + /// + /// # Example + /// + /// + #[inline] + pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &(dyn Error + 'static)> { + ErrorIter { + current: Some(self), + } + } +} + +struct ErrorIter<'a> { + current: Option<&'a (dyn Error + 'static)>, +} + +impl<'a> Iterator for ErrorIter<'a> { + type Item = &'a (dyn Error + 'static); + + #[inline] + fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> { + let current = self.current; + self.current = self.current.and_then(Error::source); + current + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> std::ops::Deref for ChainError<T> { + type Target = T; + + #[inline] + fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target { + &self.kind + } +} + +/// Convenience trait to hide the `ChainError<T>` implementation internals +pub trait ChainErrorDown { + /// Test if of type `ChainError<T>` + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool; + /// Downcast to a reference of `ChainError<T>` + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>>; + /// Downcast to a mutable reference of `ChainError<T>` + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>>; + /// Downcast to T of `ChainError<T>` + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T>; + /// Downcast to T mutable reference of `ChainError<T>` + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>; +} + +impl<U: 'static + Display + Debug> ChainErrorDown for ChainError<U> { + #[inline] + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool { + TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<U>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> { + if self.is_chain::<T>() { + #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)] + unsafe { + #[allow(trivial_casts)] + Some(&*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError<T>)) + } + } else { + None + } + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> { + if self.is_chain::<T>() { + #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)] + unsafe { + #[allow(trivial_casts)] + Some(&mut *(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError<T>)) + } + } else { + None + } + } + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> { + if self.is_chain::<T>() { + #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)] + unsafe { + #[allow(trivial_casts)] + Some(&(*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError<T>)).kind) + } + } else { + None + } + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { + if self.is_chain::<T>() { + #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)] + unsafe { + #[allow(trivial_casts)] + Some(&mut (*(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError<T>)).kind) + } + } else { + None + } + } +} + +impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static { + #[inline] + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool { + self.is::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> { + self.downcast_ref::<T>() + .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind())) + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { + if self.is::<T>() { + return self.downcast_mut::<T>(); + } + + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>()) + } +} + +impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send { + #[inline] + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool { + self.is::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> { + self.downcast_ref::<T>() + .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind())) + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { + if self.is::<T>() { + return self.downcast_mut::<T>(); + } + + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>()) + } +} + +impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync { + #[inline] + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool { + self.is::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> { + self.downcast_ref::<T>() + .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind())) + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { + if self.is::<T>() { + return self.downcast_mut::<T>(); + } + + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>()) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { + self.error_cause + .as_ref() + .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static)) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for &ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { + self.error_cause + .as_ref() + .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static)) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for &mut ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { + self.error_cause + .as_ref() + .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static)) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Display for ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result { + write!(f, "{}", self.kind)?; + + #[cfg(feature = "display-cause")] + { + if let Some(e) = self.source() { + writeln!(f, "\nCaused by:")?; + Display::fmt(&e, f)?; + } + } + Ok(()) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Debug for ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result { + #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))] + { + if let Some(ref o) = self.occurrence { + Display::fmt(o, f)?; + } + } + + if self.is_chain::<String>() { + Display::fmt(&self.kind, f)?; + } else { + Debug::fmt(&self.kind, f)?; + } + + #[cfg(not(feature = "no-debug-cause"))] + { + if let Some(e) = self.source() { + writeln!(f, "\nCaused by:")?; + Debug::fmt(&e, f)?; + } + } + Ok(()) + } +} + +/// `ChainErrorFrom<T>` is similar to `From<T>` +pub trait ChainErrorFrom<T>: Sized { + /// similar to From<T>::from() + fn chain_error_from(from: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self>; +} + +/// `IntoChainError<T>` is similar to `Into<T>` +pub trait IntoChainError<T>: Sized { + /// similar to Into<T>::into() + fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<T>; +} + +impl<T, U> IntoChainError<U> for T +where + U: ChainErrorFrom<T>, +{ + #[inline] + fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<U> { + U::chain_error_from(self, line_filename) + } +} + +impl<T, U> ChainErrorFrom<T> for U +where + T: Into<U>, + U: 'static + Display + Debug, +{ + #[inline] + fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self> { + let e: U = t.into(); + ChainError::new(e, None, line_filename) + } +} + +/* +impl<T, U> ChainErrorFrom<T> for U + where + T: 'static + Error + Into<Box<T>> + Clone, + U: 'static + Display + Debug + From<T>, +{ + #[inline] + fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self> { + ChainError::new(U::from(t.clone()), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename) + } +} +*/ + +/// map into `ChainError<T>` with `T::from(err)` +/// +/// adds `line!()` and `file!()` information +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! minto_cherr { + ( $k:ident ) => ( + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $k::from(&e)) + ); + ( $enum:ident $(:: $enum_path:ident)* ) => ( + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $enum $(:: $enum_path)*::from(&e)) + ); +} + +/// Creates a new `ChainError<T>` +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// Create a new ChainError<FooError>, where `FooError` must implement `Display` and `Debug`. +/// ```rust +/// # use chainerror::*; +/// # #[derive(Debug)] +/// enum FooError { +/// Bar, +/// Baz(&'static str), +/// } +/// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError { +/// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { +/// # match self { +/// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, "Bar Error"), +/// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, "Baz Error: '{}'", s), +/// # } +/// # } +/// # } +/// +/// // impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError +/// +/// fn do_some_stuff() -> bool { +/// false +/// } +/// +/// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> { +/// if ! do_some_stuff() { +/// Err(cherr!(FooError::Baz("Error")))?; +/// } +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # pub fn main() { +/// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() { +/// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &"Error" => {} +/// # _ => panic!(), +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +/// +/// Additionally an error cause can be added. +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use chainerror::*; +/// # use std::io; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # #[derive(Debug)] +/// # enum FooError { +/// # Bar, +/// # Baz(&'static str), +/// # } +/// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError { +/// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { +/// # match self { +/// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, "Bar Error"), +/// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, "Baz Error: '{}'", s), +/// # } +/// # } +/// # } +/// fn do_some_stuff() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> { +/// do_some_stuff().map_err( +/// |e| cherr!(e, FooError::Baz("Error")) +/// )?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # pub fn main() { +/// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() { +/// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &"Error" => {} +/// # _ => panic!(), +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! cherr { + ( $k:expr ) => ({ + $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": "))) + }); + ( None, $k:expr ) => ({ + $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": "))) + }); + ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); + ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); + ( $e:path, $k:expr ) => ({ + $crate::ChainError::new($k, Some(Box::from($e)), Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": "))) + }); + ( $e:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); +} + +/// Convenience macro for `|e| cherr!(e, format!(…))` +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use crate::chainerror::*; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # use std::io; +/// # use std::result::Result; +/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +/// # Ok(()) +/// # } +/// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// let filename = "foo.txt"; +/// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// func2().map_err(mstrerr!("func1 error"))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// # fn main() { +/// # if let Err(e) = func1() { +/// # #[cfg(not(windows))] +/// # assert_eq!( +/// # format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#" +/// # src/lib.rs:18: func1 error +/// # Caused by: +/// # src/lib.rs:13: Error reading 'foo.txt' +/// # Caused by: +/// # Kind(NotFound) +/// # "# +/// # ); +/// # } else { +/// # unreachable!(); +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +/// +/// `mstrerr!()` can also be used to map a new `ChainError<T>`, where T was defined with +/// `derive_str_cherr!(T)` +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use crate::chainerror::*; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # use std::io; +/// # use std::result::Result; +/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +/// # Ok(()) +/// # } +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); +/// +/// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// let filename = "foo.txt"; +/// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); +/// +/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # fn main() { +/// # if let Err(e) = func1() { +/// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { +/// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some()); +/// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); +/// # } else { +/// # panic!(); +/// # } +/// # } else { +/// # unreachable!(); +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! mstrerr { + ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string())) + }); + ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string())) + }); + ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))) + }); + ($msg:expr) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string()) + }); + ($msg:expr, ) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string()) + }); + ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); +} + +/// Convenience macro for `cherr!(T(format!(…)))` where `T(String)` +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use crate::chainerror::*; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # use std::result::Result; +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); +/// +/// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> { +/// let filename = "foo.txt"; +/// Err(strerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename)) +/// } +/// +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); +/// +/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> { +/// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # fn main() { +/// # if let Err(e) = func1() { +/// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { +/// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some()); +/// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); +/// # } else { +/// # panic!(); +/// # } +/// # } else { +/// # unreachable!(); +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! strerr { + ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string())) + }); + ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string())) + }); + ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))) + }); + ($msg:expr) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string()) + }); + ($msg:expr, ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string()) + }); + ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({ + $crate::cherr!(format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); +} + +/// Convenience macro to create a "new type" T(String) and implement Display + Debug for T +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use crate::chainerror::*; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # use std::io; +/// # use std::result::Result; +/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +/// # Ok(()) +/// # } +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); +/// +/// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> { +/// let filename = "foo.txt"; +/// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); +/// +/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> { +/// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # fn main() { +/// # if let Err(e) = func1() { +/// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { +/// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some()); +/// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); +/// # } else { +/// # panic!(); +/// # } +/// # } else { +/// # unreachable!(); +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! derive_str_cherr { + ($e:ident) => { + #[derive(Clone)] + pub struct $e(pub String); + impl ::std::fmt::Display for $e { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { + write!(f, "{}", self.0) + } + } + impl ::std::fmt::Debug for $e { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { + write!(f, "{}({})", stringify!($e), self.0) + } + } + impl ::std::error::Error for $e {} + }; +} + +/// Derive an Error for an ErrorKind, which wraps a `ChainError` and implements a `kind()` method +/// +/// It basically hides `ChainError` to the outside and only exposes the `kind()` +/// method. +/// +/// Error::kind() returns the ErrorKind +/// Error::source() returns the parent error +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ```rust +/// use std::io; +/// use chainerror::*; +/// +/// fn do_some_io(_f: &str) -> std::result::Result<(), io::Error> { +/// return Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound)); +/// } +/// +/// #[derive(Debug, Clone)] +/// pub enum ErrorKind { +/// IO(String), +/// FatalError(String), +/// Unknown, +/// } +/// +/// derive_err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind); +/// +/// impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind { +/// fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { +/// match self { +/// ErrorKind::FatalError(e) => write!(f, "fatal error {}", e), +/// ErrorKind::Unknown => write!(f, "unknown error"), +/// ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename), +/// } +/// } +/// } +/// +/// impl ErrorKind { +/// fn from_io_error(e: &io::Error, f: String) -> Self { +/// match e.kind() { +/// io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe => panic!("Should not happen"), +/// io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset => { +/// ErrorKind::FatalError(format!("While reading `{}`: {}", f, e)) +/// } +/// _ => ErrorKind::IO(f), +/// } +/// } +/// } +/// +/// impl From<&io::Error> for ErrorKind { +/// fn from(e: &io::Error) -> Self { +/// ErrorKind::IO(format!("{}", e)) +/// } +/// } +/// +/// pub fn func1() -> std::result::Result<(), Error> { +/// let filename = "bar.txt"; +/// +/// do_some_io(filename) +/// .map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from_io_error(&e, filename.into())))?; +/// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::IO(filename.into())))?; +/// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from(&e)))?; +/// do_some_io(filename).map_err(minto_cherr!(ErrorKind))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! derive_err_kind { + ($e:ident, $k:ident) => { + pub struct $e($crate::ChainError<$k>); + + impl $e { + pub fn kind(&self) -> &$k { + self.0.kind() + } + } + + impl From<$k> for $e { + fn from(e: $k) -> Self { + $e($crate::ChainError::new(e, None, None)) + } + } + + impl From<ChainError<$k>> for $e { + fn from(e: $crate::ChainError<$k>) -> Self { + $e(e) + } + } + + impl From<&$e> for $k + where + $k: Clone, + { + fn from(e: &$e) -> Self { + e.kind().clone() + } + } + + impl $crate::ChainErrorFrom<$e> for $k + where + $k: Clone, + { + #[inline] + fn chain_error_from( + t: $e, + line_filename: Option<&'static str>, + ) -> $crate::ChainError<$k> { + $crate::ChainError::new((*t.kind()).clone(), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename) + } + } + + impl std::error::Error for $e { + fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> { + self.0.source() + } + } + + impl std::fmt::Display for $e { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { + std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f) + } + } + + impl std::fmt::Debug for $e { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { + std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.0, f) + } + } + }; +} +}

Note, that because we changed the output of the error in main() from Debug to Display, we don't see the error backtrace with filename and line number.

@@ -491,26 +5251,26 @@ use std::error::Error; use std::io; use std::result::Result; -fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { +fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(()) } -fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { +fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { let filename = "foo.txt"; do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?; Ok(()) } -fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { +fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { func2().map_err(mstrerr!("func1 error"))?; Ok(()) } -fn main() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { +fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { if let Err(e) = func1() { eprintln!("Error: {}", e); - let mut s : &(dyn Error) = e.as_ref(); + let mut s: &(dyn Error) = e.as_ref(); while let Some(c) = s.source() { if let Some(ioerror) = c.downcast_ref::<io::Error>() { eprintln!("caused by: std::io::Error: {}", ioerror); @@ -528,8 +5288,1198 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { } #[allow(dead_code)] mod chainerror { -{{#includecomment ../src/lib.rs}} -} +//! `chainerror` provides an error backtrace without doing a real backtrace, so even after you `strip` your +//! binaries, you still have the error backtrace. +//! +//! `chainerror` has no dependencies! +//! +//! `chainerror` uses `.source()` of `std::error::Error` along with `line()!` and `file()!` to provide a nice debug error backtrace. +//! It encapsulates all types, which have `Display + Debug` and can store the error cause internally. +//! +//! Along with the `ChainError<T>` struct, `chainerror` comes with some useful helper macros to save a lot of typing. +//! +//! ## Features +//! +//! `no-fileline` +//! : completely turn off storing filename and line +//! +//! `display-cause` +//! : turn on printing a backtrace of the errors in `Display` +//! +//! `no-debug-cause` +//! : turn off printing a backtrace of the errors in `Debug` +//! +//! +//! # Tutorial +//! +//! Read the [Tutorial](https://haraldh.github.io/chainerror/tutorial1.html) +//! +//! # Examples +//! +//! ```rust +//! use chainerror::*; +//! use std::error::Error; +//! use std::io; +//! use std::result::Result; +//! +//! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! let filename = "foo.txt"; +//! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! func2().map_err(mstrerr!("func1 error"))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn main() { +//! if let Err(e) = func1() { +//! #[cfg(not(windows))] +//! assert_eq!( +//! format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#" +//! src/lib.rs:20: func1 error +//! Caused by: +//! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt' +//! Caused by: +//! Kind(NotFound) +//! "# +//! ); +//! } +//! # else { +//! # unreachable!(); +//! # } +//! } +//! ``` +//! +//! +//! ```rust +//! use chainerror::*; +//! use std::error::Error; +//! use std::io; +//! use std::result::Result; +//! +//! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn func3() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! let filename = "foo.txt"; +//! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); +//! +//! fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> { +//! func3().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "func2 error: calling func3"))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! enum Func1Error { +//! Func2, +//! IO(String), +//! } +//! +//! impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1Error { +//! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { +//! match self { +//! Func1Error::Func2 => write!(f, "func1 error calling func2"), +//! Func1Error::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename), +//! } +//! } +//! } +//! +//! impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Func1Error { +//! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { +//! write!(f, "{}", self) +//! } +//! } +//! +//! fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1Error> { +//! func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::Func2))?; +//! let filename = String::from("bar.txt"); +//! do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::IO(filename)))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn main() { +//! if let Err(e) = func1() { +//! assert!( +//! match e.kind() { +//! Func1Error::Func2 => { +//! eprintln!("Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2"); +//! true +//! } +//! Func1Error::IO(filename) => { +//! eprintln!("Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'", filename); +//! false +//! } +//! } +//! ); +//! +//! assert!(e.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); +//! +//! if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>() { +//! eprintln!("\nError reported by Func2Error: {}", e) +//! } +//! +//! +//! assert!(e.root_cause().is_some()); +//! +//! if let Some(e) = e.root_cause() { +//! let io_error = e.downcast_ref::<io::Error>().unwrap(); +//! eprintln!("\nThe root cause was: std::io::Error: {:#?}", io_error); +//! } +//! +//! #[cfg(not(windows))] +//! assert_eq!( +//! format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#" +//! src/lib.rs:47: func1 error calling func2 +//! Caused by: +//! src/lib.rs:22: Func2Error(func2 error: calling func3) +//! Caused by: +//! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt' +//! Caused by: +//! Kind(NotFound) +//! "# +//! ); +//! } +//! # else { +//! # unreachable!(); +//! # } +//! } +//! ``` + +#![deny( + warnings, + absolute_paths_not_starting_with_crate, + deprecated_in_future, + keyword_idents, + macro_use_extern_crate, + missing_debug_implementations, + trivial_numeric_casts, + unused_extern_crates, + unused_import_braces, + unused_qualifications, + unused_results, + unused_labels, + unused_lifetimes, + unstable_features, + unreachable_pub, + future_incompatible, + missing_copy_implementations, + missing_doc_code_examples, + rust_2018_idioms, + rust_2018_compatibility +)] + +use std::any::TypeId; +use std::error::Error; +use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter, Result}; + +/// chains an inner error kind `T` with a causing error +pub struct ChainError<T> { + #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))] + occurrence: Option<&'static str>, + kind: T, + error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>, +} + +/// convenience type alias +pub type ChainResult<O, E> = std::result::Result<O, ChainError<E>>; + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> ChainError<T> { + #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))] + /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly + #[inline] + pub fn new( + kind: T, + error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>, + occurrence: Option<&'static str>, + ) -> Self { + Self { + occurrence, + kind, + error_cause, + } + } + + #[cfg(feature = "no-fileline")] + /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly + #[inline] + pub fn new( + kind: T, + error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>, + _occurrence: Option<&'static str>, + ) -> Self { + Self { kind, error_cause } + } + + /// return the root cause of the error chain, if any exists + pub fn root_cause(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { + self.iter().last() + } + + /// Find the first error cause of type U, if any exists + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ```rust + /// use chainerror::*; + /// use std::error::Error; + /// use std::io; + /// + /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); + /// + /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// let filename = "foo.txt"; + /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); + /// + /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// fn main() { + /// if let Err(e) = func1() { + /// if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { + /// + /// assert!(f1err.find_cause::<io::Error>().is_some()); + /// + /// assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); + /// } + /// # else { + /// # panic!(); + /// # } + /// } + /// # else { + /// # unreachable!(); + /// # } + /// } + /// ``` + #[inline] + pub fn find_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&U> { + self.iter().filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::<U>).next() + } + + /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError<U>`, if any exists + /// + /// Same as `find_cause`, but hides the `ChainError<U>` implementation internals + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ```rust + /// # use chainerror::*; + /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooError); + /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None); + /// // Instead of writing + /// err.find_cause::<ChainError<FooError>>(); + /// + /// // leave out the ChainError<FooError> implementation detail + /// err.find_chain_cause::<FooError>(); + /// ``` + #[inline] + pub fn find_chain_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<U>> { + self.iter() + .filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::<ChainError<U>>) + .next() + } + + /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError<U>` or `U`, if any exists and return `U` + /// + /// Same as `find_cause` and `find_chain_cause`, but hides the `ChainError<U>` implementation internals + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ```rust + /// # use chainerror::*; + /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooErrorKind); + /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None); + /// // Instead of writing + /// err.find_cause::<ChainError<FooErrorKind>>(); + /// // and/or + /// err.find_chain_cause::<FooErrorKind>(); + /// // and/or + /// err.find_cause::<FooErrorKind>(); + /// + /// // leave out the ChainError<FooErrorKind> implementation detail + /// err.find_kind_or_cause::<FooErrorKind>(); + /// ``` + #[inline] + pub fn find_kind_or_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&U> { + self.iter() + .filter_map(|e| { + e.downcast_ref::<ChainError<U>>() + .map(|e| e.kind()) + .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::<U>()) + }) + .next() + } + + /// Return a reference to T of `ChainError<T>` + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ```rust + /// use chainerror::*; + /// use std::error::Error; + /// use std::io; + /// + /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); + /// + /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// let filename = "foo.txt"; + /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// #[derive(Debug)] + /// enum Func1ErrorKind { + /// Func2, + /// IO(String), + /// } + /// + /// /// impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {…} + /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind { + /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { + /// # match self { + /// # Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, "func1 error calling func2"), + /// # Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename), + /// # } + /// # } + /// # } + /// + /// fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> { + /// func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::Func2))?; + /// do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::IO("bar.txt".into())))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// fn main() { + /// if let Err(e) = func1() { + /// match e.kind() { + /// Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => {} + /// Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => panic!(), + /// } + /// } + /// # else { + /// # unreachable!(); + /// # } + /// } + /// ``` + #[inline] + pub fn kind(&self) -> &T { + &self.kind + } + + /// Returns an Iterator over all error causes/sources + /// + /// # Example + /// + /// + #[inline] + pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &(dyn Error + 'static)> { + ErrorIter { + current: Some(self), + } + } +} + +struct ErrorIter<'a> { + current: Option<&'a (dyn Error + 'static)>, +} + +impl<'a> Iterator for ErrorIter<'a> { + type Item = &'a (dyn Error + 'static); + + #[inline] + fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> { + let current = self.current; + self.current = self.current.and_then(Error::source); + current + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> std::ops::Deref for ChainError<T> { + type Target = T; + + #[inline] + fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target { + &self.kind + } +} + +/// Convenience trait to hide the `ChainError<T>` implementation internals +pub trait ChainErrorDown { + /// Test if of type `ChainError<T>` + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool; + /// Downcast to a reference of `ChainError<T>` + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>>; + /// Downcast to a mutable reference of `ChainError<T>` + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>>; + /// Downcast to T of `ChainError<T>` + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T>; + /// Downcast to T mutable reference of `ChainError<T>` + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>; +} + +impl<U: 'static + Display + Debug> ChainErrorDown for ChainError<U> { + #[inline] + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool { + TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<U>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> { + if self.is_chain::<T>() { + #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)] + unsafe { + #[allow(trivial_casts)] + Some(&*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError<T>)) + } + } else { + None + } + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> { + if self.is_chain::<T>() { + #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)] + unsafe { + #[allow(trivial_casts)] + Some(&mut *(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError<T>)) + } + } else { + None + } + } + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> { + if self.is_chain::<T>() { + #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)] + unsafe { + #[allow(trivial_casts)] + Some(&(*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError<T>)).kind) + } + } else { + None + } + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { + if self.is_chain::<T>() { + #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)] + unsafe { + #[allow(trivial_casts)] + Some(&mut (*(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError<T>)).kind) + } + } else { + None + } + } +} + +impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static { + #[inline] + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool { + self.is::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> { + self.downcast_ref::<T>() + .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind())) + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { + if self.is::<T>() { + return self.downcast_mut::<T>(); + } + + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>()) + } +} + +impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send { + #[inline] + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool { + self.is::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> { + self.downcast_ref::<T>() + .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind())) + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { + if self.is::<T>() { + return self.downcast_mut::<T>(); + } + + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>()) + } +} + +impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync { + #[inline] + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool { + self.is::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> { + self.downcast_ref::<T>() + .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind())) + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { + if self.is::<T>() { + return self.downcast_mut::<T>(); + } + + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>()) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { + self.error_cause + .as_ref() + .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static)) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for &ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { + self.error_cause + .as_ref() + .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static)) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for &mut ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { + self.error_cause + .as_ref() + .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static)) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Display for ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result { + write!(f, "{}", self.kind)?; + + #[cfg(feature = "display-cause")] + { + if let Some(e) = self.source() { + writeln!(f, "\nCaused by:")?; + Display::fmt(&e, f)?; + } + } + Ok(()) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Debug for ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result { + #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))] + { + if let Some(ref o) = self.occurrence { + Display::fmt(o, f)?; + } + } + + if self.is_chain::<String>() { + Display::fmt(&self.kind, f)?; + } else { + Debug::fmt(&self.kind, f)?; + } + + #[cfg(not(feature = "no-debug-cause"))] + { + if let Some(e) = self.source() { + writeln!(f, "\nCaused by:")?; + Debug::fmt(&e, f)?; + } + } + Ok(()) + } +} + +/// `ChainErrorFrom<T>` is similar to `From<T>` +pub trait ChainErrorFrom<T>: Sized { + /// similar to From<T>::from() + fn chain_error_from(from: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self>; +} + +/// `IntoChainError<T>` is similar to `Into<T>` +pub trait IntoChainError<T>: Sized { + /// similar to Into<T>::into() + fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<T>; +} + +impl<T, U> IntoChainError<U> for T +where + U: ChainErrorFrom<T>, +{ + #[inline] + fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<U> { + U::chain_error_from(self, line_filename) + } +} + +impl<T, U> ChainErrorFrom<T> for U +where + T: Into<U>, + U: 'static + Display + Debug, +{ + #[inline] + fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self> { + let e: U = t.into(); + ChainError::new(e, None, line_filename) + } +} + +/* +impl<T, U> ChainErrorFrom<T> for U + where + T: 'static + Error + Into<Box<T>> + Clone, + U: 'static + Display + Debug + From<T>, +{ + #[inline] + fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self> { + ChainError::new(U::from(t.clone()), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename) + } +} +*/ + +/// map into `ChainError<T>` with `T::from(err)` +/// +/// adds `line!()` and `file!()` information +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! minto_cherr { + ( $k:ident ) => ( + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $k::from(&e)) + ); + ( $enum:ident $(:: $enum_path:ident)* ) => ( + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $enum $(:: $enum_path)*::from(&e)) + ); +} + +/// Creates a new `ChainError<T>` +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// Create a new ChainError<FooError>, where `FooError` must implement `Display` and `Debug`. +/// ```rust +/// # use chainerror::*; +/// # #[derive(Debug)] +/// enum FooError { +/// Bar, +/// Baz(&'static str), +/// } +/// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError { +/// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { +/// # match self { +/// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, "Bar Error"), +/// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, "Baz Error: '{}'", s), +/// # } +/// # } +/// # } +/// +/// // impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError +/// +/// fn do_some_stuff() -> bool { +/// false +/// } +/// +/// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> { +/// if ! do_some_stuff() { +/// Err(cherr!(FooError::Baz("Error")))?; +/// } +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # pub fn main() { +/// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() { +/// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &"Error" => {} +/// # _ => panic!(), +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +/// +/// Additionally an error cause can be added. +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use chainerror::*; +/// # use std::io; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # #[derive(Debug)] +/// # enum FooError { +/// # Bar, +/// # Baz(&'static str), +/// # } +/// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError { +/// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { +/// # match self { +/// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, "Bar Error"), +/// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, "Baz Error: '{}'", s), +/// # } +/// # } +/// # } +/// fn do_some_stuff() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> { +/// do_some_stuff().map_err( +/// |e| cherr!(e, FooError::Baz("Error")) +/// )?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # pub fn main() { +/// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() { +/// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &"Error" => {} +/// # _ => panic!(), +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! cherr { + ( $k:expr ) => ({ + $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": "))) + }); + ( None, $k:expr ) => ({ + $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": "))) + }); + ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); + ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); + ( $e:path, $k:expr ) => ({ + $crate::ChainError::new($k, Some(Box::from($e)), Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": "))) + }); + ( $e:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); +} + +/// Convenience macro for `|e| cherr!(e, format!(…))` +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use crate::chainerror::*; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # use std::io; +/// # use std::result::Result; +/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +/// # Ok(()) +/// # } +/// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// let filename = "foo.txt"; +/// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// func2().map_err(mstrerr!("func1 error"))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// # fn main() { +/// # if let Err(e) = func1() { +/// # #[cfg(not(windows))] +/// # assert_eq!( +/// # format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#" +/// # src/lib.rs:18: func1 error +/// # Caused by: +/// # src/lib.rs:13: Error reading 'foo.txt' +/// # Caused by: +/// # Kind(NotFound) +/// # "# +/// # ); +/// # } else { +/// # unreachable!(); +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +/// +/// `mstrerr!()` can also be used to map a new `ChainError<T>`, where T was defined with +/// `derive_str_cherr!(T)` +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use crate::chainerror::*; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # use std::io; +/// # use std::result::Result; +/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +/// # Ok(()) +/// # } +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); +/// +/// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// let filename = "foo.txt"; +/// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); +/// +/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # fn main() { +/// # if let Err(e) = func1() { +/// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { +/// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some()); +/// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); +/// # } else { +/// # panic!(); +/// # } +/// # } else { +/// # unreachable!(); +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! mstrerr { + ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string())) + }); + ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string())) + }); + ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))) + }); + ($msg:expr) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string()) + }); + ($msg:expr, ) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string()) + }); + ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); +} + +/// Convenience macro for `cherr!(T(format!(…)))` where `T(String)` +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use crate::chainerror::*; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # use std::result::Result; +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); +/// +/// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> { +/// let filename = "foo.txt"; +/// Err(strerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename)) +/// } +/// +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); +/// +/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> { +/// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # fn main() { +/// # if let Err(e) = func1() { +/// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { +/// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some()); +/// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); +/// # } else { +/// # panic!(); +/// # } +/// # } else { +/// # unreachable!(); +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! strerr { + ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string())) + }); + ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string())) + }); + ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))) + }); + ($msg:expr) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string()) + }); + ($msg:expr, ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string()) + }); + ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({ + $crate::cherr!(format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); +} + +/// Convenience macro to create a "new type" T(String) and implement Display + Debug for T +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use crate::chainerror::*; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # use std::io; +/// # use std::result::Result; +/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +/// # Ok(()) +/// # } +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); +/// +/// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> { +/// let filename = "foo.txt"; +/// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); +/// +/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> { +/// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # fn main() { +/// # if let Err(e) = func1() { +/// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { +/// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some()); +/// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); +/// # } else { +/// # panic!(); +/// # } +/// # } else { +/// # unreachable!(); +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! derive_str_cherr { + ($e:ident) => { + #[derive(Clone)] + pub struct $e(pub String); + impl ::std::fmt::Display for $e { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { + write!(f, "{}", self.0) + } + } + impl ::std::fmt::Debug for $e { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { + write!(f, "{}({})", stringify!($e), self.0) + } + } + impl ::std::error::Error for $e {} + }; +} + +/// Derive an Error for an ErrorKind, which wraps a `ChainError` and implements a `kind()` method +/// +/// It basically hides `ChainError` to the outside and only exposes the `kind()` +/// method. +/// +/// Error::kind() returns the ErrorKind +/// Error::source() returns the parent error +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ```rust +/// use std::io; +/// use chainerror::*; +/// +/// fn do_some_io(_f: &str) -> std::result::Result<(), io::Error> { +/// return Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound)); +/// } +/// +/// #[derive(Debug, Clone)] +/// pub enum ErrorKind { +/// IO(String), +/// FatalError(String), +/// Unknown, +/// } +/// +/// derive_err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind); +/// +/// impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind { +/// fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { +/// match self { +/// ErrorKind::FatalError(e) => write!(f, "fatal error {}", e), +/// ErrorKind::Unknown => write!(f, "unknown error"), +/// ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename), +/// } +/// } +/// } +/// +/// impl ErrorKind { +/// fn from_io_error(e: &io::Error, f: String) -> Self { +/// match e.kind() { +/// io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe => panic!("Should not happen"), +/// io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset => { +/// ErrorKind::FatalError(format!("While reading `{}`: {}", f, e)) +/// } +/// _ => ErrorKind::IO(f), +/// } +/// } +/// } +/// +/// impl From<&io::Error> for ErrorKind { +/// fn from(e: &io::Error) -> Self { +/// ErrorKind::IO(format!("{}", e)) +/// } +/// } +/// +/// pub fn func1() -> std::result::Result<(), Error> { +/// let filename = "bar.txt"; +/// +/// do_some_io(filename) +/// .map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from_io_error(&e, filename.into())))?; +/// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::IO(filename.into())))?; +/// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from(&e)))?; +/// do_some_io(filename).map_err(minto_cherr!(ErrorKind))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! derive_err_kind { + ($e:ident, $k:ident) => { + pub struct $e($crate::ChainError<$k>); + + impl $e { + pub fn kind(&self) -> &$k { + self.0.kind() + } + } + + impl From<$k> for $e { + fn from(e: $k) -> Self { + $e($crate::ChainError::new(e, None, None)) + } + } + + impl From<ChainError<$k>> for $e { + fn from(e: $crate::ChainError<$k>) -> Self { + $e(e) + } + } + + impl From<&$e> for $k + where + $k: Clone, + { + fn from(e: &$e) -> Self { + e.kind().clone() + } + } + + impl $crate::ChainErrorFrom<$e> for $k + where + $k: Clone, + { + #[inline] + fn chain_error_from( + t: $e, + line_filename: Option<&'static str>, + ) -> $crate::ChainError<$k> { + $crate::ChainError::new((*t.kind()).clone(), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename) + } + } + + impl std::error::Error for $e { + fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> { + self.0.source() + } + } + + impl std::fmt::Display for $e { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { + std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f) + } + } + + impl std::fmt::Debug for $e { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { + std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.0, f) + } + } + }; +} +}

The root cause of all Errors

chainerror also has some helper methods:

@@ -554,23 +6504,23 @@ use std::error::Error; use std::io; use std::result::Result; -fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { +fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(()) } -fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { +fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { let filename = "foo.txt"; do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?; Ok(()) } -fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { +fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { func2().map_err(mstrerr!("func1 error"))?; Ok(()) } -fn main() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { +fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { if let Err(e) = func1() { eprintln!("Error: {}", e); if let Some(s) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<String>() { @@ -592,8 +6542,1198 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { } #[allow(dead_code)] mod chainerror { -{{#includecomment ../src/lib.rs}} -} +//! `chainerror` provides an error backtrace without doing a real backtrace, so even after you `strip` your +//! binaries, you still have the error backtrace. +//! +//! `chainerror` has no dependencies! +//! +//! `chainerror` uses `.source()` of `std::error::Error` along with `line()!` and `file()!` to provide a nice debug error backtrace. +//! It encapsulates all types, which have `Display + Debug` and can store the error cause internally. +//! +//! Along with the `ChainError<T>` struct, `chainerror` comes with some useful helper macros to save a lot of typing. +//! +//! ## Features +//! +//! `no-fileline` +//! : completely turn off storing filename and line +//! +//! `display-cause` +//! : turn on printing a backtrace of the errors in `Display` +//! +//! `no-debug-cause` +//! : turn off printing a backtrace of the errors in `Debug` +//! +//! +//! # Tutorial +//! +//! Read the [Tutorial](https://haraldh.github.io/chainerror/tutorial1.html) +//! +//! # Examples +//! +//! ```rust +//! use chainerror::*; +//! use std::error::Error; +//! use std::io; +//! use std::result::Result; +//! +//! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! let filename = "foo.txt"; +//! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! func2().map_err(mstrerr!("func1 error"))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn main() { +//! if let Err(e) = func1() { +//! #[cfg(not(windows))] +//! assert_eq!( +//! format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#" +//! src/lib.rs:20: func1 error +//! Caused by: +//! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt' +//! Caused by: +//! Kind(NotFound) +//! "# +//! ); +//! } +//! # else { +//! # unreachable!(); +//! # } +//! } +//! ``` +//! +//! +//! ```rust +//! use chainerror::*; +//! use std::error::Error; +//! use std::io; +//! use std::result::Result; +//! +//! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn func3() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! let filename = "foo.txt"; +//! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); +//! +//! fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> { +//! func3().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "func2 error: calling func3"))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! enum Func1Error { +//! Func2, +//! IO(String), +//! } +//! +//! impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1Error { +//! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { +//! match self { +//! Func1Error::Func2 => write!(f, "func1 error calling func2"), +//! Func1Error::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename), +//! } +//! } +//! } +//! +//! impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Func1Error { +//! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { +//! write!(f, "{}", self) +//! } +//! } +//! +//! fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1Error> { +//! func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::Func2))?; +//! let filename = String::from("bar.txt"); +//! do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::IO(filename)))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn main() { +//! if let Err(e) = func1() { +//! assert!( +//! match e.kind() { +//! Func1Error::Func2 => { +//! eprintln!("Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2"); +//! true +//! } +//! Func1Error::IO(filename) => { +//! eprintln!("Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'", filename); +//! false +//! } +//! } +//! ); +//! +//! assert!(e.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); +//! +//! if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>() { +//! eprintln!("\nError reported by Func2Error: {}", e) +//! } +//! +//! +//! assert!(e.root_cause().is_some()); +//! +//! if let Some(e) = e.root_cause() { +//! let io_error = e.downcast_ref::<io::Error>().unwrap(); +//! eprintln!("\nThe root cause was: std::io::Error: {:#?}", io_error); +//! } +//! +//! #[cfg(not(windows))] +//! assert_eq!( +//! format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#" +//! src/lib.rs:47: func1 error calling func2 +//! Caused by: +//! src/lib.rs:22: Func2Error(func2 error: calling func3) +//! Caused by: +//! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt' +//! Caused by: +//! Kind(NotFound) +//! "# +//! ); +//! } +//! # else { +//! # unreachable!(); +//! # } +//! } +//! ``` + +#![deny( + warnings, + absolute_paths_not_starting_with_crate, + deprecated_in_future, + keyword_idents, + macro_use_extern_crate, + missing_debug_implementations, + trivial_numeric_casts, + unused_extern_crates, + unused_import_braces, + unused_qualifications, + unused_results, + unused_labels, + unused_lifetimes, + unstable_features, + unreachable_pub, + future_incompatible, + missing_copy_implementations, + missing_doc_code_examples, + rust_2018_idioms, + rust_2018_compatibility +)] + +use std::any::TypeId; +use std::error::Error; +use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter, Result}; + +/// chains an inner error kind `T` with a causing error +pub struct ChainError<T> { + #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))] + occurrence: Option<&'static str>, + kind: T, + error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>, +} + +/// convenience type alias +pub type ChainResult<O, E> = std::result::Result<O, ChainError<E>>; + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> ChainError<T> { + #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))] + /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly + #[inline] + pub fn new( + kind: T, + error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>, + occurrence: Option<&'static str>, + ) -> Self { + Self { + occurrence, + kind, + error_cause, + } + } + + #[cfg(feature = "no-fileline")] + /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly + #[inline] + pub fn new( + kind: T, + error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>, + _occurrence: Option<&'static str>, + ) -> Self { + Self { kind, error_cause } + } + + /// return the root cause of the error chain, if any exists + pub fn root_cause(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { + self.iter().last() + } + + /// Find the first error cause of type U, if any exists + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ```rust + /// use chainerror::*; + /// use std::error::Error; + /// use std::io; + /// + /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); + /// + /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// let filename = "foo.txt"; + /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); + /// + /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// fn main() { + /// if let Err(e) = func1() { + /// if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { + /// + /// assert!(f1err.find_cause::<io::Error>().is_some()); + /// + /// assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); + /// } + /// # else { + /// # panic!(); + /// # } + /// } + /// # else { + /// # unreachable!(); + /// # } + /// } + /// ``` + #[inline] + pub fn find_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&U> { + self.iter().filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::<U>).next() + } + + /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError<U>`, if any exists + /// + /// Same as `find_cause`, but hides the `ChainError<U>` implementation internals + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ```rust + /// # use chainerror::*; + /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooError); + /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None); + /// // Instead of writing + /// err.find_cause::<ChainError<FooError>>(); + /// + /// // leave out the ChainError<FooError> implementation detail + /// err.find_chain_cause::<FooError>(); + /// ``` + #[inline] + pub fn find_chain_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<U>> { + self.iter() + .filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::<ChainError<U>>) + .next() + } + + /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError<U>` or `U`, if any exists and return `U` + /// + /// Same as `find_cause` and `find_chain_cause`, but hides the `ChainError<U>` implementation internals + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ```rust + /// # use chainerror::*; + /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooErrorKind); + /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None); + /// // Instead of writing + /// err.find_cause::<ChainError<FooErrorKind>>(); + /// // and/or + /// err.find_chain_cause::<FooErrorKind>(); + /// // and/or + /// err.find_cause::<FooErrorKind>(); + /// + /// // leave out the ChainError<FooErrorKind> implementation detail + /// err.find_kind_or_cause::<FooErrorKind>(); + /// ``` + #[inline] + pub fn find_kind_or_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&U> { + self.iter() + .filter_map(|e| { + e.downcast_ref::<ChainError<U>>() + .map(|e| e.kind()) + .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::<U>()) + }) + .next() + } + + /// Return a reference to T of `ChainError<T>` + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ```rust + /// use chainerror::*; + /// use std::error::Error; + /// use std::io; + /// + /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); + /// + /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// let filename = "foo.txt"; + /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// #[derive(Debug)] + /// enum Func1ErrorKind { + /// Func2, + /// IO(String), + /// } + /// + /// /// impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {…} + /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind { + /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { + /// # match self { + /// # Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, "func1 error calling func2"), + /// # Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename), + /// # } + /// # } + /// # } + /// + /// fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> { + /// func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::Func2))?; + /// do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::IO("bar.txt".into())))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// fn main() { + /// if let Err(e) = func1() { + /// match e.kind() { + /// Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => {} + /// Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => panic!(), + /// } + /// } + /// # else { + /// # unreachable!(); + /// # } + /// } + /// ``` + #[inline] + pub fn kind(&self) -> &T { + &self.kind + } + + /// Returns an Iterator over all error causes/sources + /// + /// # Example + /// + /// + #[inline] + pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &(dyn Error + 'static)> { + ErrorIter { + current: Some(self), + } + } +} + +struct ErrorIter<'a> { + current: Option<&'a (dyn Error + 'static)>, +} + +impl<'a> Iterator for ErrorIter<'a> { + type Item = &'a (dyn Error + 'static); + + #[inline] + fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> { + let current = self.current; + self.current = self.current.and_then(Error::source); + current + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> std::ops::Deref for ChainError<T> { + type Target = T; + + #[inline] + fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target { + &self.kind + } +} + +/// Convenience trait to hide the `ChainError<T>` implementation internals +pub trait ChainErrorDown { + /// Test if of type `ChainError<T>` + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool; + /// Downcast to a reference of `ChainError<T>` + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>>; + /// Downcast to a mutable reference of `ChainError<T>` + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>>; + /// Downcast to T of `ChainError<T>` + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T>; + /// Downcast to T mutable reference of `ChainError<T>` + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>; +} + +impl<U: 'static + Display + Debug> ChainErrorDown for ChainError<U> { + #[inline] + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool { + TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<U>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> { + if self.is_chain::<T>() { + #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)] + unsafe { + #[allow(trivial_casts)] + Some(&*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError<T>)) + } + } else { + None + } + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> { + if self.is_chain::<T>() { + #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)] + unsafe { + #[allow(trivial_casts)] + Some(&mut *(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError<T>)) + } + } else { + None + } + } + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> { + if self.is_chain::<T>() { + #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)] + unsafe { + #[allow(trivial_casts)] + Some(&(*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError<T>)).kind) + } + } else { + None + } + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { + if self.is_chain::<T>() { + #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)] + unsafe { + #[allow(trivial_casts)] + Some(&mut (*(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError<T>)).kind) + } + } else { + None + } + } +} + +impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static { + #[inline] + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool { + self.is::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> { + self.downcast_ref::<T>() + .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind())) + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { + if self.is::<T>() { + return self.downcast_mut::<T>(); + } + + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>()) + } +} + +impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send { + #[inline] + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool { + self.is::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> { + self.downcast_ref::<T>() + .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind())) + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { + if self.is::<T>() { + return self.downcast_mut::<T>(); + } + + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>()) + } +} + +impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync { + #[inline] + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool { + self.is::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> { + self.downcast_ref::<T>() + .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind())) + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { + if self.is::<T>() { + return self.downcast_mut::<T>(); + } + + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>()) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { + self.error_cause + .as_ref() + .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static)) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for &ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { + self.error_cause + .as_ref() + .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static)) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for &mut ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { + self.error_cause + .as_ref() + .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static)) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Display for ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result { + write!(f, "{}", self.kind)?; + + #[cfg(feature = "display-cause")] + { + if let Some(e) = self.source() { + writeln!(f, "\nCaused by:")?; + Display::fmt(&e, f)?; + } + } + Ok(()) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Debug for ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result { + #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))] + { + if let Some(ref o) = self.occurrence { + Display::fmt(o, f)?; + } + } + + if self.is_chain::<String>() { + Display::fmt(&self.kind, f)?; + } else { + Debug::fmt(&self.kind, f)?; + } + + #[cfg(not(feature = "no-debug-cause"))] + { + if let Some(e) = self.source() { + writeln!(f, "\nCaused by:")?; + Debug::fmt(&e, f)?; + } + } + Ok(()) + } +} + +/// `ChainErrorFrom<T>` is similar to `From<T>` +pub trait ChainErrorFrom<T>: Sized { + /// similar to From<T>::from() + fn chain_error_from(from: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self>; +} + +/// `IntoChainError<T>` is similar to `Into<T>` +pub trait IntoChainError<T>: Sized { + /// similar to Into<T>::into() + fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<T>; +} + +impl<T, U> IntoChainError<U> for T +where + U: ChainErrorFrom<T>, +{ + #[inline] + fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<U> { + U::chain_error_from(self, line_filename) + } +} + +impl<T, U> ChainErrorFrom<T> for U +where + T: Into<U>, + U: 'static + Display + Debug, +{ + #[inline] + fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self> { + let e: U = t.into(); + ChainError::new(e, None, line_filename) + } +} + +/* +impl<T, U> ChainErrorFrom<T> for U + where + T: 'static + Error + Into<Box<T>> + Clone, + U: 'static + Display + Debug + From<T>, +{ + #[inline] + fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self> { + ChainError::new(U::from(t.clone()), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename) + } +} +*/ + +/// map into `ChainError<T>` with `T::from(err)` +/// +/// adds `line!()` and `file!()` information +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! minto_cherr { + ( $k:ident ) => ( + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $k::from(&e)) + ); + ( $enum:ident $(:: $enum_path:ident)* ) => ( + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $enum $(:: $enum_path)*::from(&e)) + ); +} + +/// Creates a new `ChainError<T>` +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// Create a new ChainError<FooError>, where `FooError` must implement `Display` and `Debug`. +/// ```rust +/// # use chainerror::*; +/// # #[derive(Debug)] +/// enum FooError { +/// Bar, +/// Baz(&'static str), +/// } +/// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError { +/// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { +/// # match self { +/// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, "Bar Error"), +/// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, "Baz Error: '{}'", s), +/// # } +/// # } +/// # } +/// +/// // impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError +/// +/// fn do_some_stuff() -> bool { +/// false +/// } +/// +/// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> { +/// if ! do_some_stuff() { +/// Err(cherr!(FooError::Baz("Error")))?; +/// } +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # pub fn main() { +/// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() { +/// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &"Error" => {} +/// # _ => panic!(), +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +/// +/// Additionally an error cause can be added. +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use chainerror::*; +/// # use std::io; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # #[derive(Debug)] +/// # enum FooError { +/// # Bar, +/// # Baz(&'static str), +/// # } +/// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError { +/// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { +/// # match self { +/// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, "Bar Error"), +/// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, "Baz Error: '{}'", s), +/// # } +/// # } +/// # } +/// fn do_some_stuff() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> { +/// do_some_stuff().map_err( +/// |e| cherr!(e, FooError::Baz("Error")) +/// )?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # pub fn main() { +/// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() { +/// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &"Error" => {} +/// # _ => panic!(), +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! cherr { + ( $k:expr ) => ({ + $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": "))) + }); + ( None, $k:expr ) => ({ + $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": "))) + }); + ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); + ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); + ( $e:path, $k:expr ) => ({ + $crate::ChainError::new($k, Some(Box::from($e)), Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": "))) + }); + ( $e:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); +} + +/// Convenience macro for `|e| cherr!(e, format!(…))` +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use crate::chainerror::*; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # use std::io; +/// # use std::result::Result; +/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +/// # Ok(()) +/// # } +/// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// let filename = "foo.txt"; +/// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// func2().map_err(mstrerr!("func1 error"))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// # fn main() { +/// # if let Err(e) = func1() { +/// # #[cfg(not(windows))] +/// # assert_eq!( +/// # format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#" +/// # src/lib.rs:18: func1 error +/// # Caused by: +/// # src/lib.rs:13: Error reading 'foo.txt' +/// # Caused by: +/// # Kind(NotFound) +/// # "# +/// # ); +/// # } else { +/// # unreachable!(); +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +/// +/// `mstrerr!()` can also be used to map a new `ChainError<T>`, where T was defined with +/// `derive_str_cherr!(T)` +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use crate::chainerror::*; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # use std::io; +/// # use std::result::Result; +/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +/// # Ok(()) +/// # } +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); +/// +/// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// let filename = "foo.txt"; +/// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); +/// +/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # fn main() { +/// # if let Err(e) = func1() { +/// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { +/// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some()); +/// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); +/// # } else { +/// # panic!(); +/// # } +/// # } else { +/// # unreachable!(); +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! mstrerr { + ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string())) + }); + ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string())) + }); + ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))) + }); + ($msg:expr) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string()) + }); + ($msg:expr, ) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string()) + }); + ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); +} + +/// Convenience macro for `cherr!(T(format!(…)))` where `T(String)` +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use crate::chainerror::*; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # use std::result::Result; +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); +/// +/// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> { +/// let filename = "foo.txt"; +/// Err(strerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename)) +/// } +/// +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); +/// +/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> { +/// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # fn main() { +/// # if let Err(e) = func1() { +/// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { +/// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some()); +/// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); +/// # } else { +/// # panic!(); +/// # } +/// # } else { +/// # unreachable!(); +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! strerr { + ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string())) + }); + ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string())) + }); + ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))) + }); + ($msg:expr) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string()) + }); + ($msg:expr, ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string()) + }); + ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({ + $crate::cherr!(format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); +} + +/// Convenience macro to create a "new type" T(String) and implement Display + Debug for T +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use crate::chainerror::*; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # use std::io; +/// # use std::result::Result; +/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +/// # Ok(()) +/// # } +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); +/// +/// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> { +/// let filename = "foo.txt"; +/// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); +/// +/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> { +/// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # fn main() { +/// # if let Err(e) = func1() { +/// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { +/// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some()); +/// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); +/// # } else { +/// # panic!(); +/// # } +/// # } else { +/// # unreachable!(); +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! derive_str_cherr { + ($e:ident) => { + #[derive(Clone)] + pub struct $e(pub String); + impl ::std::fmt::Display for $e { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { + write!(f, "{}", self.0) + } + } + impl ::std::fmt::Debug for $e { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { + write!(f, "{}({})", stringify!($e), self.0) + } + } + impl ::std::error::Error for $e {} + }; +} + +/// Derive an Error for an ErrorKind, which wraps a `ChainError` and implements a `kind()` method +/// +/// It basically hides `ChainError` to the outside and only exposes the `kind()` +/// method. +/// +/// Error::kind() returns the ErrorKind +/// Error::source() returns the parent error +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ```rust +/// use std::io; +/// use chainerror::*; +/// +/// fn do_some_io(_f: &str) -> std::result::Result<(), io::Error> { +/// return Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound)); +/// } +/// +/// #[derive(Debug, Clone)] +/// pub enum ErrorKind { +/// IO(String), +/// FatalError(String), +/// Unknown, +/// } +/// +/// derive_err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind); +/// +/// impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind { +/// fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { +/// match self { +/// ErrorKind::FatalError(e) => write!(f, "fatal error {}", e), +/// ErrorKind::Unknown => write!(f, "unknown error"), +/// ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename), +/// } +/// } +/// } +/// +/// impl ErrorKind { +/// fn from_io_error(e: &io::Error, f: String) -> Self { +/// match e.kind() { +/// io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe => panic!("Should not happen"), +/// io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset => { +/// ErrorKind::FatalError(format!("While reading `{}`: {}", f, e)) +/// } +/// _ => ErrorKind::IO(f), +/// } +/// } +/// } +/// +/// impl From<&io::Error> for ErrorKind { +/// fn from(e: &io::Error) -> Self { +/// ErrorKind::IO(format!("{}", e)) +/// } +/// } +/// +/// pub fn func1() -> std::result::Result<(), Error> { +/// let filename = "bar.txt"; +/// +/// do_some_io(filename) +/// .map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from_io_error(&e, filename.into())))?; +/// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::IO(filename.into())))?; +/// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from(&e)))?; +/// do_some_io(filename).map_err(minto_cherr!(ErrorKind))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! derive_err_kind { + ($e:ident, $k:ident) => { + pub struct $e($crate::ChainError<$k>); + + impl $e { + pub fn kind(&self) -> &$k { + self.0.kind() + } + } + + impl From<$k> for $e { + fn from(e: $k) -> Self { + $e($crate::ChainError::new(e, None, None)) + } + } + + impl From<ChainError<$k>> for $e { + fn from(e: $crate::ChainError<$k>) -> Self { + $e(e) + } + } + + impl From<&$e> for $k + where + $k: Clone, + { + fn from(e: &$e) -> Self { + e.kind().clone() + } + } + + impl $crate::ChainErrorFrom<$e> for $k + where + $k: Clone, + { + #[inline] + fn chain_error_from( + t: $e, + line_filename: Option<&'static str>, + ) -> $crate::ChainError<$k> { + $crate::ChainError::new((*t.kind()).clone(), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename) + } + } + + impl std::error::Error for $e { + fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> { + self.0.source() + } + } + + impl std::fmt::Display for $e { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { + std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f) + } + } + + impl std::fmt::Debug for $e { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { + std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.0, f) + } + } + }; +} +}

Finding an Error cause

To distinguish the errors occuring in various places, we can define named string errors with the @@ -615,14 +7755,14 @@ use std::error::Error; use std::io; use std::result::Result; -fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { +fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(()) } derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); -fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { +fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { let filename = "foo.txt"; do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; Ok(()) @@ -630,12 +7770,12 @@ fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); -fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { +fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; Ok(()) } -fn main() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { +fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { if let Err(e) = func1() { if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { eprintln!("Func1Error: {}", f1err); @@ -653,8 +7793,1198 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { } #[allow(dead_code)] mod chainerror { -{{#includecomment ../src/lib.rs}} -} +//! `chainerror` provides an error backtrace without doing a real backtrace, so even after you `strip` your +//! binaries, you still have the error backtrace. +//! +//! `chainerror` has no dependencies! +//! +//! `chainerror` uses `.source()` of `std::error::Error` along with `line()!` and `file()!` to provide a nice debug error backtrace. +//! It encapsulates all types, which have `Display + Debug` and can store the error cause internally. +//! +//! Along with the `ChainError<T>` struct, `chainerror` comes with some useful helper macros to save a lot of typing. +//! +//! ## Features +//! +//! `no-fileline` +//! : completely turn off storing filename and line +//! +//! `display-cause` +//! : turn on printing a backtrace of the errors in `Display` +//! +//! `no-debug-cause` +//! : turn off printing a backtrace of the errors in `Debug` +//! +//! +//! # Tutorial +//! +//! Read the [Tutorial](https://haraldh.github.io/chainerror/tutorial1.html) +//! +//! # Examples +//! +//! ```rust +//! use chainerror::*; +//! use std::error::Error; +//! use std::io; +//! use std::result::Result; +//! +//! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! let filename = "foo.txt"; +//! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! func2().map_err(mstrerr!("func1 error"))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn main() { +//! if let Err(e) = func1() { +//! #[cfg(not(windows))] +//! assert_eq!( +//! format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#" +//! src/lib.rs:20: func1 error +//! Caused by: +//! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt' +//! Caused by: +//! Kind(NotFound) +//! "# +//! ); +//! } +//! # else { +//! # unreachable!(); +//! # } +//! } +//! ``` +//! +//! +//! ```rust +//! use chainerror::*; +//! use std::error::Error; +//! use std::io; +//! use std::result::Result; +//! +//! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn func3() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! let filename = "foo.txt"; +//! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); +//! +//! fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> { +//! func3().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "func2 error: calling func3"))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! enum Func1Error { +//! Func2, +//! IO(String), +//! } +//! +//! impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1Error { +//! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { +//! match self { +//! Func1Error::Func2 => write!(f, "func1 error calling func2"), +//! Func1Error::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename), +//! } +//! } +//! } +//! +//! impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Func1Error { +//! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { +//! write!(f, "{}", self) +//! } +//! } +//! +//! fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1Error> { +//! func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::Func2))?; +//! let filename = String::from("bar.txt"); +//! do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::IO(filename)))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn main() { +//! if let Err(e) = func1() { +//! assert!( +//! match e.kind() { +//! Func1Error::Func2 => { +//! eprintln!("Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2"); +//! true +//! } +//! Func1Error::IO(filename) => { +//! eprintln!("Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'", filename); +//! false +//! } +//! } +//! ); +//! +//! assert!(e.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); +//! +//! if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>() { +//! eprintln!("\nError reported by Func2Error: {}", e) +//! } +//! +//! +//! assert!(e.root_cause().is_some()); +//! +//! if let Some(e) = e.root_cause() { +//! let io_error = e.downcast_ref::<io::Error>().unwrap(); +//! eprintln!("\nThe root cause was: std::io::Error: {:#?}", io_error); +//! } +//! +//! #[cfg(not(windows))] +//! assert_eq!( +//! format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#" +//! src/lib.rs:47: func1 error calling func2 +//! Caused by: +//! src/lib.rs:22: Func2Error(func2 error: calling func3) +//! Caused by: +//! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt' +//! Caused by: +//! Kind(NotFound) +//! "# +//! ); +//! } +//! # else { +//! # unreachable!(); +//! # } +//! } +//! ``` + +#![deny( + warnings, + absolute_paths_not_starting_with_crate, + deprecated_in_future, + keyword_idents, + macro_use_extern_crate, + missing_debug_implementations, + trivial_numeric_casts, + unused_extern_crates, + unused_import_braces, + unused_qualifications, + unused_results, + unused_labels, + unused_lifetimes, + unstable_features, + unreachable_pub, + future_incompatible, + missing_copy_implementations, + missing_doc_code_examples, + rust_2018_idioms, + rust_2018_compatibility +)] + +use std::any::TypeId; +use std::error::Error; +use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter, Result}; + +/// chains an inner error kind `T` with a causing error +pub struct ChainError<T> { + #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))] + occurrence: Option<&'static str>, + kind: T, + error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>, +} + +/// convenience type alias +pub type ChainResult<O, E> = std::result::Result<O, ChainError<E>>; + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> ChainError<T> { + #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))] + /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly + #[inline] + pub fn new( + kind: T, + error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>, + occurrence: Option<&'static str>, + ) -> Self { + Self { + occurrence, + kind, + error_cause, + } + } + + #[cfg(feature = "no-fileline")] + /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly + #[inline] + pub fn new( + kind: T, + error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>, + _occurrence: Option<&'static str>, + ) -> Self { + Self { kind, error_cause } + } + + /// return the root cause of the error chain, if any exists + pub fn root_cause(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { + self.iter().last() + } + + /// Find the first error cause of type U, if any exists + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ```rust + /// use chainerror::*; + /// use std::error::Error; + /// use std::io; + /// + /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); + /// + /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// let filename = "foo.txt"; + /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); + /// + /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// fn main() { + /// if let Err(e) = func1() { + /// if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { + /// + /// assert!(f1err.find_cause::<io::Error>().is_some()); + /// + /// assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); + /// } + /// # else { + /// # panic!(); + /// # } + /// } + /// # else { + /// # unreachable!(); + /// # } + /// } + /// ``` + #[inline] + pub fn find_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&U> { + self.iter().filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::<U>).next() + } + + /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError<U>`, if any exists + /// + /// Same as `find_cause`, but hides the `ChainError<U>` implementation internals + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ```rust + /// # use chainerror::*; + /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooError); + /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None); + /// // Instead of writing + /// err.find_cause::<ChainError<FooError>>(); + /// + /// // leave out the ChainError<FooError> implementation detail + /// err.find_chain_cause::<FooError>(); + /// ``` + #[inline] + pub fn find_chain_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<U>> { + self.iter() + .filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::<ChainError<U>>) + .next() + } + + /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError<U>` or `U`, if any exists and return `U` + /// + /// Same as `find_cause` and `find_chain_cause`, but hides the `ChainError<U>` implementation internals + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ```rust + /// # use chainerror::*; + /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooErrorKind); + /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None); + /// // Instead of writing + /// err.find_cause::<ChainError<FooErrorKind>>(); + /// // and/or + /// err.find_chain_cause::<FooErrorKind>(); + /// // and/or + /// err.find_cause::<FooErrorKind>(); + /// + /// // leave out the ChainError<FooErrorKind> implementation detail + /// err.find_kind_or_cause::<FooErrorKind>(); + /// ``` + #[inline] + pub fn find_kind_or_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&U> { + self.iter() + .filter_map(|e| { + e.downcast_ref::<ChainError<U>>() + .map(|e| e.kind()) + .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::<U>()) + }) + .next() + } + + /// Return a reference to T of `ChainError<T>` + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ```rust + /// use chainerror::*; + /// use std::error::Error; + /// use std::io; + /// + /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); + /// + /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// let filename = "foo.txt"; + /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// #[derive(Debug)] + /// enum Func1ErrorKind { + /// Func2, + /// IO(String), + /// } + /// + /// /// impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {…} + /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind { + /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { + /// # match self { + /// # Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, "func1 error calling func2"), + /// # Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename), + /// # } + /// # } + /// # } + /// + /// fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> { + /// func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::Func2))?; + /// do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::IO("bar.txt".into())))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// fn main() { + /// if let Err(e) = func1() { + /// match e.kind() { + /// Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => {} + /// Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => panic!(), + /// } + /// } + /// # else { + /// # unreachable!(); + /// # } + /// } + /// ``` + #[inline] + pub fn kind(&self) -> &T { + &self.kind + } + + /// Returns an Iterator over all error causes/sources + /// + /// # Example + /// + /// + #[inline] + pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &(dyn Error + 'static)> { + ErrorIter { + current: Some(self), + } + } +} + +struct ErrorIter<'a> { + current: Option<&'a (dyn Error + 'static)>, +} + +impl<'a> Iterator for ErrorIter<'a> { + type Item = &'a (dyn Error + 'static); + + #[inline] + fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> { + let current = self.current; + self.current = self.current.and_then(Error::source); + current + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> std::ops::Deref for ChainError<T> { + type Target = T; + + #[inline] + fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target { + &self.kind + } +} + +/// Convenience trait to hide the `ChainError<T>` implementation internals +pub trait ChainErrorDown { + /// Test if of type `ChainError<T>` + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool; + /// Downcast to a reference of `ChainError<T>` + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>>; + /// Downcast to a mutable reference of `ChainError<T>` + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>>; + /// Downcast to T of `ChainError<T>` + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T>; + /// Downcast to T mutable reference of `ChainError<T>` + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>; +} + +impl<U: 'static + Display + Debug> ChainErrorDown for ChainError<U> { + #[inline] + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool { + TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<U>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> { + if self.is_chain::<T>() { + #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)] + unsafe { + #[allow(trivial_casts)] + Some(&*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError<T>)) + } + } else { + None + } + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> { + if self.is_chain::<T>() { + #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)] + unsafe { + #[allow(trivial_casts)] + Some(&mut *(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError<T>)) + } + } else { + None + } + } + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> { + if self.is_chain::<T>() { + #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)] + unsafe { + #[allow(trivial_casts)] + Some(&(*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError<T>)).kind) + } + } else { + None + } + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { + if self.is_chain::<T>() { + #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)] + unsafe { + #[allow(trivial_casts)] + Some(&mut (*(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError<T>)).kind) + } + } else { + None + } + } +} + +impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static { + #[inline] + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool { + self.is::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> { + self.downcast_ref::<T>() + .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind())) + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { + if self.is::<T>() { + return self.downcast_mut::<T>(); + } + + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>()) + } +} + +impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send { + #[inline] + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool { + self.is::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> { + self.downcast_ref::<T>() + .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind())) + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { + if self.is::<T>() { + return self.downcast_mut::<T>(); + } + + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>()) + } +} + +impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync { + #[inline] + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool { + self.is::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> { + self.downcast_ref::<T>() + .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind())) + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { + if self.is::<T>() { + return self.downcast_mut::<T>(); + } + + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>()) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { + self.error_cause + .as_ref() + .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static)) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for &ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { + self.error_cause + .as_ref() + .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static)) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for &mut ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { + self.error_cause + .as_ref() + .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static)) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Display for ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result { + write!(f, "{}", self.kind)?; + + #[cfg(feature = "display-cause")] + { + if let Some(e) = self.source() { + writeln!(f, "\nCaused by:")?; + Display::fmt(&e, f)?; + } + } + Ok(()) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Debug for ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result { + #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))] + { + if let Some(ref o) = self.occurrence { + Display::fmt(o, f)?; + } + } + + if self.is_chain::<String>() { + Display::fmt(&self.kind, f)?; + } else { + Debug::fmt(&self.kind, f)?; + } + + #[cfg(not(feature = "no-debug-cause"))] + { + if let Some(e) = self.source() { + writeln!(f, "\nCaused by:")?; + Debug::fmt(&e, f)?; + } + } + Ok(()) + } +} + +/// `ChainErrorFrom<T>` is similar to `From<T>` +pub trait ChainErrorFrom<T>: Sized { + /// similar to From<T>::from() + fn chain_error_from(from: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self>; +} + +/// `IntoChainError<T>` is similar to `Into<T>` +pub trait IntoChainError<T>: Sized { + /// similar to Into<T>::into() + fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<T>; +} + +impl<T, U> IntoChainError<U> for T +where + U: ChainErrorFrom<T>, +{ + #[inline] + fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<U> { + U::chain_error_from(self, line_filename) + } +} + +impl<T, U> ChainErrorFrom<T> for U +where + T: Into<U>, + U: 'static + Display + Debug, +{ + #[inline] + fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self> { + let e: U = t.into(); + ChainError::new(e, None, line_filename) + } +} + +/* +impl<T, U> ChainErrorFrom<T> for U + where + T: 'static + Error + Into<Box<T>> + Clone, + U: 'static + Display + Debug + From<T>, +{ + #[inline] + fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self> { + ChainError::new(U::from(t.clone()), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename) + } +} +*/ + +/// map into `ChainError<T>` with `T::from(err)` +/// +/// adds `line!()` and `file!()` information +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! minto_cherr { + ( $k:ident ) => ( + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $k::from(&e)) + ); + ( $enum:ident $(:: $enum_path:ident)* ) => ( + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $enum $(:: $enum_path)*::from(&e)) + ); +} + +/// Creates a new `ChainError<T>` +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// Create a new ChainError<FooError>, where `FooError` must implement `Display` and `Debug`. +/// ```rust +/// # use chainerror::*; +/// # #[derive(Debug)] +/// enum FooError { +/// Bar, +/// Baz(&'static str), +/// } +/// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError { +/// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { +/// # match self { +/// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, "Bar Error"), +/// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, "Baz Error: '{}'", s), +/// # } +/// # } +/// # } +/// +/// // impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError +/// +/// fn do_some_stuff() -> bool { +/// false +/// } +/// +/// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> { +/// if ! do_some_stuff() { +/// Err(cherr!(FooError::Baz("Error")))?; +/// } +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # pub fn main() { +/// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() { +/// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &"Error" => {} +/// # _ => panic!(), +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +/// +/// Additionally an error cause can be added. +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use chainerror::*; +/// # use std::io; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # #[derive(Debug)] +/// # enum FooError { +/// # Bar, +/// # Baz(&'static str), +/// # } +/// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError { +/// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { +/// # match self { +/// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, "Bar Error"), +/// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, "Baz Error: '{}'", s), +/// # } +/// # } +/// # } +/// fn do_some_stuff() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> { +/// do_some_stuff().map_err( +/// |e| cherr!(e, FooError::Baz("Error")) +/// )?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # pub fn main() { +/// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() { +/// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &"Error" => {} +/// # _ => panic!(), +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! cherr { + ( $k:expr ) => ({ + $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": "))) + }); + ( None, $k:expr ) => ({ + $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": "))) + }); + ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); + ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); + ( $e:path, $k:expr ) => ({ + $crate::ChainError::new($k, Some(Box::from($e)), Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": "))) + }); + ( $e:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); +} + +/// Convenience macro for `|e| cherr!(e, format!(…))` +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use crate::chainerror::*; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # use std::io; +/// # use std::result::Result; +/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +/// # Ok(()) +/// # } +/// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// let filename = "foo.txt"; +/// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// func2().map_err(mstrerr!("func1 error"))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// # fn main() { +/// # if let Err(e) = func1() { +/// # #[cfg(not(windows))] +/// # assert_eq!( +/// # format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#" +/// # src/lib.rs:18: func1 error +/// # Caused by: +/// # src/lib.rs:13: Error reading 'foo.txt' +/// # Caused by: +/// # Kind(NotFound) +/// # "# +/// # ); +/// # } else { +/// # unreachable!(); +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +/// +/// `mstrerr!()` can also be used to map a new `ChainError<T>`, where T was defined with +/// `derive_str_cherr!(T)` +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use crate::chainerror::*; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # use std::io; +/// # use std::result::Result; +/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +/// # Ok(()) +/// # } +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); +/// +/// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// let filename = "foo.txt"; +/// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); +/// +/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # fn main() { +/// # if let Err(e) = func1() { +/// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { +/// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some()); +/// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); +/// # } else { +/// # panic!(); +/// # } +/// # } else { +/// # unreachable!(); +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! mstrerr { + ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string())) + }); + ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string())) + }); + ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))) + }); + ($msg:expr) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string()) + }); + ($msg:expr, ) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string()) + }); + ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); +} + +/// Convenience macro for `cherr!(T(format!(…)))` where `T(String)` +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use crate::chainerror::*; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # use std::result::Result; +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); +/// +/// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> { +/// let filename = "foo.txt"; +/// Err(strerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename)) +/// } +/// +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); +/// +/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> { +/// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # fn main() { +/// # if let Err(e) = func1() { +/// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { +/// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some()); +/// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); +/// # } else { +/// # panic!(); +/// # } +/// # } else { +/// # unreachable!(); +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! strerr { + ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string())) + }); + ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string())) + }); + ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))) + }); + ($msg:expr) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string()) + }); + ($msg:expr, ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string()) + }); + ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({ + $crate::cherr!(format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); +} + +/// Convenience macro to create a "new type" T(String) and implement Display + Debug for T +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use crate::chainerror::*; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # use std::io; +/// # use std::result::Result; +/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +/// # Ok(()) +/// # } +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); +/// +/// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> { +/// let filename = "foo.txt"; +/// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); +/// +/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> { +/// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # fn main() { +/// # if let Err(e) = func1() { +/// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { +/// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some()); +/// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); +/// # } else { +/// # panic!(); +/// # } +/// # } else { +/// # unreachable!(); +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! derive_str_cherr { + ($e:ident) => { + #[derive(Clone)] + pub struct $e(pub String); + impl ::std::fmt::Display for $e { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { + write!(f, "{}", self.0) + } + } + impl ::std::fmt::Debug for $e { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { + write!(f, "{}({})", stringify!($e), self.0) + } + } + impl ::std::error::Error for $e {} + }; +} + +/// Derive an Error for an ErrorKind, which wraps a `ChainError` and implements a `kind()` method +/// +/// It basically hides `ChainError` to the outside and only exposes the `kind()` +/// method. +/// +/// Error::kind() returns the ErrorKind +/// Error::source() returns the parent error +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ```rust +/// use std::io; +/// use chainerror::*; +/// +/// fn do_some_io(_f: &str) -> std::result::Result<(), io::Error> { +/// return Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound)); +/// } +/// +/// #[derive(Debug, Clone)] +/// pub enum ErrorKind { +/// IO(String), +/// FatalError(String), +/// Unknown, +/// } +/// +/// derive_err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind); +/// +/// impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind { +/// fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { +/// match self { +/// ErrorKind::FatalError(e) => write!(f, "fatal error {}", e), +/// ErrorKind::Unknown => write!(f, "unknown error"), +/// ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename), +/// } +/// } +/// } +/// +/// impl ErrorKind { +/// fn from_io_error(e: &io::Error, f: String) -> Self { +/// match e.kind() { +/// io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe => panic!("Should not happen"), +/// io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset => { +/// ErrorKind::FatalError(format!("While reading `{}`: {}", f, e)) +/// } +/// _ => ErrorKind::IO(f), +/// } +/// } +/// } +/// +/// impl From<&io::Error> for ErrorKind { +/// fn from(e: &io::Error) -> Self { +/// ErrorKind::IO(format!("{}", e)) +/// } +/// } +/// +/// pub fn func1() -> std::result::Result<(), Error> { +/// let filename = "bar.txt"; +/// +/// do_some_io(filename) +/// .map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from_io_error(&e, filename.into())))?; +/// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::IO(filename.into())))?; +/// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from(&e)))?; +/// do_some_io(filename).map_err(minto_cherr!(ErrorKind))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! derive_err_kind { + ($e:ident, $k:ident) => { + pub struct $e($crate::ChainError<$k>); + + impl $e { + pub fn kind(&self) -> &$k { + self.0.kind() + } + } + + impl From<$k> for $e { + fn from(e: $k) -> Self { + $e($crate::ChainError::new(e, None, None)) + } + } + + impl From<ChainError<$k>> for $e { + fn from(e: $crate::ChainError<$k>) -> Self { + $e(e) + } + } + + impl From<&$e> for $k + where + $k: Clone, + { + fn from(e: &$e) -> Self { + e.kind().clone() + } + } + + impl $crate::ChainErrorFrom<$e> for $k + where + $k: Clone, + { + #[inline] + fn chain_error_from( + t: $e, + line_filename: Option<&'static str>, + ) -> $crate::ChainError<$k> { + $crate::ChainError::new((*t.kind()).clone(), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename) + } + } + + impl std::error::Error for $e { + fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> { + self.0.source() + } + } + + impl std::fmt::Display for $e { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { + std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f) + } + } + + impl std::fmt::Debug for $e { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { + std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.0, f) + } + } + }; +} +}

Selective Error Handling

What about functions returning different Error types?

@@ -680,14 +9010,14 @@ use std::error::Error; use std::io; use std::result::Result; -fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { +fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(()) } derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); -fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { +fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { let filename = "foo.txt"; do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; Ok(()) @@ -696,14 +9026,14 @@ fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { derive_str_cherr!(Func1ErrorFunc2); derive_str_cherr!(Func1ErrorIO); -fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { +fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1ErrorFunc2, "func1 error calling func2"))?; let filename = "bar.txt"; do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1ErrorIO, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; Ok(()) } -fn main() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { +fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { if let Err(e) = func1() { if let Some(s) = e.downcast_ref::<ChainError<Func1ErrorIO>>() { eprintln!("Func1ErrorIO:\n{:?}", s); @@ -717,8 +9047,1198 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { } #[allow(dead_code)] mod chainerror { -{{#includecomment ../src/lib.rs}} -} +//! `chainerror` provides an error backtrace without doing a real backtrace, so even after you `strip` your +//! binaries, you still have the error backtrace. +//! +//! `chainerror` has no dependencies! +//! +//! `chainerror` uses `.source()` of `std::error::Error` along with `line()!` and `file()!` to provide a nice debug error backtrace. +//! It encapsulates all types, which have `Display + Debug` and can store the error cause internally. +//! +//! Along with the `ChainError<T>` struct, `chainerror` comes with some useful helper macros to save a lot of typing. +//! +//! ## Features +//! +//! `no-fileline` +//! : completely turn off storing filename and line +//! +//! `display-cause` +//! : turn on printing a backtrace of the errors in `Display` +//! +//! `no-debug-cause` +//! : turn off printing a backtrace of the errors in `Debug` +//! +//! +//! # Tutorial +//! +//! Read the [Tutorial](https://haraldh.github.io/chainerror/tutorial1.html) +//! +//! # Examples +//! +//! ```rust +//! use chainerror::*; +//! use std::error::Error; +//! use std::io; +//! use std::result::Result; +//! +//! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! let filename = "foo.txt"; +//! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! func2().map_err(mstrerr!("func1 error"))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn main() { +//! if let Err(e) = func1() { +//! #[cfg(not(windows))] +//! assert_eq!( +//! format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#" +//! src/lib.rs:20: func1 error +//! Caused by: +//! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt' +//! Caused by: +//! Kind(NotFound) +//! "# +//! ); +//! } +//! # else { +//! # unreachable!(); +//! # } +//! } +//! ``` +//! +//! +//! ```rust +//! use chainerror::*; +//! use std::error::Error; +//! use std::io; +//! use std::result::Result; +//! +//! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn func3() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! let filename = "foo.txt"; +//! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); +//! +//! fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> { +//! func3().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "func2 error: calling func3"))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! enum Func1Error { +//! Func2, +//! IO(String), +//! } +//! +//! impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1Error { +//! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { +//! match self { +//! Func1Error::Func2 => write!(f, "func1 error calling func2"), +//! Func1Error::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename), +//! } +//! } +//! } +//! +//! impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Func1Error { +//! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { +//! write!(f, "{}", self) +//! } +//! } +//! +//! fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1Error> { +//! func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::Func2))?; +//! let filename = String::from("bar.txt"); +//! do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::IO(filename)))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn main() { +//! if let Err(e) = func1() { +//! assert!( +//! match e.kind() { +//! Func1Error::Func2 => { +//! eprintln!("Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2"); +//! true +//! } +//! Func1Error::IO(filename) => { +//! eprintln!("Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'", filename); +//! false +//! } +//! } +//! ); +//! +//! assert!(e.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); +//! +//! if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>() { +//! eprintln!("\nError reported by Func2Error: {}", e) +//! } +//! +//! +//! assert!(e.root_cause().is_some()); +//! +//! if let Some(e) = e.root_cause() { +//! let io_error = e.downcast_ref::<io::Error>().unwrap(); +//! eprintln!("\nThe root cause was: std::io::Error: {:#?}", io_error); +//! } +//! +//! #[cfg(not(windows))] +//! assert_eq!( +//! format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#" +//! src/lib.rs:47: func1 error calling func2 +//! Caused by: +//! src/lib.rs:22: Func2Error(func2 error: calling func3) +//! Caused by: +//! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt' +//! Caused by: +//! Kind(NotFound) +//! "# +//! ); +//! } +//! # else { +//! # unreachable!(); +//! # } +//! } +//! ``` + +#![deny( + warnings, + absolute_paths_not_starting_with_crate, + deprecated_in_future, + keyword_idents, + macro_use_extern_crate, + missing_debug_implementations, + trivial_numeric_casts, + unused_extern_crates, + unused_import_braces, + unused_qualifications, + unused_results, + unused_labels, + unused_lifetimes, + unstable_features, + unreachable_pub, + future_incompatible, + missing_copy_implementations, + missing_doc_code_examples, + rust_2018_idioms, + rust_2018_compatibility +)] + +use std::any::TypeId; +use std::error::Error; +use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter, Result}; + +/// chains an inner error kind `T` with a causing error +pub struct ChainError<T> { + #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))] + occurrence: Option<&'static str>, + kind: T, + error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>, +} + +/// convenience type alias +pub type ChainResult<O, E> = std::result::Result<O, ChainError<E>>; + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> ChainError<T> { + #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))] + /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly + #[inline] + pub fn new( + kind: T, + error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>, + occurrence: Option<&'static str>, + ) -> Self { + Self { + occurrence, + kind, + error_cause, + } + } + + #[cfg(feature = "no-fileline")] + /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly + #[inline] + pub fn new( + kind: T, + error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>, + _occurrence: Option<&'static str>, + ) -> Self { + Self { kind, error_cause } + } + + /// return the root cause of the error chain, if any exists + pub fn root_cause(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { + self.iter().last() + } + + /// Find the first error cause of type U, if any exists + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ```rust + /// use chainerror::*; + /// use std::error::Error; + /// use std::io; + /// + /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); + /// + /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// let filename = "foo.txt"; + /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); + /// + /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// fn main() { + /// if let Err(e) = func1() { + /// if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { + /// + /// assert!(f1err.find_cause::<io::Error>().is_some()); + /// + /// assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); + /// } + /// # else { + /// # panic!(); + /// # } + /// } + /// # else { + /// # unreachable!(); + /// # } + /// } + /// ``` + #[inline] + pub fn find_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&U> { + self.iter().filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::<U>).next() + } + + /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError<U>`, if any exists + /// + /// Same as `find_cause`, but hides the `ChainError<U>` implementation internals + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ```rust + /// # use chainerror::*; + /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooError); + /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None); + /// // Instead of writing + /// err.find_cause::<ChainError<FooError>>(); + /// + /// // leave out the ChainError<FooError> implementation detail + /// err.find_chain_cause::<FooError>(); + /// ``` + #[inline] + pub fn find_chain_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<U>> { + self.iter() + .filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::<ChainError<U>>) + .next() + } + + /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError<U>` or `U`, if any exists and return `U` + /// + /// Same as `find_cause` and `find_chain_cause`, but hides the `ChainError<U>` implementation internals + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ```rust + /// # use chainerror::*; + /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooErrorKind); + /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None); + /// // Instead of writing + /// err.find_cause::<ChainError<FooErrorKind>>(); + /// // and/or + /// err.find_chain_cause::<FooErrorKind>(); + /// // and/or + /// err.find_cause::<FooErrorKind>(); + /// + /// // leave out the ChainError<FooErrorKind> implementation detail + /// err.find_kind_or_cause::<FooErrorKind>(); + /// ``` + #[inline] + pub fn find_kind_or_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&U> { + self.iter() + .filter_map(|e| { + e.downcast_ref::<ChainError<U>>() + .map(|e| e.kind()) + .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::<U>()) + }) + .next() + } + + /// Return a reference to T of `ChainError<T>` + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ```rust + /// use chainerror::*; + /// use std::error::Error; + /// use std::io; + /// + /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); + /// + /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// let filename = "foo.txt"; + /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// #[derive(Debug)] + /// enum Func1ErrorKind { + /// Func2, + /// IO(String), + /// } + /// + /// /// impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {…} + /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind { + /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { + /// # match self { + /// # Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, "func1 error calling func2"), + /// # Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename), + /// # } + /// # } + /// # } + /// + /// fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> { + /// func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::Func2))?; + /// do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::IO("bar.txt".into())))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// fn main() { + /// if let Err(e) = func1() { + /// match e.kind() { + /// Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => {} + /// Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => panic!(), + /// } + /// } + /// # else { + /// # unreachable!(); + /// # } + /// } + /// ``` + #[inline] + pub fn kind(&self) -> &T { + &self.kind + } + + /// Returns an Iterator over all error causes/sources + /// + /// # Example + /// + /// + #[inline] + pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &(dyn Error + 'static)> { + ErrorIter { + current: Some(self), + } + } +} + +struct ErrorIter<'a> { + current: Option<&'a (dyn Error + 'static)>, +} + +impl<'a> Iterator for ErrorIter<'a> { + type Item = &'a (dyn Error + 'static); + + #[inline] + fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> { + let current = self.current; + self.current = self.current.and_then(Error::source); + current + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> std::ops::Deref for ChainError<T> { + type Target = T; + + #[inline] + fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target { + &self.kind + } +} + +/// Convenience trait to hide the `ChainError<T>` implementation internals +pub trait ChainErrorDown { + /// Test if of type `ChainError<T>` + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool; + /// Downcast to a reference of `ChainError<T>` + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>>; + /// Downcast to a mutable reference of `ChainError<T>` + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>>; + /// Downcast to T of `ChainError<T>` + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T>; + /// Downcast to T mutable reference of `ChainError<T>` + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>; +} + +impl<U: 'static + Display + Debug> ChainErrorDown for ChainError<U> { + #[inline] + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool { + TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<U>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> { + if self.is_chain::<T>() { + #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)] + unsafe { + #[allow(trivial_casts)] + Some(&*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError<T>)) + } + } else { + None + } + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> { + if self.is_chain::<T>() { + #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)] + unsafe { + #[allow(trivial_casts)] + Some(&mut *(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError<T>)) + } + } else { + None + } + } + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> { + if self.is_chain::<T>() { + #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)] + unsafe { + #[allow(trivial_casts)] + Some(&(*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError<T>)).kind) + } + } else { + None + } + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { + if self.is_chain::<T>() { + #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)] + unsafe { + #[allow(trivial_casts)] + Some(&mut (*(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError<T>)).kind) + } + } else { + None + } + } +} + +impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static { + #[inline] + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool { + self.is::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> { + self.downcast_ref::<T>() + .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind())) + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { + if self.is::<T>() { + return self.downcast_mut::<T>(); + } + + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>()) + } +} + +impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send { + #[inline] + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool { + self.is::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> { + self.downcast_ref::<T>() + .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind())) + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { + if self.is::<T>() { + return self.downcast_mut::<T>(); + } + + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>()) + } +} + +impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync { + #[inline] + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool { + self.is::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> { + self.downcast_ref::<T>() + .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind())) + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { + if self.is::<T>() { + return self.downcast_mut::<T>(); + } + + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>()) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { + self.error_cause + .as_ref() + .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static)) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for &ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { + self.error_cause + .as_ref() + .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static)) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for &mut ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { + self.error_cause + .as_ref() + .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static)) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Display for ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result { + write!(f, "{}", self.kind)?; + + #[cfg(feature = "display-cause")] + { + if let Some(e) = self.source() { + writeln!(f, "\nCaused by:")?; + Display::fmt(&e, f)?; + } + } + Ok(()) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Debug for ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result { + #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))] + { + if let Some(ref o) = self.occurrence { + Display::fmt(o, f)?; + } + } + + if self.is_chain::<String>() { + Display::fmt(&self.kind, f)?; + } else { + Debug::fmt(&self.kind, f)?; + } + + #[cfg(not(feature = "no-debug-cause"))] + { + if let Some(e) = self.source() { + writeln!(f, "\nCaused by:")?; + Debug::fmt(&e, f)?; + } + } + Ok(()) + } +} + +/// `ChainErrorFrom<T>` is similar to `From<T>` +pub trait ChainErrorFrom<T>: Sized { + /// similar to From<T>::from() + fn chain_error_from(from: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self>; +} + +/// `IntoChainError<T>` is similar to `Into<T>` +pub trait IntoChainError<T>: Sized { + /// similar to Into<T>::into() + fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<T>; +} + +impl<T, U> IntoChainError<U> for T +where + U: ChainErrorFrom<T>, +{ + #[inline] + fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<U> { + U::chain_error_from(self, line_filename) + } +} + +impl<T, U> ChainErrorFrom<T> for U +where + T: Into<U>, + U: 'static + Display + Debug, +{ + #[inline] + fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self> { + let e: U = t.into(); + ChainError::new(e, None, line_filename) + } +} + +/* +impl<T, U> ChainErrorFrom<T> for U + where + T: 'static + Error + Into<Box<T>> + Clone, + U: 'static + Display + Debug + From<T>, +{ + #[inline] + fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self> { + ChainError::new(U::from(t.clone()), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename) + } +} +*/ + +/// map into `ChainError<T>` with `T::from(err)` +/// +/// adds `line!()` and `file!()` information +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! minto_cherr { + ( $k:ident ) => ( + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $k::from(&e)) + ); + ( $enum:ident $(:: $enum_path:ident)* ) => ( + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $enum $(:: $enum_path)*::from(&e)) + ); +} + +/// Creates a new `ChainError<T>` +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// Create a new ChainError<FooError>, where `FooError` must implement `Display` and `Debug`. +/// ```rust +/// # use chainerror::*; +/// # #[derive(Debug)] +/// enum FooError { +/// Bar, +/// Baz(&'static str), +/// } +/// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError { +/// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { +/// # match self { +/// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, "Bar Error"), +/// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, "Baz Error: '{}'", s), +/// # } +/// # } +/// # } +/// +/// // impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError +/// +/// fn do_some_stuff() -> bool { +/// false +/// } +/// +/// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> { +/// if ! do_some_stuff() { +/// Err(cherr!(FooError::Baz("Error")))?; +/// } +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # pub fn main() { +/// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() { +/// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &"Error" => {} +/// # _ => panic!(), +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +/// +/// Additionally an error cause can be added. +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use chainerror::*; +/// # use std::io; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # #[derive(Debug)] +/// # enum FooError { +/// # Bar, +/// # Baz(&'static str), +/// # } +/// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError { +/// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { +/// # match self { +/// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, "Bar Error"), +/// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, "Baz Error: '{}'", s), +/// # } +/// # } +/// # } +/// fn do_some_stuff() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> { +/// do_some_stuff().map_err( +/// |e| cherr!(e, FooError::Baz("Error")) +/// )?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # pub fn main() { +/// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() { +/// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &"Error" => {} +/// # _ => panic!(), +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! cherr { + ( $k:expr ) => ({ + $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": "))) + }); + ( None, $k:expr ) => ({ + $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": "))) + }); + ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); + ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); + ( $e:path, $k:expr ) => ({ + $crate::ChainError::new($k, Some(Box::from($e)), Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": "))) + }); + ( $e:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); +} + +/// Convenience macro for `|e| cherr!(e, format!(…))` +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use crate::chainerror::*; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # use std::io; +/// # use std::result::Result; +/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +/// # Ok(()) +/// # } +/// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// let filename = "foo.txt"; +/// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// func2().map_err(mstrerr!("func1 error"))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// # fn main() { +/// # if let Err(e) = func1() { +/// # #[cfg(not(windows))] +/// # assert_eq!( +/// # format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#" +/// # src/lib.rs:18: func1 error +/// # Caused by: +/// # src/lib.rs:13: Error reading 'foo.txt' +/// # Caused by: +/// # Kind(NotFound) +/// # "# +/// # ); +/// # } else { +/// # unreachable!(); +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +/// +/// `mstrerr!()` can also be used to map a new `ChainError<T>`, where T was defined with +/// `derive_str_cherr!(T)` +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use crate::chainerror::*; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # use std::io; +/// # use std::result::Result; +/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +/// # Ok(()) +/// # } +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); +/// +/// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// let filename = "foo.txt"; +/// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); +/// +/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # fn main() { +/// # if let Err(e) = func1() { +/// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { +/// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some()); +/// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); +/// # } else { +/// # panic!(); +/// # } +/// # } else { +/// # unreachable!(); +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! mstrerr { + ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string())) + }); + ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string())) + }); + ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))) + }); + ($msg:expr) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string()) + }); + ($msg:expr, ) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string()) + }); + ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); +} + +/// Convenience macro for `cherr!(T(format!(…)))` where `T(String)` +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use crate::chainerror::*; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # use std::result::Result; +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); +/// +/// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> { +/// let filename = "foo.txt"; +/// Err(strerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename)) +/// } +/// +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); +/// +/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> { +/// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # fn main() { +/// # if let Err(e) = func1() { +/// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { +/// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some()); +/// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); +/// # } else { +/// # panic!(); +/// # } +/// # } else { +/// # unreachable!(); +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! strerr { + ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string())) + }); + ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string())) + }); + ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))) + }); + ($msg:expr) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string()) + }); + ($msg:expr, ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string()) + }); + ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({ + $crate::cherr!(format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); +} + +/// Convenience macro to create a "new type" T(String) and implement Display + Debug for T +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use crate::chainerror::*; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # use std::io; +/// # use std::result::Result; +/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +/// # Ok(()) +/// # } +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); +/// +/// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> { +/// let filename = "foo.txt"; +/// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); +/// +/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> { +/// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # fn main() { +/// # if let Err(e) = func1() { +/// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { +/// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some()); +/// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); +/// # } else { +/// # panic!(); +/// # } +/// # } else { +/// # unreachable!(); +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! derive_str_cherr { + ($e:ident) => { + #[derive(Clone)] + pub struct $e(pub String); + impl ::std::fmt::Display for $e { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { + write!(f, "{}", self.0) + } + } + impl ::std::fmt::Debug for $e { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { + write!(f, "{}({})", stringify!($e), self.0) + } + } + impl ::std::error::Error for $e {} + }; +} + +/// Derive an Error for an ErrorKind, which wraps a `ChainError` and implements a `kind()` method +/// +/// It basically hides `ChainError` to the outside and only exposes the `kind()` +/// method. +/// +/// Error::kind() returns the ErrorKind +/// Error::source() returns the parent error +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ```rust +/// use std::io; +/// use chainerror::*; +/// +/// fn do_some_io(_f: &str) -> std::result::Result<(), io::Error> { +/// return Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound)); +/// } +/// +/// #[derive(Debug, Clone)] +/// pub enum ErrorKind { +/// IO(String), +/// FatalError(String), +/// Unknown, +/// } +/// +/// derive_err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind); +/// +/// impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind { +/// fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { +/// match self { +/// ErrorKind::FatalError(e) => write!(f, "fatal error {}", e), +/// ErrorKind::Unknown => write!(f, "unknown error"), +/// ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename), +/// } +/// } +/// } +/// +/// impl ErrorKind { +/// fn from_io_error(e: &io::Error, f: String) -> Self { +/// match e.kind() { +/// io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe => panic!("Should not happen"), +/// io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset => { +/// ErrorKind::FatalError(format!("While reading `{}`: {}", f, e)) +/// } +/// _ => ErrorKind::IO(f), +/// } +/// } +/// } +/// +/// impl From<&io::Error> for ErrorKind { +/// fn from(e: &io::Error) -> Self { +/// ErrorKind::IO(format!("{}", e)) +/// } +/// } +/// +/// pub fn func1() -> std::result::Result<(), Error> { +/// let filename = "bar.txt"; +/// +/// do_some_io(filename) +/// .map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from_io_error(&e, filename.into())))?; +/// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::IO(filename.into())))?; +/// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from(&e)))?; +/// do_some_io(filename).map_err(minto_cherr!(ErrorKind))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! derive_err_kind { + ($e:ident, $k:ident) => { + pub struct $e($crate::ChainError<$k>); + + impl $e { + pub fn kind(&self) -> &$k { + self.0.kind() + } + } + + impl From<$k> for $e { + fn from(e: $k) -> Self { + $e($crate::ChainError::new(e, None, None)) + } + } + + impl From<ChainError<$k>> for $e { + fn from(e: $crate::ChainError<$k>) -> Self { + $e(e) + } + } + + impl From<&$e> for $k + where + $k: Clone, + { + fn from(e: &$e) -> Self { + e.kind().clone() + } + } + + impl $crate::ChainErrorFrom<$e> for $k + where + $k: Clone, + { + #[inline] + fn chain_error_from( + t: $e, + line_filename: Option<&'static str>, + ) -> $crate::ChainError<$k> { + $crate::ChainError::new((*t.kind()).clone(), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename) + } + } + + impl std::error::Error for $e { + fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> { + self.0.source() + } + } + + impl std::fmt::Display for $e { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { + std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f) + } + } + + impl std::fmt::Debug for $e { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { + std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.0, f) + } + } + }; +} +}

ErrorKind to the rescue

To cope with different kind of errors, we introduce the kind of an error Func1ErrorKind with an enum.

@@ -736,14 +10256,14 @@ use std::error::Error; use std::io; use std::result::Result; -fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { +fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(()) } derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); -fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { +fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { let filename = "foo.txt"; do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; Ok(()) @@ -772,7 +10292,7 @@ fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> { Ok(()) } -fn main() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { +fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { if let Err(e) = func1() { match e.kind() { Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => eprintln!("Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2"), @@ -791,8 +10311,1198 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { } #[allow(dead_code)] mod chainerror { -{{#includecomment ../src/lib.rs}} -} +//! `chainerror` provides an error backtrace without doing a real backtrace, so even after you `strip` your +//! binaries, you still have the error backtrace. +//! +//! `chainerror` has no dependencies! +//! +//! `chainerror` uses `.source()` of `std::error::Error` along with `line()!` and `file()!` to provide a nice debug error backtrace. +//! It encapsulates all types, which have `Display + Debug` and can store the error cause internally. +//! +//! Along with the `ChainError<T>` struct, `chainerror` comes with some useful helper macros to save a lot of typing. +//! +//! ## Features +//! +//! `no-fileline` +//! : completely turn off storing filename and line +//! +//! `display-cause` +//! : turn on printing a backtrace of the errors in `Display` +//! +//! `no-debug-cause` +//! : turn off printing a backtrace of the errors in `Debug` +//! +//! +//! # Tutorial +//! +//! Read the [Tutorial](https://haraldh.github.io/chainerror/tutorial1.html) +//! +//! # Examples +//! +//! ```rust +//! use chainerror::*; +//! use std::error::Error; +//! use std::io; +//! use std::result::Result; +//! +//! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! let filename = "foo.txt"; +//! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! func2().map_err(mstrerr!("func1 error"))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn main() { +//! if let Err(e) = func1() { +//! #[cfg(not(windows))] +//! assert_eq!( +//! format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#" +//! src/lib.rs:20: func1 error +//! Caused by: +//! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt' +//! Caused by: +//! Kind(NotFound) +//! "# +//! ); +//! } +//! # else { +//! # unreachable!(); +//! # } +//! } +//! ``` +//! +//! +//! ```rust +//! use chainerror::*; +//! use std::error::Error; +//! use std::io; +//! use std::result::Result; +//! +//! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn func3() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! let filename = "foo.txt"; +//! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); +//! +//! fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> { +//! func3().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "func2 error: calling func3"))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! enum Func1Error { +//! Func2, +//! IO(String), +//! } +//! +//! impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1Error { +//! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { +//! match self { +//! Func1Error::Func2 => write!(f, "func1 error calling func2"), +//! Func1Error::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename), +//! } +//! } +//! } +//! +//! impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Func1Error { +//! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { +//! write!(f, "{}", self) +//! } +//! } +//! +//! fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1Error> { +//! func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::Func2))?; +//! let filename = String::from("bar.txt"); +//! do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::IO(filename)))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn main() { +//! if let Err(e) = func1() { +//! assert!( +//! match e.kind() { +//! Func1Error::Func2 => { +//! eprintln!("Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2"); +//! true +//! } +//! Func1Error::IO(filename) => { +//! eprintln!("Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'", filename); +//! false +//! } +//! } +//! ); +//! +//! assert!(e.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); +//! +//! if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>() { +//! eprintln!("\nError reported by Func2Error: {}", e) +//! } +//! +//! +//! assert!(e.root_cause().is_some()); +//! +//! if let Some(e) = e.root_cause() { +//! let io_error = e.downcast_ref::<io::Error>().unwrap(); +//! eprintln!("\nThe root cause was: std::io::Error: {:#?}", io_error); +//! } +//! +//! #[cfg(not(windows))] +//! assert_eq!( +//! format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#" +//! src/lib.rs:47: func1 error calling func2 +//! Caused by: +//! src/lib.rs:22: Func2Error(func2 error: calling func3) +//! Caused by: +//! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt' +//! Caused by: +//! Kind(NotFound) +//! "# +//! ); +//! } +//! # else { +//! # unreachable!(); +//! # } +//! } +//! ``` + +#![deny( + warnings, + absolute_paths_not_starting_with_crate, + deprecated_in_future, + keyword_idents, + macro_use_extern_crate, + missing_debug_implementations, + trivial_numeric_casts, + unused_extern_crates, + unused_import_braces, + unused_qualifications, + unused_results, + unused_labels, + unused_lifetimes, + unstable_features, + unreachable_pub, + future_incompatible, + missing_copy_implementations, + missing_doc_code_examples, + rust_2018_idioms, + rust_2018_compatibility +)] + +use std::any::TypeId; +use std::error::Error; +use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter, Result}; + +/// chains an inner error kind `T` with a causing error +pub struct ChainError<T> { + #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))] + occurrence: Option<&'static str>, + kind: T, + error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>, +} + +/// convenience type alias +pub type ChainResult<O, E> = std::result::Result<O, ChainError<E>>; + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> ChainError<T> { + #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))] + /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly + #[inline] + pub fn new( + kind: T, + error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>, + occurrence: Option<&'static str>, + ) -> Self { + Self { + occurrence, + kind, + error_cause, + } + } + + #[cfg(feature = "no-fileline")] + /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly + #[inline] + pub fn new( + kind: T, + error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>, + _occurrence: Option<&'static str>, + ) -> Self { + Self { kind, error_cause } + } + + /// return the root cause of the error chain, if any exists + pub fn root_cause(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { + self.iter().last() + } + + /// Find the first error cause of type U, if any exists + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ```rust + /// use chainerror::*; + /// use std::error::Error; + /// use std::io; + /// + /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); + /// + /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// let filename = "foo.txt"; + /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); + /// + /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// fn main() { + /// if let Err(e) = func1() { + /// if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { + /// + /// assert!(f1err.find_cause::<io::Error>().is_some()); + /// + /// assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); + /// } + /// # else { + /// # panic!(); + /// # } + /// } + /// # else { + /// # unreachable!(); + /// # } + /// } + /// ``` + #[inline] + pub fn find_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&U> { + self.iter().filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::<U>).next() + } + + /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError<U>`, if any exists + /// + /// Same as `find_cause`, but hides the `ChainError<U>` implementation internals + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ```rust + /// # use chainerror::*; + /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooError); + /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None); + /// // Instead of writing + /// err.find_cause::<ChainError<FooError>>(); + /// + /// // leave out the ChainError<FooError> implementation detail + /// err.find_chain_cause::<FooError>(); + /// ``` + #[inline] + pub fn find_chain_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<U>> { + self.iter() + .filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::<ChainError<U>>) + .next() + } + + /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError<U>` or `U`, if any exists and return `U` + /// + /// Same as `find_cause` and `find_chain_cause`, but hides the `ChainError<U>` implementation internals + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ```rust + /// # use chainerror::*; + /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooErrorKind); + /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None); + /// // Instead of writing + /// err.find_cause::<ChainError<FooErrorKind>>(); + /// // and/or + /// err.find_chain_cause::<FooErrorKind>(); + /// // and/or + /// err.find_cause::<FooErrorKind>(); + /// + /// // leave out the ChainError<FooErrorKind> implementation detail + /// err.find_kind_or_cause::<FooErrorKind>(); + /// ``` + #[inline] + pub fn find_kind_or_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&U> { + self.iter() + .filter_map(|e| { + e.downcast_ref::<ChainError<U>>() + .map(|e| e.kind()) + .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::<U>()) + }) + .next() + } + + /// Return a reference to T of `ChainError<T>` + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ```rust + /// use chainerror::*; + /// use std::error::Error; + /// use std::io; + /// + /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); + /// + /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// let filename = "foo.txt"; + /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// #[derive(Debug)] + /// enum Func1ErrorKind { + /// Func2, + /// IO(String), + /// } + /// + /// /// impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {…} + /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind { + /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { + /// # match self { + /// # Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, "func1 error calling func2"), + /// # Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename), + /// # } + /// # } + /// # } + /// + /// fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> { + /// func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::Func2))?; + /// do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::IO("bar.txt".into())))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// fn main() { + /// if let Err(e) = func1() { + /// match e.kind() { + /// Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => {} + /// Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => panic!(), + /// } + /// } + /// # else { + /// # unreachable!(); + /// # } + /// } + /// ``` + #[inline] + pub fn kind(&self) -> &T { + &self.kind + } + + /// Returns an Iterator over all error causes/sources + /// + /// # Example + /// + /// + #[inline] + pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &(dyn Error + 'static)> { + ErrorIter { + current: Some(self), + } + } +} + +struct ErrorIter<'a> { + current: Option<&'a (dyn Error + 'static)>, +} + +impl<'a> Iterator for ErrorIter<'a> { + type Item = &'a (dyn Error + 'static); + + #[inline] + fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> { + let current = self.current; + self.current = self.current.and_then(Error::source); + current + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> std::ops::Deref for ChainError<T> { + type Target = T; + + #[inline] + fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target { + &self.kind + } +} + +/// Convenience trait to hide the `ChainError<T>` implementation internals +pub trait ChainErrorDown { + /// Test if of type `ChainError<T>` + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool; + /// Downcast to a reference of `ChainError<T>` + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>>; + /// Downcast to a mutable reference of `ChainError<T>` + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>>; + /// Downcast to T of `ChainError<T>` + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T>; + /// Downcast to T mutable reference of `ChainError<T>` + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>; +} + +impl<U: 'static + Display + Debug> ChainErrorDown for ChainError<U> { + #[inline] + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool { + TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<U>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> { + if self.is_chain::<T>() { + #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)] + unsafe { + #[allow(trivial_casts)] + Some(&*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError<T>)) + } + } else { + None + } + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> { + if self.is_chain::<T>() { + #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)] + unsafe { + #[allow(trivial_casts)] + Some(&mut *(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError<T>)) + } + } else { + None + } + } + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> { + if self.is_chain::<T>() { + #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)] + unsafe { + #[allow(trivial_casts)] + Some(&(*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError<T>)).kind) + } + } else { + None + } + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { + if self.is_chain::<T>() { + #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)] + unsafe { + #[allow(trivial_casts)] + Some(&mut (*(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError<T>)).kind) + } + } else { + None + } + } +} + +impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static { + #[inline] + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool { + self.is::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> { + self.downcast_ref::<T>() + .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind())) + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { + if self.is::<T>() { + return self.downcast_mut::<T>(); + } + + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>()) + } +} + +impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send { + #[inline] + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool { + self.is::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> { + self.downcast_ref::<T>() + .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind())) + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { + if self.is::<T>() { + return self.downcast_mut::<T>(); + } + + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>()) + } +} + +impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync { + #[inline] + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool { + self.is::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> { + self.downcast_ref::<T>() + .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind())) + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { + if self.is::<T>() { + return self.downcast_mut::<T>(); + } + + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>()) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { + self.error_cause + .as_ref() + .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static)) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for &ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { + self.error_cause + .as_ref() + .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static)) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for &mut ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { + self.error_cause + .as_ref() + .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static)) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Display for ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result { + write!(f, "{}", self.kind)?; + + #[cfg(feature = "display-cause")] + { + if let Some(e) = self.source() { + writeln!(f, "\nCaused by:")?; + Display::fmt(&e, f)?; + } + } + Ok(()) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Debug for ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result { + #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))] + { + if let Some(ref o) = self.occurrence { + Display::fmt(o, f)?; + } + } + + if self.is_chain::<String>() { + Display::fmt(&self.kind, f)?; + } else { + Debug::fmt(&self.kind, f)?; + } + + #[cfg(not(feature = "no-debug-cause"))] + { + if let Some(e) = self.source() { + writeln!(f, "\nCaused by:")?; + Debug::fmt(&e, f)?; + } + } + Ok(()) + } +} + +/// `ChainErrorFrom<T>` is similar to `From<T>` +pub trait ChainErrorFrom<T>: Sized { + /// similar to From<T>::from() + fn chain_error_from(from: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self>; +} + +/// `IntoChainError<T>` is similar to `Into<T>` +pub trait IntoChainError<T>: Sized { + /// similar to Into<T>::into() + fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<T>; +} + +impl<T, U> IntoChainError<U> for T +where + U: ChainErrorFrom<T>, +{ + #[inline] + fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<U> { + U::chain_error_from(self, line_filename) + } +} + +impl<T, U> ChainErrorFrom<T> for U +where + T: Into<U>, + U: 'static + Display + Debug, +{ + #[inline] + fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self> { + let e: U = t.into(); + ChainError::new(e, None, line_filename) + } +} + +/* +impl<T, U> ChainErrorFrom<T> for U + where + T: 'static + Error + Into<Box<T>> + Clone, + U: 'static + Display + Debug + From<T>, +{ + #[inline] + fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self> { + ChainError::new(U::from(t.clone()), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename) + } +} +*/ + +/// map into `ChainError<T>` with `T::from(err)` +/// +/// adds `line!()` and `file!()` information +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! minto_cherr { + ( $k:ident ) => ( + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $k::from(&e)) + ); + ( $enum:ident $(:: $enum_path:ident)* ) => ( + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $enum $(:: $enum_path)*::from(&e)) + ); +} + +/// Creates a new `ChainError<T>` +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// Create a new ChainError<FooError>, where `FooError` must implement `Display` and `Debug`. +/// ```rust +/// # use chainerror::*; +/// # #[derive(Debug)] +/// enum FooError { +/// Bar, +/// Baz(&'static str), +/// } +/// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError { +/// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { +/// # match self { +/// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, "Bar Error"), +/// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, "Baz Error: '{}'", s), +/// # } +/// # } +/// # } +/// +/// // impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError +/// +/// fn do_some_stuff() -> bool { +/// false +/// } +/// +/// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> { +/// if ! do_some_stuff() { +/// Err(cherr!(FooError::Baz("Error")))?; +/// } +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # pub fn main() { +/// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() { +/// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &"Error" => {} +/// # _ => panic!(), +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +/// +/// Additionally an error cause can be added. +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use chainerror::*; +/// # use std::io; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # #[derive(Debug)] +/// # enum FooError { +/// # Bar, +/// # Baz(&'static str), +/// # } +/// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError { +/// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { +/// # match self { +/// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, "Bar Error"), +/// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, "Baz Error: '{}'", s), +/// # } +/// # } +/// # } +/// fn do_some_stuff() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> { +/// do_some_stuff().map_err( +/// |e| cherr!(e, FooError::Baz("Error")) +/// )?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # pub fn main() { +/// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() { +/// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &"Error" => {} +/// # _ => panic!(), +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! cherr { + ( $k:expr ) => ({ + $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": "))) + }); + ( None, $k:expr ) => ({ + $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": "))) + }); + ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); + ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); + ( $e:path, $k:expr ) => ({ + $crate::ChainError::new($k, Some(Box::from($e)), Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": "))) + }); + ( $e:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); +} + +/// Convenience macro for `|e| cherr!(e, format!(…))` +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use crate::chainerror::*; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # use std::io; +/// # use std::result::Result; +/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +/// # Ok(()) +/// # } +/// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// let filename = "foo.txt"; +/// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// func2().map_err(mstrerr!("func1 error"))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// # fn main() { +/// # if let Err(e) = func1() { +/// # #[cfg(not(windows))] +/// # assert_eq!( +/// # format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#" +/// # src/lib.rs:18: func1 error +/// # Caused by: +/// # src/lib.rs:13: Error reading 'foo.txt' +/// # Caused by: +/// # Kind(NotFound) +/// # "# +/// # ); +/// # } else { +/// # unreachable!(); +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +/// +/// `mstrerr!()` can also be used to map a new `ChainError<T>`, where T was defined with +/// `derive_str_cherr!(T)` +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use crate::chainerror::*; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # use std::io; +/// # use std::result::Result; +/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +/// # Ok(()) +/// # } +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); +/// +/// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// let filename = "foo.txt"; +/// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); +/// +/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # fn main() { +/// # if let Err(e) = func1() { +/// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { +/// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some()); +/// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); +/// # } else { +/// # panic!(); +/// # } +/// # } else { +/// # unreachable!(); +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! mstrerr { + ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string())) + }); + ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string())) + }); + ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))) + }); + ($msg:expr) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string()) + }); + ($msg:expr, ) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string()) + }); + ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); +} + +/// Convenience macro for `cherr!(T(format!(…)))` where `T(String)` +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use crate::chainerror::*; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # use std::result::Result; +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); +/// +/// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> { +/// let filename = "foo.txt"; +/// Err(strerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename)) +/// } +/// +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); +/// +/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> { +/// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # fn main() { +/// # if let Err(e) = func1() { +/// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { +/// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some()); +/// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); +/// # } else { +/// # panic!(); +/// # } +/// # } else { +/// # unreachable!(); +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! strerr { + ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string())) + }); + ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string())) + }); + ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))) + }); + ($msg:expr) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string()) + }); + ($msg:expr, ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string()) + }); + ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({ + $crate::cherr!(format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); +} + +/// Convenience macro to create a "new type" T(String) and implement Display + Debug for T +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use crate::chainerror::*; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # use std::io; +/// # use std::result::Result; +/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +/// # Ok(()) +/// # } +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); +/// +/// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> { +/// let filename = "foo.txt"; +/// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); +/// +/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> { +/// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # fn main() { +/// # if let Err(e) = func1() { +/// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { +/// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some()); +/// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); +/// # } else { +/// # panic!(); +/// # } +/// # } else { +/// # unreachable!(); +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! derive_str_cherr { + ($e:ident) => { + #[derive(Clone)] + pub struct $e(pub String); + impl ::std::fmt::Display for $e { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { + write!(f, "{}", self.0) + } + } + impl ::std::fmt::Debug for $e { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { + write!(f, "{}({})", stringify!($e), self.0) + } + } + impl ::std::error::Error for $e {} + }; +} + +/// Derive an Error for an ErrorKind, which wraps a `ChainError` and implements a `kind()` method +/// +/// It basically hides `ChainError` to the outside and only exposes the `kind()` +/// method. +/// +/// Error::kind() returns the ErrorKind +/// Error::source() returns the parent error +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ```rust +/// use std::io; +/// use chainerror::*; +/// +/// fn do_some_io(_f: &str) -> std::result::Result<(), io::Error> { +/// return Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound)); +/// } +/// +/// #[derive(Debug, Clone)] +/// pub enum ErrorKind { +/// IO(String), +/// FatalError(String), +/// Unknown, +/// } +/// +/// derive_err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind); +/// +/// impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind { +/// fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { +/// match self { +/// ErrorKind::FatalError(e) => write!(f, "fatal error {}", e), +/// ErrorKind::Unknown => write!(f, "unknown error"), +/// ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename), +/// } +/// } +/// } +/// +/// impl ErrorKind { +/// fn from_io_error(e: &io::Error, f: String) -> Self { +/// match e.kind() { +/// io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe => panic!("Should not happen"), +/// io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset => { +/// ErrorKind::FatalError(format!("While reading `{}`: {}", f, e)) +/// } +/// _ => ErrorKind::IO(f), +/// } +/// } +/// } +/// +/// impl From<&io::Error> for ErrorKind { +/// fn from(e: &io::Error) -> Self { +/// ErrorKind::IO(format!("{}", e)) +/// } +/// } +/// +/// pub fn func1() -> std::result::Result<(), Error> { +/// let filename = "bar.txt"; +/// +/// do_some_io(filename) +/// .map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from_io_error(&e, filename.into())))?; +/// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::IO(filename.into())))?; +/// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from(&e)))?; +/// do_some_io(filename).map_err(minto_cherr!(ErrorKind))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! derive_err_kind { + ($e:ident, $k:ident) => { + pub struct $e($crate::ChainError<$k>); + + impl $e { + pub fn kind(&self) -> &$k { + self.0.kind() + } + } + + impl From<$k> for $e { + fn from(e: $k) -> Self { + $e($crate::ChainError::new(e, None, None)) + } + } + + impl From<ChainError<$k>> for $e { + fn from(e: $crate::ChainError<$k>) -> Self { + $e(e) + } + } + + impl From<&$e> for $k + where + $k: Clone, + { + fn from(e: &$e) -> Self { + e.kind().clone() + } + } + + impl $crate::ChainErrorFrom<$e> for $k + where + $k: Clone, + { + #[inline] + fn chain_error_from( + t: $e, + line_filename: Option<&'static str>, + ) -> $crate::ChainError<$k> { + $crate::ChainError::new((*t.kind()).clone(), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename) + } + } + + impl std::error::Error for $e { + fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> { + self.0.source() + } + } + + impl std::fmt::Display for $e { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { + std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f) + } + } + + impl std::fmt::Debug for $e { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { + std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.0, f) + } + } + }; +} +}

Debug for the ErrorKind

One small improvement at the end of the tutorial is to fix the debug output of @@ -815,14 +11525,14 @@ use std::error::Error; use std::io; use std::result::Result; -fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { +fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(()) } derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); -fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { +fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { let filename = "foo.txt"; do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; Ok(()) @@ -857,7 +11567,7 @@ fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> { Ok(()) } -fn main() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { +fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { if let Err(e) = func1() { match e.kind() { Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => eprintln!("Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2"), @@ -876,8 +11586,1198 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { } #[allow(dead_code)] mod chainerror { -{{#includecomment ../src/lib.rs}} -} +//! `chainerror` provides an error backtrace without doing a real backtrace, so even after you `strip` your +//! binaries, you still have the error backtrace. +//! +//! `chainerror` has no dependencies! +//! +//! `chainerror` uses `.source()` of `std::error::Error` along with `line()!` and `file()!` to provide a nice debug error backtrace. +//! It encapsulates all types, which have `Display + Debug` and can store the error cause internally. +//! +//! Along with the `ChainError<T>` struct, `chainerror` comes with some useful helper macros to save a lot of typing. +//! +//! ## Features +//! +//! `no-fileline` +//! : completely turn off storing filename and line +//! +//! `display-cause` +//! : turn on printing a backtrace of the errors in `Display` +//! +//! `no-debug-cause` +//! : turn off printing a backtrace of the errors in `Debug` +//! +//! +//! # Tutorial +//! +//! Read the [Tutorial](https://haraldh.github.io/chainerror/tutorial1.html) +//! +//! # Examples +//! +//! ```rust +//! use chainerror::*; +//! use std::error::Error; +//! use std::io; +//! use std::result::Result; +//! +//! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! let filename = "foo.txt"; +//! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! func2().map_err(mstrerr!("func1 error"))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn main() { +//! if let Err(e) = func1() { +//! #[cfg(not(windows))] +//! assert_eq!( +//! format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#" +//! src/lib.rs:20: func1 error +//! Caused by: +//! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt' +//! Caused by: +//! Kind(NotFound) +//! "# +//! ); +//! } +//! # else { +//! # unreachable!(); +//! # } +//! } +//! ``` +//! +//! +//! ```rust +//! use chainerror::*; +//! use std::error::Error; +//! use std::io; +//! use std::result::Result; +//! +//! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn func3() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! let filename = "foo.txt"; +//! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); +//! +//! fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> { +//! func3().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "func2 error: calling func3"))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! enum Func1Error { +//! Func2, +//! IO(String), +//! } +//! +//! impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1Error { +//! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { +//! match self { +//! Func1Error::Func2 => write!(f, "func1 error calling func2"), +//! Func1Error::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename), +//! } +//! } +//! } +//! +//! impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Func1Error { +//! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { +//! write!(f, "{}", self) +//! } +//! } +//! +//! fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1Error> { +//! func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::Func2))?; +//! let filename = String::from("bar.txt"); +//! do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::IO(filename)))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn main() { +//! if let Err(e) = func1() { +//! assert!( +//! match e.kind() { +//! Func1Error::Func2 => { +//! eprintln!("Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2"); +//! true +//! } +//! Func1Error::IO(filename) => { +//! eprintln!("Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'", filename); +//! false +//! } +//! } +//! ); +//! +//! assert!(e.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); +//! +//! if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>() { +//! eprintln!("\nError reported by Func2Error: {}", e) +//! } +//! +//! +//! assert!(e.root_cause().is_some()); +//! +//! if let Some(e) = e.root_cause() { +//! let io_error = e.downcast_ref::<io::Error>().unwrap(); +//! eprintln!("\nThe root cause was: std::io::Error: {:#?}", io_error); +//! } +//! +//! #[cfg(not(windows))] +//! assert_eq!( +//! format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#" +//! src/lib.rs:47: func1 error calling func2 +//! Caused by: +//! src/lib.rs:22: Func2Error(func2 error: calling func3) +//! Caused by: +//! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt' +//! Caused by: +//! Kind(NotFound) +//! "# +//! ); +//! } +//! # else { +//! # unreachable!(); +//! # } +//! } +//! ``` + +#![deny( + warnings, + absolute_paths_not_starting_with_crate, + deprecated_in_future, + keyword_idents, + macro_use_extern_crate, + missing_debug_implementations, + trivial_numeric_casts, + unused_extern_crates, + unused_import_braces, + unused_qualifications, + unused_results, + unused_labels, + unused_lifetimes, + unstable_features, + unreachable_pub, + future_incompatible, + missing_copy_implementations, + missing_doc_code_examples, + rust_2018_idioms, + rust_2018_compatibility +)] + +use std::any::TypeId; +use std::error::Error; +use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter, Result}; + +/// chains an inner error kind `T` with a causing error +pub struct ChainError<T> { + #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))] + occurrence: Option<&'static str>, + kind: T, + error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>, +} + +/// convenience type alias +pub type ChainResult<O, E> = std::result::Result<O, ChainError<E>>; + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> ChainError<T> { + #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))] + /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly + #[inline] + pub fn new( + kind: T, + error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>, + occurrence: Option<&'static str>, + ) -> Self { + Self { + occurrence, + kind, + error_cause, + } + } + + #[cfg(feature = "no-fileline")] + /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly + #[inline] + pub fn new( + kind: T, + error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>, + _occurrence: Option<&'static str>, + ) -> Self { + Self { kind, error_cause } + } + + /// return the root cause of the error chain, if any exists + pub fn root_cause(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { + self.iter().last() + } + + /// Find the first error cause of type U, if any exists + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ```rust + /// use chainerror::*; + /// use std::error::Error; + /// use std::io; + /// + /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); + /// + /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// let filename = "foo.txt"; + /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); + /// + /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// fn main() { + /// if let Err(e) = func1() { + /// if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { + /// + /// assert!(f1err.find_cause::<io::Error>().is_some()); + /// + /// assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); + /// } + /// # else { + /// # panic!(); + /// # } + /// } + /// # else { + /// # unreachable!(); + /// # } + /// } + /// ``` + #[inline] + pub fn find_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&U> { + self.iter().filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::<U>).next() + } + + /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError<U>`, if any exists + /// + /// Same as `find_cause`, but hides the `ChainError<U>` implementation internals + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ```rust + /// # use chainerror::*; + /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooError); + /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None); + /// // Instead of writing + /// err.find_cause::<ChainError<FooError>>(); + /// + /// // leave out the ChainError<FooError> implementation detail + /// err.find_chain_cause::<FooError>(); + /// ``` + #[inline] + pub fn find_chain_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<U>> { + self.iter() + .filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::<ChainError<U>>) + .next() + } + + /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError<U>` or `U`, if any exists and return `U` + /// + /// Same as `find_cause` and `find_chain_cause`, but hides the `ChainError<U>` implementation internals + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ```rust + /// # use chainerror::*; + /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooErrorKind); + /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None); + /// // Instead of writing + /// err.find_cause::<ChainError<FooErrorKind>>(); + /// // and/or + /// err.find_chain_cause::<FooErrorKind>(); + /// // and/or + /// err.find_cause::<FooErrorKind>(); + /// + /// // leave out the ChainError<FooErrorKind> implementation detail + /// err.find_kind_or_cause::<FooErrorKind>(); + /// ``` + #[inline] + pub fn find_kind_or_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&U> { + self.iter() + .filter_map(|e| { + e.downcast_ref::<ChainError<U>>() + .map(|e| e.kind()) + .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::<U>()) + }) + .next() + } + + /// Return a reference to T of `ChainError<T>` + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ```rust + /// use chainerror::*; + /// use std::error::Error; + /// use std::io; + /// + /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); + /// + /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// let filename = "foo.txt"; + /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// #[derive(Debug)] + /// enum Func1ErrorKind { + /// Func2, + /// IO(String), + /// } + /// + /// /// impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {…} + /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind { + /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { + /// # match self { + /// # Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, "func1 error calling func2"), + /// # Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename), + /// # } + /// # } + /// # } + /// + /// fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> { + /// func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::Func2))?; + /// do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::IO("bar.txt".into())))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// fn main() { + /// if let Err(e) = func1() { + /// match e.kind() { + /// Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => {} + /// Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => panic!(), + /// } + /// } + /// # else { + /// # unreachable!(); + /// # } + /// } + /// ``` + #[inline] + pub fn kind(&self) -> &T { + &self.kind + } + + /// Returns an Iterator over all error causes/sources + /// + /// # Example + /// + /// + #[inline] + pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &(dyn Error + 'static)> { + ErrorIter { + current: Some(self), + } + } +} + +struct ErrorIter<'a> { + current: Option<&'a (dyn Error + 'static)>, +} + +impl<'a> Iterator for ErrorIter<'a> { + type Item = &'a (dyn Error + 'static); + + #[inline] + fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> { + let current = self.current; + self.current = self.current.and_then(Error::source); + current + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> std::ops::Deref for ChainError<T> { + type Target = T; + + #[inline] + fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target { + &self.kind + } +} + +/// Convenience trait to hide the `ChainError<T>` implementation internals +pub trait ChainErrorDown { + /// Test if of type `ChainError<T>` + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool; + /// Downcast to a reference of `ChainError<T>` + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>>; + /// Downcast to a mutable reference of `ChainError<T>` + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>>; + /// Downcast to T of `ChainError<T>` + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T>; + /// Downcast to T mutable reference of `ChainError<T>` + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>; +} + +impl<U: 'static + Display + Debug> ChainErrorDown for ChainError<U> { + #[inline] + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool { + TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<U>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> { + if self.is_chain::<T>() { + #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)] + unsafe { + #[allow(trivial_casts)] + Some(&*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError<T>)) + } + } else { + None + } + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> { + if self.is_chain::<T>() { + #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)] + unsafe { + #[allow(trivial_casts)] + Some(&mut *(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError<T>)) + } + } else { + None + } + } + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> { + if self.is_chain::<T>() { + #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)] + unsafe { + #[allow(trivial_casts)] + Some(&(*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError<T>)).kind) + } + } else { + None + } + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { + if self.is_chain::<T>() { + #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)] + unsafe { + #[allow(trivial_casts)] + Some(&mut (*(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError<T>)).kind) + } + } else { + None + } + } +} + +impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static { + #[inline] + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool { + self.is::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> { + self.downcast_ref::<T>() + .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind())) + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { + if self.is::<T>() { + return self.downcast_mut::<T>(); + } + + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>()) + } +} + +impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send { + #[inline] + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool { + self.is::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> { + self.downcast_ref::<T>() + .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind())) + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { + if self.is::<T>() { + return self.downcast_mut::<T>(); + } + + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>()) + } +} + +impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync { + #[inline] + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool { + self.is::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> { + self.downcast_ref::<T>() + .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind())) + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { + if self.is::<T>() { + return self.downcast_mut::<T>(); + } + + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>()) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { + self.error_cause + .as_ref() + .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static)) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for &ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { + self.error_cause + .as_ref() + .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static)) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for &mut ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { + self.error_cause + .as_ref() + .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static)) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Display for ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result { + write!(f, "{}", self.kind)?; + + #[cfg(feature = "display-cause")] + { + if let Some(e) = self.source() { + writeln!(f, "\nCaused by:")?; + Display::fmt(&e, f)?; + } + } + Ok(()) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Debug for ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result { + #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))] + { + if let Some(ref o) = self.occurrence { + Display::fmt(o, f)?; + } + } + + if self.is_chain::<String>() { + Display::fmt(&self.kind, f)?; + } else { + Debug::fmt(&self.kind, f)?; + } + + #[cfg(not(feature = "no-debug-cause"))] + { + if let Some(e) = self.source() { + writeln!(f, "\nCaused by:")?; + Debug::fmt(&e, f)?; + } + } + Ok(()) + } +} + +/// `ChainErrorFrom<T>` is similar to `From<T>` +pub trait ChainErrorFrom<T>: Sized { + /// similar to From<T>::from() + fn chain_error_from(from: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self>; +} + +/// `IntoChainError<T>` is similar to `Into<T>` +pub trait IntoChainError<T>: Sized { + /// similar to Into<T>::into() + fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<T>; +} + +impl<T, U> IntoChainError<U> for T +where + U: ChainErrorFrom<T>, +{ + #[inline] + fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<U> { + U::chain_error_from(self, line_filename) + } +} + +impl<T, U> ChainErrorFrom<T> for U +where + T: Into<U>, + U: 'static + Display + Debug, +{ + #[inline] + fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self> { + let e: U = t.into(); + ChainError::new(e, None, line_filename) + } +} + +/* +impl<T, U> ChainErrorFrom<T> for U + where + T: 'static + Error + Into<Box<T>> + Clone, + U: 'static + Display + Debug + From<T>, +{ + #[inline] + fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self> { + ChainError::new(U::from(t.clone()), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename) + } +} +*/ + +/// map into `ChainError<T>` with `T::from(err)` +/// +/// adds `line!()` and `file!()` information +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! minto_cherr { + ( $k:ident ) => ( + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $k::from(&e)) + ); + ( $enum:ident $(:: $enum_path:ident)* ) => ( + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $enum $(:: $enum_path)*::from(&e)) + ); +} + +/// Creates a new `ChainError<T>` +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// Create a new ChainError<FooError>, where `FooError` must implement `Display` and `Debug`. +/// ```rust +/// # use chainerror::*; +/// # #[derive(Debug)] +/// enum FooError { +/// Bar, +/// Baz(&'static str), +/// } +/// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError { +/// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { +/// # match self { +/// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, "Bar Error"), +/// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, "Baz Error: '{}'", s), +/// # } +/// # } +/// # } +/// +/// // impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError +/// +/// fn do_some_stuff() -> bool { +/// false +/// } +/// +/// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> { +/// if ! do_some_stuff() { +/// Err(cherr!(FooError::Baz("Error")))?; +/// } +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # pub fn main() { +/// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() { +/// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &"Error" => {} +/// # _ => panic!(), +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +/// +/// Additionally an error cause can be added. +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use chainerror::*; +/// # use std::io; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # #[derive(Debug)] +/// # enum FooError { +/// # Bar, +/// # Baz(&'static str), +/// # } +/// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError { +/// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { +/// # match self { +/// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, "Bar Error"), +/// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, "Baz Error: '{}'", s), +/// # } +/// # } +/// # } +/// fn do_some_stuff() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> { +/// do_some_stuff().map_err( +/// |e| cherr!(e, FooError::Baz("Error")) +/// )?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # pub fn main() { +/// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() { +/// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &"Error" => {} +/// # _ => panic!(), +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! cherr { + ( $k:expr ) => ({ + $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": "))) + }); + ( None, $k:expr ) => ({ + $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": "))) + }); + ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); + ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); + ( $e:path, $k:expr ) => ({ + $crate::ChainError::new($k, Some(Box::from($e)), Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": "))) + }); + ( $e:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); +} + +/// Convenience macro for `|e| cherr!(e, format!(…))` +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use crate::chainerror::*; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # use std::io; +/// # use std::result::Result; +/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +/// # Ok(()) +/// # } +/// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// let filename = "foo.txt"; +/// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// func2().map_err(mstrerr!("func1 error"))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// # fn main() { +/// # if let Err(e) = func1() { +/// # #[cfg(not(windows))] +/// # assert_eq!( +/// # format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#" +/// # src/lib.rs:18: func1 error +/// # Caused by: +/// # src/lib.rs:13: Error reading 'foo.txt' +/// # Caused by: +/// # Kind(NotFound) +/// # "# +/// # ); +/// # } else { +/// # unreachable!(); +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +/// +/// `mstrerr!()` can also be used to map a new `ChainError<T>`, where T was defined with +/// `derive_str_cherr!(T)` +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use crate::chainerror::*; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # use std::io; +/// # use std::result::Result; +/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +/// # Ok(()) +/// # } +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); +/// +/// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// let filename = "foo.txt"; +/// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); +/// +/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # fn main() { +/// # if let Err(e) = func1() { +/// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { +/// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some()); +/// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); +/// # } else { +/// # panic!(); +/// # } +/// # } else { +/// # unreachable!(); +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! mstrerr { + ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string())) + }); + ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string())) + }); + ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))) + }); + ($msg:expr) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string()) + }); + ($msg:expr, ) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string()) + }); + ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); +} + +/// Convenience macro for `cherr!(T(format!(…)))` where `T(String)` +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use crate::chainerror::*; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # use std::result::Result; +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); +/// +/// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> { +/// let filename = "foo.txt"; +/// Err(strerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename)) +/// } +/// +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); +/// +/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> { +/// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # fn main() { +/// # if let Err(e) = func1() { +/// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { +/// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some()); +/// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); +/// # } else { +/// # panic!(); +/// # } +/// # } else { +/// # unreachable!(); +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! strerr { + ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string())) + }); + ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string())) + }); + ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))) + }); + ($msg:expr) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string()) + }); + ($msg:expr, ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string()) + }); + ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({ + $crate::cherr!(format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); +} + +/// Convenience macro to create a "new type" T(String) and implement Display + Debug for T +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use crate::chainerror::*; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # use std::io; +/// # use std::result::Result; +/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +/// # Ok(()) +/// # } +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); +/// +/// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> { +/// let filename = "foo.txt"; +/// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); +/// +/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> { +/// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # fn main() { +/// # if let Err(e) = func1() { +/// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { +/// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some()); +/// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); +/// # } else { +/// # panic!(); +/// # } +/// # } else { +/// # unreachable!(); +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! derive_str_cherr { + ($e:ident) => { + #[derive(Clone)] + pub struct $e(pub String); + impl ::std::fmt::Display for $e { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { + write!(f, "{}", self.0) + } + } + impl ::std::fmt::Debug for $e { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { + write!(f, "{}({})", stringify!($e), self.0) + } + } + impl ::std::error::Error for $e {} + }; +} + +/// Derive an Error for an ErrorKind, which wraps a `ChainError` and implements a `kind()` method +/// +/// It basically hides `ChainError` to the outside and only exposes the `kind()` +/// method. +/// +/// Error::kind() returns the ErrorKind +/// Error::source() returns the parent error +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ```rust +/// use std::io; +/// use chainerror::*; +/// +/// fn do_some_io(_f: &str) -> std::result::Result<(), io::Error> { +/// return Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound)); +/// } +/// +/// #[derive(Debug, Clone)] +/// pub enum ErrorKind { +/// IO(String), +/// FatalError(String), +/// Unknown, +/// } +/// +/// derive_err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind); +/// +/// impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind { +/// fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { +/// match self { +/// ErrorKind::FatalError(e) => write!(f, "fatal error {}", e), +/// ErrorKind::Unknown => write!(f, "unknown error"), +/// ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename), +/// } +/// } +/// } +/// +/// impl ErrorKind { +/// fn from_io_error(e: &io::Error, f: String) -> Self { +/// match e.kind() { +/// io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe => panic!("Should not happen"), +/// io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset => { +/// ErrorKind::FatalError(format!("While reading `{}`: {}", f, e)) +/// } +/// _ => ErrorKind::IO(f), +/// } +/// } +/// } +/// +/// impl From<&io::Error> for ErrorKind { +/// fn from(e: &io::Error) -> Self { +/// ErrorKind::IO(format!("{}", e)) +/// } +/// } +/// +/// pub fn func1() -> std::result::Result<(), Error> { +/// let filename = "bar.txt"; +/// +/// do_some_io(filename) +/// .map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from_io_error(&e, filename.into())))?; +/// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::IO(filename.into())))?; +/// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from(&e)))?; +/// do_some_io(filename).map_err(minto_cherr!(ErrorKind))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! derive_err_kind { + ($e:ident, $k:ident) => { + pub struct $e($crate::ChainError<$k>); + + impl $e { + pub fn kind(&self) -> &$k { + self.0.kind() + } + } + + impl From<$k> for $e { + fn from(e: $k) -> Self { + $e($crate::ChainError::new(e, None, None)) + } + } + + impl From<ChainError<$k>> for $e { + fn from(e: $crate::ChainError<$k>) -> Self { + $e(e) + } + } + + impl From<&$e> for $k + where + $k: Clone, + { + fn from(e: &$e) -> Self { + e.kind().clone() + } + } + + impl $crate::ChainErrorFrom<$e> for $k + where + $k: Clone, + { + #[inline] + fn chain_error_from( + t: $e, + line_filename: Option<&'static str>, + ) -> $crate::ChainError<$k> { + $crate::ChainError::new((*t.kind()).clone(), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename) + } + } + + impl std::error::Error for $e { + fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> { + self.0.source() + } + } + + impl std::fmt::Display for $e { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { + std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f) + } + } + + impl std::fmt::Debug for $e { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { + std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.0, f) + } + } + }; +} +}

Deref for the ErrorKind

Because ChainError implements Deref to &T, we can also match on *e instead of e.kind() @@ -887,14 +12787,14 @@ use std::error::Error; use std::io; use std::result::Result; -fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { +fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(()) } derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); -fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { +fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { let filename = "foo.txt"; do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; Ok(()) @@ -938,7 +12838,7 @@ fn handle_func1errorkind(e: &Func1ErrorKind) { } } -fn main() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { +fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { if let Err(e) = func1() { match *e { Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => eprintln!("Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2"), @@ -959,8 +12859,1198 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { } #[allow(dead_code)] mod chainerror { -{{#includecomment ../src/lib.rs}} -} +//! `chainerror` provides an error backtrace without doing a real backtrace, so even after you `strip` your +//! binaries, you still have the error backtrace. +//! +//! `chainerror` has no dependencies! +//! +//! `chainerror` uses `.source()` of `std::error::Error` along with `line()!` and `file()!` to provide a nice debug error backtrace. +//! It encapsulates all types, which have `Display + Debug` and can store the error cause internally. +//! +//! Along with the `ChainError<T>` struct, `chainerror` comes with some useful helper macros to save a lot of typing. +//! +//! ## Features +//! +//! `no-fileline` +//! : completely turn off storing filename and line +//! +//! `display-cause` +//! : turn on printing a backtrace of the errors in `Display` +//! +//! `no-debug-cause` +//! : turn off printing a backtrace of the errors in `Debug` +//! +//! +//! # Tutorial +//! +//! Read the [Tutorial](https://haraldh.github.io/chainerror/tutorial1.html) +//! +//! # Examples +//! +//! ```rust +//! use chainerror::*; +//! use std::error::Error; +//! use std::io; +//! use std::result::Result; +//! +//! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! let filename = "foo.txt"; +//! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! func2().map_err(mstrerr!("func1 error"))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn main() { +//! if let Err(e) = func1() { +//! #[cfg(not(windows))] +//! assert_eq!( +//! format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#" +//! src/lib.rs:20: func1 error +//! Caused by: +//! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt' +//! Caused by: +//! Kind(NotFound) +//! "# +//! ); +//! } +//! # else { +//! # unreachable!(); +//! # } +//! } +//! ``` +//! +//! +//! ```rust +//! use chainerror::*; +//! use std::error::Error; +//! use std::io; +//! use std::result::Result; +//! +//! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn func3() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! let filename = "foo.txt"; +//! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); +//! +//! fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> { +//! func3().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "func2 error: calling func3"))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! enum Func1Error { +//! Func2, +//! IO(String), +//! } +//! +//! impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1Error { +//! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { +//! match self { +//! Func1Error::Func2 => write!(f, "func1 error calling func2"), +//! Func1Error::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename), +//! } +//! } +//! } +//! +//! impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Func1Error { +//! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { +//! write!(f, "{}", self) +//! } +//! } +//! +//! fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1Error> { +//! func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::Func2))?; +//! let filename = String::from("bar.txt"); +//! do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::IO(filename)))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn main() { +//! if let Err(e) = func1() { +//! assert!( +//! match e.kind() { +//! Func1Error::Func2 => { +//! eprintln!("Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2"); +//! true +//! } +//! Func1Error::IO(filename) => { +//! eprintln!("Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'", filename); +//! false +//! } +//! } +//! ); +//! +//! assert!(e.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); +//! +//! if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>() { +//! eprintln!("\nError reported by Func2Error: {}", e) +//! } +//! +//! +//! assert!(e.root_cause().is_some()); +//! +//! if let Some(e) = e.root_cause() { +//! let io_error = e.downcast_ref::<io::Error>().unwrap(); +//! eprintln!("\nThe root cause was: std::io::Error: {:#?}", io_error); +//! } +//! +//! #[cfg(not(windows))] +//! assert_eq!( +//! format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#" +//! src/lib.rs:47: func1 error calling func2 +//! Caused by: +//! src/lib.rs:22: Func2Error(func2 error: calling func3) +//! Caused by: +//! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt' +//! Caused by: +//! Kind(NotFound) +//! "# +//! ); +//! } +//! # else { +//! # unreachable!(); +//! # } +//! } +//! ``` + +#![deny( + warnings, + absolute_paths_not_starting_with_crate, + deprecated_in_future, + keyword_idents, + macro_use_extern_crate, + missing_debug_implementations, + trivial_numeric_casts, + unused_extern_crates, + unused_import_braces, + unused_qualifications, + unused_results, + unused_labels, + unused_lifetimes, + unstable_features, + unreachable_pub, + future_incompatible, + missing_copy_implementations, + missing_doc_code_examples, + rust_2018_idioms, + rust_2018_compatibility +)] + +use std::any::TypeId; +use std::error::Error; +use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter, Result}; + +/// chains an inner error kind `T` with a causing error +pub struct ChainError<T> { + #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))] + occurrence: Option<&'static str>, + kind: T, + error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>, +} + +/// convenience type alias +pub type ChainResult<O, E> = std::result::Result<O, ChainError<E>>; + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> ChainError<T> { + #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))] + /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly + #[inline] + pub fn new( + kind: T, + error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>, + occurrence: Option<&'static str>, + ) -> Self { + Self { + occurrence, + kind, + error_cause, + } + } + + #[cfg(feature = "no-fileline")] + /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly + #[inline] + pub fn new( + kind: T, + error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>, + _occurrence: Option<&'static str>, + ) -> Self { + Self { kind, error_cause } + } + + /// return the root cause of the error chain, if any exists + pub fn root_cause(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { + self.iter().last() + } + + /// Find the first error cause of type U, if any exists + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ```rust + /// use chainerror::*; + /// use std::error::Error; + /// use std::io; + /// + /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); + /// + /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// let filename = "foo.txt"; + /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); + /// + /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// fn main() { + /// if let Err(e) = func1() { + /// if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { + /// + /// assert!(f1err.find_cause::<io::Error>().is_some()); + /// + /// assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); + /// } + /// # else { + /// # panic!(); + /// # } + /// } + /// # else { + /// # unreachable!(); + /// # } + /// } + /// ``` + #[inline] + pub fn find_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&U> { + self.iter().filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::<U>).next() + } + + /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError<U>`, if any exists + /// + /// Same as `find_cause`, but hides the `ChainError<U>` implementation internals + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ```rust + /// # use chainerror::*; + /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooError); + /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None); + /// // Instead of writing + /// err.find_cause::<ChainError<FooError>>(); + /// + /// // leave out the ChainError<FooError> implementation detail + /// err.find_chain_cause::<FooError>(); + /// ``` + #[inline] + pub fn find_chain_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<U>> { + self.iter() + .filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::<ChainError<U>>) + .next() + } + + /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError<U>` or `U`, if any exists and return `U` + /// + /// Same as `find_cause` and `find_chain_cause`, but hides the `ChainError<U>` implementation internals + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ```rust + /// # use chainerror::*; + /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooErrorKind); + /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None); + /// // Instead of writing + /// err.find_cause::<ChainError<FooErrorKind>>(); + /// // and/or + /// err.find_chain_cause::<FooErrorKind>(); + /// // and/or + /// err.find_cause::<FooErrorKind>(); + /// + /// // leave out the ChainError<FooErrorKind> implementation detail + /// err.find_kind_or_cause::<FooErrorKind>(); + /// ``` + #[inline] + pub fn find_kind_or_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&U> { + self.iter() + .filter_map(|e| { + e.downcast_ref::<ChainError<U>>() + .map(|e| e.kind()) + .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::<U>()) + }) + .next() + } + + /// Return a reference to T of `ChainError<T>` + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ```rust + /// use chainerror::*; + /// use std::error::Error; + /// use std::io; + /// + /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); + /// + /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// let filename = "foo.txt"; + /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// #[derive(Debug)] + /// enum Func1ErrorKind { + /// Func2, + /// IO(String), + /// } + /// + /// /// impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {…} + /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind { + /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { + /// # match self { + /// # Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, "func1 error calling func2"), + /// # Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename), + /// # } + /// # } + /// # } + /// + /// fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> { + /// func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::Func2))?; + /// do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::IO("bar.txt".into())))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// fn main() { + /// if let Err(e) = func1() { + /// match e.kind() { + /// Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => {} + /// Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => panic!(), + /// } + /// } + /// # else { + /// # unreachable!(); + /// # } + /// } + /// ``` + #[inline] + pub fn kind(&self) -> &T { + &self.kind + } + + /// Returns an Iterator over all error causes/sources + /// + /// # Example + /// + /// + #[inline] + pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &(dyn Error + 'static)> { + ErrorIter { + current: Some(self), + } + } +} + +struct ErrorIter<'a> { + current: Option<&'a (dyn Error + 'static)>, +} + +impl<'a> Iterator for ErrorIter<'a> { + type Item = &'a (dyn Error + 'static); + + #[inline] + fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> { + let current = self.current; + self.current = self.current.and_then(Error::source); + current + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> std::ops::Deref for ChainError<T> { + type Target = T; + + #[inline] + fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target { + &self.kind + } +} + +/// Convenience trait to hide the `ChainError<T>` implementation internals +pub trait ChainErrorDown { + /// Test if of type `ChainError<T>` + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool; + /// Downcast to a reference of `ChainError<T>` + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>>; + /// Downcast to a mutable reference of `ChainError<T>` + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>>; + /// Downcast to T of `ChainError<T>` + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T>; + /// Downcast to T mutable reference of `ChainError<T>` + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>; +} + +impl<U: 'static + Display + Debug> ChainErrorDown for ChainError<U> { + #[inline] + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool { + TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<U>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> { + if self.is_chain::<T>() { + #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)] + unsafe { + #[allow(trivial_casts)] + Some(&*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError<T>)) + } + } else { + None + } + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> { + if self.is_chain::<T>() { + #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)] + unsafe { + #[allow(trivial_casts)] + Some(&mut *(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError<T>)) + } + } else { + None + } + } + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> { + if self.is_chain::<T>() { + #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)] + unsafe { + #[allow(trivial_casts)] + Some(&(*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError<T>)).kind) + } + } else { + None + } + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { + if self.is_chain::<T>() { + #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)] + unsafe { + #[allow(trivial_casts)] + Some(&mut (*(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError<T>)).kind) + } + } else { + None + } + } +} + +impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static { + #[inline] + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool { + self.is::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> { + self.downcast_ref::<T>() + .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind())) + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { + if self.is::<T>() { + return self.downcast_mut::<T>(); + } + + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>()) + } +} + +impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send { + #[inline] + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool { + self.is::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> { + self.downcast_ref::<T>() + .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind())) + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { + if self.is::<T>() { + return self.downcast_mut::<T>(); + } + + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>()) + } +} + +impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync { + #[inline] + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool { + self.is::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> { + self.downcast_ref::<T>() + .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind())) + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { + if self.is::<T>() { + return self.downcast_mut::<T>(); + } + + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>()) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { + self.error_cause + .as_ref() + .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static)) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for &ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { + self.error_cause + .as_ref() + .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static)) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for &mut ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { + self.error_cause + .as_ref() + .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static)) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Display for ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result { + write!(f, "{}", self.kind)?; + + #[cfg(feature = "display-cause")] + { + if let Some(e) = self.source() { + writeln!(f, "\nCaused by:")?; + Display::fmt(&e, f)?; + } + } + Ok(()) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Debug for ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result { + #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))] + { + if let Some(ref o) = self.occurrence { + Display::fmt(o, f)?; + } + } + + if self.is_chain::<String>() { + Display::fmt(&self.kind, f)?; + } else { + Debug::fmt(&self.kind, f)?; + } + + #[cfg(not(feature = "no-debug-cause"))] + { + if let Some(e) = self.source() { + writeln!(f, "\nCaused by:")?; + Debug::fmt(&e, f)?; + } + } + Ok(()) + } +} + +/// `ChainErrorFrom<T>` is similar to `From<T>` +pub trait ChainErrorFrom<T>: Sized { + /// similar to From<T>::from() + fn chain_error_from(from: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self>; +} + +/// `IntoChainError<T>` is similar to `Into<T>` +pub trait IntoChainError<T>: Sized { + /// similar to Into<T>::into() + fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<T>; +} + +impl<T, U> IntoChainError<U> for T +where + U: ChainErrorFrom<T>, +{ + #[inline] + fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<U> { + U::chain_error_from(self, line_filename) + } +} + +impl<T, U> ChainErrorFrom<T> for U +where + T: Into<U>, + U: 'static + Display + Debug, +{ + #[inline] + fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self> { + let e: U = t.into(); + ChainError::new(e, None, line_filename) + } +} + +/* +impl<T, U> ChainErrorFrom<T> for U + where + T: 'static + Error + Into<Box<T>> + Clone, + U: 'static + Display + Debug + From<T>, +{ + #[inline] + fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self> { + ChainError::new(U::from(t.clone()), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename) + } +} +*/ + +/// map into `ChainError<T>` with `T::from(err)` +/// +/// adds `line!()` and `file!()` information +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! minto_cherr { + ( $k:ident ) => ( + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $k::from(&e)) + ); + ( $enum:ident $(:: $enum_path:ident)* ) => ( + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $enum $(:: $enum_path)*::from(&e)) + ); +} + +/// Creates a new `ChainError<T>` +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// Create a new ChainError<FooError>, where `FooError` must implement `Display` and `Debug`. +/// ```rust +/// # use chainerror::*; +/// # #[derive(Debug)] +/// enum FooError { +/// Bar, +/// Baz(&'static str), +/// } +/// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError { +/// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { +/// # match self { +/// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, "Bar Error"), +/// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, "Baz Error: '{}'", s), +/// # } +/// # } +/// # } +/// +/// // impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError +/// +/// fn do_some_stuff() -> bool { +/// false +/// } +/// +/// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> { +/// if ! do_some_stuff() { +/// Err(cherr!(FooError::Baz("Error")))?; +/// } +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # pub fn main() { +/// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() { +/// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &"Error" => {} +/// # _ => panic!(), +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +/// +/// Additionally an error cause can be added. +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use chainerror::*; +/// # use std::io; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # #[derive(Debug)] +/// # enum FooError { +/// # Bar, +/// # Baz(&'static str), +/// # } +/// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError { +/// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { +/// # match self { +/// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, "Bar Error"), +/// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, "Baz Error: '{}'", s), +/// # } +/// # } +/// # } +/// fn do_some_stuff() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> { +/// do_some_stuff().map_err( +/// |e| cherr!(e, FooError::Baz("Error")) +/// )?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # pub fn main() { +/// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() { +/// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &"Error" => {} +/// # _ => panic!(), +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! cherr { + ( $k:expr ) => ({ + $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": "))) + }); + ( None, $k:expr ) => ({ + $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": "))) + }); + ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); + ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); + ( $e:path, $k:expr ) => ({ + $crate::ChainError::new($k, Some(Box::from($e)), Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": "))) + }); + ( $e:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); +} + +/// Convenience macro for `|e| cherr!(e, format!(…))` +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use crate::chainerror::*; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # use std::io; +/// # use std::result::Result; +/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +/// # Ok(()) +/// # } +/// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// let filename = "foo.txt"; +/// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// func2().map_err(mstrerr!("func1 error"))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// # fn main() { +/// # if let Err(e) = func1() { +/// # #[cfg(not(windows))] +/// # assert_eq!( +/// # format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#" +/// # src/lib.rs:18: func1 error +/// # Caused by: +/// # src/lib.rs:13: Error reading 'foo.txt' +/// # Caused by: +/// # Kind(NotFound) +/// # "# +/// # ); +/// # } else { +/// # unreachable!(); +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +/// +/// `mstrerr!()` can also be used to map a new `ChainError<T>`, where T was defined with +/// `derive_str_cherr!(T)` +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use crate::chainerror::*; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # use std::io; +/// # use std::result::Result; +/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +/// # Ok(()) +/// # } +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); +/// +/// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// let filename = "foo.txt"; +/// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); +/// +/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # fn main() { +/// # if let Err(e) = func1() { +/// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { +/// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some()); +/// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); +/// # } else { +/// # panic!(); +/// # } +/// # } else { +/// # unreachable!(); +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! mstrerr { + ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string())) + }); + ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string())) + }); + ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))) + }); + ($msg:expr) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string()) + }); + ($msg:expr, ) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string()) + }); + ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); +} + +/// Convenience macro for `cherr!(T(format!(…)))` where `T(String)` +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use crate::chainerror::*; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # use std::result::Result; +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); +/// +/// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> { +/// let filename = "foo.txt"; +/// Err(strerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename)) +/// } +/// +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); +/// +/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> { +/// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # fn main() { +/// # if let Err(e) = func1() { +/// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { +/// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some()); +/// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); +/// # } else { +/// # panic!(); +/// # } +/// # } else { +/// # unreachable!(); +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! strerr { + ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string())) + }); + ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string())) + }); + ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))) + }); + ($msg:expr) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string()) + }); + ($msg:expr, ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string()) + }); + ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({ + $crate::cherr!(format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); +} + +/// Convenience macro to create a "new type" T(String) and implement Display + Debug for T +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use crate::chainerror::*; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # use std::io; +/// # use std::result::Result; +/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +/// # Ok(()) +/// # } +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); +/// +/// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> { +/// let filename = "foo.txt"; +/// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); +/// +/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> { +/// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # fn main() { +/// # if let Err(e) = func1() { +/// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { +/// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some()); +/// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); +/// # } else { +/// # panic!(); +/// # } +/// # } else { +/// # unreachable!(); +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! derive_str_cherr { + ($e:ident) => { + #[derive(Clone)] + pub struct $e(pub String); + impl ::std::fmt::Display for $e { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { + write!(f, "{}", self.0) + } + } + impl ::std::fmt::Debug for $e { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { + write!(f, "{}({})", stringify!($e), self.0) + } + } + impl ::std::error::Error for $e {} + }; +} + +/// Derive an Error for an ErrorKind, which wraps a `ChainError` and implements a `kind()` method +/// +/// It basically hides `ChainError` to the outside and only exposes the `kind()` +/// method. +/// +/// Error::kind() returns the ErrorKind +/// Error::source() returns the parent error +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ```rust +/// use std::io; +/// use chainerror::*; +/// +/// fn do_some_io(_f: &str) -> std::result::Result<(), io::Error> { +/// return Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound)); +/// } +/// +/// #[derive(Debug, Clone)] +/// pub enum ErrorKind { +/// IO(String), +/// FatalError(String), +/// Unknown, +/// } +/// +/// derive_err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind); +/// +/// impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind { +/// fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { +/// match self { +/// ErrorKind::FatalError(e) => write!(f, "fatal error {}", e), +/// ErrorKind::Unknown => write!(f, "unknown error"), +/// ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename), +/// } +/// } +/// } +/// +/// impl ErrorKind { +/// fn from_io_error(e: &io::Error, f: String) -> Self { +/// match e.kind() { +/// io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe => panic!("Should not happen"), +/// io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset => { +/// ErrorKind::FatalError(format!("While reading `{}`: {}", f, e)) +/// } +/// _ => ErrorKind::IO(f), +/// } +/// } +/// } +/// +/// impl From<&io::Error> for ErrorKind { +/// fn from(e: &io::Error) -> Self { +/// ErrorKind::IO(format!("{}", e)) +/// } +/// } +/// +/// pub fn func1() -> std::result::Result<(), Error> { +/// let filename = "bar.txt"; +/// +/// do_some_io(filename) +/// .map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from_io_error(&e, filename.into())))?; +/// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::IO(filename.into())))?; +/// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from(&e)))?; +/// do_some_io(filename).map_err(minto_cherr!(ErrorKind))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! derive_err_kind { + ($e:ident, $k:ident) => { + pub struct $e($crate::ChainError<$k>); + + impl $e { + pub fn kind(&self) -> &$k { + self.0.kind() + } + } + + impl From<$k> for $e { + fn from(e: $k) -> Self { + $e($crate::ChainError::new(e, None, None)) + } + } + + impl From<ChainError<$k>> for $e { + fn from(e: $crate::ChainError<$k>) -> Self { + $e(e) + } + } + + impl From<&$e> for $k + where + $k: Clone, + { + fn from(e: &$e) -> Self { + e.kind().clone() + } + } + + impl $crate::ChainErrorFrom<$e> for $k + where + $k: Clone, + { + #[inline] + fn chain_error_from( + t: $e, + line_filename: Option<&'static str>, + ) -> $crate::ChainError<$k> { + $crate::ChainError::new((*t.kind()).clone(), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename) + } + } + + impl std::error::Error for $e { + fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> { + self.0.source() + } + } + + impl std::fmt::Display for $e { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { + std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f) + } + } + + impl std::fmt::Debug for $e { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { + std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.0, f) + } + } + }; +} +}

Writing a library

I would advise to only expose an mycrate::ErrorKind and type alias mycrate::Error to ChainError<mycrate::ErrorKind> @@ -970,20 +14060,1210 @@ have to change much or anything.

#[allow(dead_code)]
 #[macro_use]
 pub mod chainerror {
-{{#includecomment ../src/lib.rs}}
-}
+//! `chainerror` provides an error backtrace without doing a real backtrace, so even after you `strip` your
+//! binaries, you still have the error backtrace.
+//!
+//! `chainerror` has no dependencies!
+//!
+//! `chainerror` uses `.source()` of `std::error::Error` along with `line()!` and `file()!` to provide a nice debug error backtrace.
+//! It encapsulates all types, which have `Display + Debug` and can store the error cause internally.
+//!
+//! Along with the `ChainError<T>` struct, `chainerror` comes with some useful helper macros to save a lot of typing.
+//!
+//! ## Features
+//!
+//! `no-fileline`
+//! : completely turn off storing filename and line
+//!
+//! `display-cause`
+//! : turn on printing a backtrace of the errors in `Display`
+//!
+//! `no-debug-cause`
+//! : turn off printing a backtrace of the errors in `Debug`
+//!
+//!
+//! # Tutorial
+//!
+//! Read the [Tutorial](https://haraldh.github.io/chainerror/tutorial1.html)
+//!
+//! # Examples
+//!
+//! ```rust
+//! use chainerror::*;
+//! use std::error::Error;
+//! use std::io;
+//! use std::result::Result;
+//!
+//! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+//!     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
+//!     Ok(())
+//! }
+//!
+//! fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+//!     let filename = "foo.txt";
+//!     do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?;
+//!     Ok(())
+//! }
+//!
+//! fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+//!     func2().map_err(mstrerr!("func1 error"))?;
+//!     Ok(())
+//! }
+//!
+//! fn main() {
+//!     if let Err(e) = func1() {
+//!         #[cfg(not(windows))]
+//!         assert_eq!(
+//!             format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#"
+//! src/lib.rs:20: func1 error
+//! Caused by:
+//! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt'
+//! Caused by:
+//! Kind(NotFound)
+//! "#
+//!         );
+//!     }
+//! #    else {
+//! #        unreachable!();
+//! #    }
+//! }
+//! ```
+//!
+//!
+//! ```rust
+//! use chainerror::*;
+//! use std::error::Error;
+//! use std::io;
+//! use std::result::Result;
+//!
+//! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+//!     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
+//!     Ok(())
+//! }
+//!
+//! fn func3() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+//!     let filename = "foo.txt";
+//!     do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?;
+//!     Ok(())
+//! }
+//!
+//! derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);
+//!
+//! fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {
+//!     func3().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "func2 error: calling func3"))?;
+//!     Ok(())
+//! }
+//!
+//! enum Func1Error {
+//!     Func2,
+//!     IO(String),
+//! }
+//!
+//! impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1Error {
+//!     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+//!         match self {
+//!             Func1Error::Func2 => write!(f, "func1 error calling func2"),
+//!             Func1Error::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename),
+//!         }
+//!     }
+//! }
+//!
+//! impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Func1Error {
+//!     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+//!         write!(f, "{}", self)
+//!     }
+//! }
+//!
+//! fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1Error> {
+//!     func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::Func2))?;
+//!     let filename = String::from("bar.txt");
+//!     do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::IO(filename)))?;
+//!     Ok(())
+//! }
+//!
+//! fn main() {
+//!     if let Err(e) = func1() {
+//!         assert!(
+//!             match e.kind() {
+//!                 Func1Error::Func2 => {
+//!                     eprintln!("Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2");
+//!                     true
+//!                 }
+//!                 Func1Error::IO(filename) => {
+//!                     eprintln!("Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'", filename);
+//!                     false
+//!                 }
+//!             }
+//!         );
+//!
+//!         assert!(e.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some());
+//!
+//!         if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>() {
+//!             eprintln!("\nError reported by Func2Error: {}", e)
+//!         }
+//!
+//!
+//!         assert!(e.root_cause().is_some());
+//!
+//!         if let Some(e) = e.root_cause() {
+//!             let io_error = e.downcast_ref::<io::Error>().unwrap();
+//!             eprintln!("\nThe root cause was: std::io::Error: {:#?}", io_error);
+//!         }
+//!
+//!         #[cfg(not(windows))]
+//!         assert_eq!(
+//!             format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#"
+//! src/lib.rs:47: func1 error calling func2
+//! Caused by:
+//! src/lib.rs:22: Func2Error(func2 error: calling func3)
+//! Caused by:
+//! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt'
+//! Caused by:
+//! Kind(NotFound)
+//! "#
+//!         );
+//!     }
+//! #    else {
+//! #        unreachable!();
+//! #    }
+//! }
+//! ```
+
+#![deny(
+    warnings,
+    absolute_paths_not_starting_with_crate,
+    deprecated_in_future,
+    keyword_idents,
+    macro_use_extern_crate,
+    missing_debug_implementations,
+    trivial_numeric_casts,
+    unused_extern_crates,
+    unused_import_braces,
+    unused_qualifications,
+    unused_results,
+    unused_labels,
+    unused_lifetimes,
+    unstable_features,
+    unreachable_pub,
+    future_incompatible,
+    missing_copy_implementations,
+    missing_doc_code_examples,
+    rust_2018_idioms,
+    rust_2018_compatibility
+)]
+
+use std::any::TypeId;
+use std::error::Error;
+use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter, Result};
+
+/// chains an inner error kind `T` with a causing error
+pub struct ChainError<T> {
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))]
+    occurrence: Option<&'static str>,
+    kind: T,
+    error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>,
+}
+
+/// convenience type alias
+pub type ChainResult<O, E> = std::result::Result<O, ChainError<E>>;
+
+impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> ChainError<T> {
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))]
+    /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn new(
+        kind: T,
+        error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>,
+        occurrence: Option<&'static str>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            occurrence,
+            kind,
+            error_cause,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "no-fileline")]
+    /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn new(
+        kind: T,
+        error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>,
+        _occurrence: Option<&'static str>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self { kind, error_cause }
+    }
+
+    /// return the root cause of the error chain, if any exists
+    pub fn root_cause(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
+        self.iter().last()
+    }
+
+    /// Find the first error cause of type U, if any exists
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// use chainerror::*;
+    /// use std::error::Error;
+    /// use std::io;
+    ///
+    /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+    ///     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
+    ///     Ok(())
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);
+    ///
+    /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+    ///     let filename = "foo.txt";
+    ///     do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?;
+    ///     Ok(())
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);
+    ///
+    /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+    ///     func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?;
+    ///     Ok(())
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// fn main() {
+    ///     if let Err(e) = func1() {
+    ///         if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() {
+    ///
+    ///             assert!(f1err.find_cause::<io::Error>().is_some());
+    ///
+    ///             assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some());
+    ///         }
+    /// #        else {
+    /// #            panic!();
+    /// #        }
+    ///     }
+    /// #    else {
+    /// #         unreachable!();
+    /// #    }
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn find_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&U> {
+        self.iter().filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::<U>).next()
+    }
+
+    /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError<U>`, if any exists
+    ///
+    /// Same as `find_cause`, but hides the `ChainError<U>` implementation internals
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use chainerror::*;
+    /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooError);
+    /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);
+    /// // Instead of writing
+    /// err.find_cause::<ChainError<FooError>>();
+    ///
+    /// // leave out the ChainError<FooError> implementation detail
+    /// err.find_chain_cause::<FooError>();
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn find_chain_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<U>> {
+        self.iter()
+            .filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::<ChainError<U>>)
+            .next()
+    }
+
+    /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError<U>` or `U`, if any exists and return `U`
+    ///
+    /// Same as `find_cause` and `find_chain_cause`, but hides the `ChainError<U>` implementation internals
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use chainerror::*;
+    /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooErrorKind);
+    /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);
+    /// // Instead of writing
+    /// err.find_cause::<ChainError<FooErrorKind>>();
+    /// // and/or
+    /// err.find_chain_cause::<FooErrorKind>();
+    /// // and/or
+    /// err.find_cause::<FooErrorKind>();
+    ///
+    /// // leave out the ChainError<FooErrorKind> implementation detail
+    /// err.find_kind_or_cause::<FooErrorKind>();
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn find_kind_or_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&U> {
+        self.iter()
+            .filter_map(|e| {
+                e.downcast_ref::<ChainError<U>>()
+                    .map(|e| e.kind())
+                    .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::<U>())
+            })
+            .next()
+    }
+
+    /// Return a reference to T of `ChainError<T>`
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// use chainerror::*;
+    /// use std::error::Error;
+    /// use std::io;
+    ///
+    /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+    ///     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
+    ///     Ok(())
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);
+    ///
+    /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+    ///     let filename = "foo.txt";
+    ///     do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?;
+    ///     Ok(())
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// #[derive(Debug)]
+    /// enum Func1ErrorKind {
+    ///     Func2,
+    ///     IO(String),
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// /// impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {…}
+    /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {
+    /// #     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+    /// #         match self {
+    /// #             Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, "func1 error calling func2"),
+    /// #             Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename),
+    /// #         }
+    /// #     }
+    /// # }
+    ///
+    /// fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> {
+    ///     func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::Func2))?;
+    ///     do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::IO("bar.txt".into())))?;
+    ///     Ok(())
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// fn main() {
+    ///     if let Err(e) = func1() {
+    ///         match e.kind() {
+    ///             Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => {}
+    ///             Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => panic!(),
+    ///         }
+    ///     }
+    /// #    else {
+    /// #         unreachable!();
+    /// #    }
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn kind(&self) -> &T {
+        &self.kind
+    }
+
+    /// Returns an Iterator over all error causes/sources
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    ///
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &(dyn Error + 'static)> {
+        ErrorIter {
+            current: Some(self),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+struct ErrorIter<'a> {
+    current: Option<&'a (dyn Error + 'static)>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Iterator for ErrorIter<'a> {
+    type Item = &'a (dyn Error + 'static);
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        let current = self.current;
+        self.current = self.current.and_then(Error::source);
+        current
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> std::ops::Deref for ChainError<T> {
+    type Target = T;
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        &self.kind
+    }
+}
+
+/// Convenience trait to hide the `ChainError<T>` implementation internals
+pub trait ChainErrorDown {
+    /// Test if of type `ChainError<T>`
+    fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool;
+    /// Downcast to a reference of `ChainError<T>`
+    fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>>;
+    /// Downcast to a mutable reference of `ChainError<T>`
+    fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>>;
+    /// Downcast to T of `ChainError<T>`
+    fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T>;
+    /// Downcast to T mutable reference of `ChainError<T>`
+    fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>;
+}
+
+impl<U: 'static + Display + Debug> ChainErrorDown for ChainError<U> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool {
+        TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<U>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> {
+        if self.is_chain::<T>() {
+            #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
+            unsafe {
+                #[allow(trivial_casts)]
+                Some(&*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError<T>))
+            }
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> {
+        if self.is_chain::<T>() {
+            #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
+            unsafe {
+                #[allow(trivial_casts)]
+                Some(&mut *(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError<T>))
+            }
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
+        if self.is_chain::<T>() {
+            #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
+            unsafe {
+                #[allow(trivial_casts)]
+                Some(&(*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError<T>)).kind)
+            }
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {
+        if self.is_chain::<T>() {
+            #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
+            unsafe {
+                #[allow(trivial_casts)]
+                Some(&mut (*(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError<T>)).kind)
+            }
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static {
+    #[inline]
+    fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> {
+        self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> {
+        self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
+        self.downcast_ref::<T>()
+            .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind()))
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {
+        if self.is::<T>() {
+            return self.downcast_mut::<T>();
+        }
+
+        self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>()
+            .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>())
+    }
+}
+
+impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send {
+    #[inline]
+    fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> {
+        self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> {
+        self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
+        self.downcast_ref::<T>()
+            .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind()))
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {
+        if self.is::<T>() {
+            return self.downcast_mut::<T>();
+        }
+
+        self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>()
+            .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>())
+    }
+}
+
+impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync {
+    #[inline]
+    fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> {
+        self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> {
+        self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
+        self.downcast_ref::<T>()
+            .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind()))
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {
+        if self.is::<T>() {
+            return self.downcast_mut::<T>();
+        }
+
+        self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>()
+            .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for ChainError<T> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
+        self.error_cause
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for &ChainError<T> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
+        self.error_cause
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for &mut ChainError<T> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
+        self.error_cause
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Display for ChainError<T> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {
+        write!(f, "{}", self.kind)?;
+
+        #[cfg(feature = "display-cause")]
+        {
+            if let Some(e) = self.source() {
+                writeln!(f, "\nCaused by:")?;
+                Display::fmt(&e, f)?;
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Debug for ChainError<T> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {
+        #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))]
+        {
+            if let Some(ref o) = self.occurrence {
+                Display::fmt(o, f)?;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if self.is_chain::<String>() {
+            Display::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;
+        } else {
+            Debug::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;
+        }
+
+        #[cfg(not(feature = "no-debug-cause"))]
+        {
+            if let Some(e) = self.source() {
+                writeln!(f, "\nCaused by:")?;
+                Debug::fmt(&e, f)?;
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+/// `ChainErrorFrom<T>` is similar to `From<T>`
+pub trait ChainErrorFrom<T>: Sized {
+    /// similar to From<T>::from()
+    fn chain_error_from(from: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self>;
+}
+
+/// `IntoChainError<T>` is similar to `Into<T>`
+pub trait IntoChainError<T>: Sized {
+    /// similar to Into<T>::into()
+    fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<T>;
+}
+
+impl<T, U> IntoChainError<U> for T
+where
+    U: ChainErrorFrom<T>,
+{
+    #[inline]
+    fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<U> {
+        U::chain_error_from(self, line_filename)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, U> ChainErrorFrom<T> for U
+where
+    T: Into<U>,
+    U: 'static + Display + Debug,
+{
+    #[inline]
+    fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self> {
+        let e: U = t.into();
+        ChainError::new(e, None, line_filename)
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+impl<T, U> ChainErrorFrom<T> for U
+    where
+        T: 'static + Error + Into<Box<T>> + Clone,
+        U: 'static + Display + Debug + From<T>,
+{
+    #[inline]
+    fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self> {
+        ChainError::new(U::from(t.clone()), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename)
+    }
+}
+*/
+
+/// map into `ChainError<T>` with `T::from(err)`
+///
+/// adds `line!()` and `file!()` information
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! minto_cherr {
+    ( $k:ident ) => (
+        |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $k::from(&e))
+    );
+    ( $enum:ident $(:: $enum_path:ident)* ) => (
+        |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $enum $(:: $enum_path)*::from(&e))
+    );
+}
+
+/// Creates a new `ChainError<T>`
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// Create a new ChainError<FooError>, where `FooError` must implement `Display` and `Debug`.
+/// ```rust
+/// # use chainerror::*;
+/// # #[derive(Debug)]
+/// enum FooError {
+///     Bar,
+///     Baz(&'static str),
+/// }
+/// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError {
+/// #     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+/// #         match self {
+/// #             FooError::Bar => write!(f, "Bar Error"),
+/// #             FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, "Baz Error: '{}'", s),
+/// #         }
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+///
+/// //  impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError
+///
+/// fn do_some_stuff() -> bool {
+///     false
+/// }
+///
+/// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> {
+///     if ! do_some_stuff() {
+///         Err(cherr!(FooError::Baz("Error")))?;
+///     }
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+/// # pub fn main() {
+/// #     match func().unwrap_err().kind() {
+/// #         FooError::Baz(s) if s == &"Error" => {}
+/// #         _ => panic!(),
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+/// ```
+///
+/// Additionally an error cause can be added.
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use chainerror::*;
+/// # use std::io;
+/// # use std::error::Error;
+/// # #[derive(Debug)]
+/// # enum FooError {
+/// #     Bar,
+/// #     Baz(&'static str),
+/// # }
+/// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError {
+/// #     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+/// #         match self {
+/// #             FooError::Bar => write!(f, "Bar Error"),
+/// #             FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, "Baz Error: '{}'", s),
+/// #         }
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+/// fn do_some_stuff() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+///     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+///
+/// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> {
+///     do_some_stuff().map_err(
+///         |e| cherr!(e, FooError::Baz("Error"))
+///     )?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+/// # pub fn main() {
+/// #     match func().unwrap_err().kind() {
+/// #         FooError::Baz(s) if s == &"Error" => {}
+/// #         _ => panic!(),
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+/// ```
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! cherr {
+    ( $k:expr ) => ({
+        $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": ")))
+    });
+    ( None, $k:expr ) => ({
+        $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": ")))
+    });
+    ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))
+    });
+    ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))
+    });
+    ( $e:path, $k:expr ) => ({
+        $crate::ChainError::new($k, Some(Box::from($e)), Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": ")))
+    });
+    ( $e:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!($e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))
+    });
+}
+
+/// Convenience macro for `|e| cherr!(e, format!(…))`
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use crate::chainerror::*;
+/// # use std::error::Error;
+/// # use std::io;
+/// # use std::result::Result;
+/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+/// #     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
+/// #     Ok(())
+/// # }
+/// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+///     let filename = "foo.txt";
+///     do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+///
+/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+///     func2().map_err(mstrerr!("func1 error"))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+///
+/// # fn main() {
+/// #     if let Err(e) = func1() {
+/// #         #[cfg(not(windows))]
+/// #         assert_eq!(
+/// #             format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#"
+/// # src/lib.rs:18: func1 error
+/// # Caused by:
+/// # src/lib.rs:13: Error reading 'foo.txt'
+/// # Caused by:
+/// # Kind(NotFound)
+/// # "#
+/// #         );
+/// #     } else {
+/// #         unreachable!();
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+/// ```
+///
+/// `mstrerr!()` can also be used to map a new `ChainError<T>`, where T was defined with
+/// `derive_str_cherr!(T)`
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use crate::chainerror::*;
+/// # use std::error::Error;
+/// # use std::io;
+/// # use std::result::Result;
+/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+/// #     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
+/// #     Ok(())
+/// # }
+/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);
+///
+/// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+///     let filename = "foo.txt";
+///     do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+///
+/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);
+///
+/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+///     func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+/// # fn main() {
+/// #     if let Err(e) = func1() {
+/// #         if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() {
+/// #             assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some());
+/// #             assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some());
+/// #         } else {
+/// #             panic!();
+/// #         }
+/// #     } else {
+/// #         unreachable!();
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+/// ```
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! mstrerr {
+    ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({
+        |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string()))
+    });
+    ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({
+        |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string()))
+    });
+    ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({
+        |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )))
+    });
+    ($msg:expr) => ({
+        |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string())
+    });
+    ($msg:expr, ) => ({
+        |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string())
+    });
+    ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({
+        |e| $crate::cherr!(e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))
+    });
+}
+
+/// Convenience macro for `cherr!(T(format!(…)))` where `T(String)`
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use crate::chainerror::*;
+/// # use std::error::Error;
+/// # use std::result::Result;
+/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);
+///
+/// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {
+///     let filename = "foo.txt";
+///     Err(strerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))
+/// }
+///
+/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);
+///
+/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+///     func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+/// # fn main() {
+/// #     if let Err(e) = func1() {
+/// #         if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() {
+/// #             assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some());
+/// #             assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some());
+/// #         } else {
+/// #             panic!();
+/// #         }
+/// #     } else {
+/// #         unreachable!();
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+/// ```
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! strerr {
+    ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string()))
+    });
+    ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string()))
+    });
+    ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!($t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )))
+    });
+    ($msg:expr) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string())
+    });
+    ($msg:expr, ) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string())
+    });
+    ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!(format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))
+    });
+}
+
+/// Convenience macro to create a "new type" T(String) and implement Display + Debug for T
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use crate::chainerror::*;
+/// # use std::error::Error;
+/// # use std::io;
+/// # use std::result::Result;
+/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+/// #     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
+/// #     Ok(())
+/// # }
+/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);
+///
+/// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {
+///     let filename = "foo.txt";
+///     do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+///
+/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);
+///
+/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+///     func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+/// # fn main() {
+/// #     if let Err(e) = func1() {
+/// #         if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() {
+/// #             assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some());
+/// #             assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some());
+/// #         } else {
+/// #             panic!();
+/// #         }
+/// #     } else {
+/// #         unreachable!();
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+/// ```
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! derive_str_cherr {
+    ($e:ident) => {
+        #[derive(Clone)]
+        pub struct $e(pub String);
+        impl ::std::fmt::Display for $e {
+            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+                write!(f, "{}", self.0)
+            }
+        }
+        impl ::std::fmt::Debug for $e {
+            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+                write!(f, "{}({})", stringify!($e), self.0)
+            }
+        }
+        impl ::std::error::Error for $e {}
+    };
+}
+
+/// Derive an Error for an ErrorKind, which wraps a `ChainError` and implements a `kind()` method
+///
+/// It basically hides `ChainError` to the outside and only exposes the `kind()`
+/// method.
+///
+/// Error::kind() returns the ErrorKind
+/// Error::source() returns the parent error
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// use std::io;
+/// use chainerror::*;
+///
+/// fn do_some_io(_f: &str) -> std::result::Result<(), io::Error> {
+///     return Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound));
+/// }
+///
+/// #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+/// pub enum ErrorKind {
+///     IO(String),
+///     FatalError(String),
+///     Unknown,
+/// }
+///
+/// derive_err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind);
+///
+/// impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind {
+///     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
+///         match self {
+///             ErrorKind::FatalError(e) => write!(f, "fatal error {}", e),
+///             ErrorKind::Unknown => write!(f, "unknown error"),
+///             ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename),
+///         }
+///     }
+/// }
+///
+/// impl ErrorKind {
+///     fn from_io_error(e: &io::Error, f: String) -> Self {
+///         match e.kind() {
+///             io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe => panic!("Should not happen"),
+///             io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset => {
+///                 ErrorKind::FatalError(format!("While reading `{}`: {}", f, e))
+///             }
+///             _ => ErrorKind::IO(f),
+///         }
+///     }
+/// }
+///
+/// impl From<&io::Error> for ErrorKind {
+///     fn from(e: &io::Error) -> Self {
+///         ErrorKind::IO(format!("{}", e))
+///     }
+/// }
+///
+/// pub fn func1() -> std::result::Result<(), Error> {
+///     let filename = "bar.txt";
+///
+///     do_some_io(filename)
+///         .map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from_io_error(&e, filename.into())))?;
+///     do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::IO(filename.into())))?;
+///     do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from(&e)))?;
+///     do_some_io(filename).map_err(minto_cherr!(ErrorKind))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+/// ```
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! derive_err_kind {
+    ($e:ident, $k:ident) => {
+        pub struct $e($crate::ChainError<$k>);
+
+        impl $e {
+            pub fn kind(&self) -> &$k {
+                self.0.kind()
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl From<$k> for $e {
+            fn from(e: $k) -> Self {
+                $e($crate::ChainError::new(e, None, None))
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl From<ChainError<$k>> for $e {
+            fn from(e: $crate::ChainError<$k>) -> Self {
+                $e(e)
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl From<&$e> for $k
+        where
+            $k: Clone,
+        {
+            fn from(e: &$e) -> Self {
+                e.kind().clone()
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl $crate::ChainErrorFrom<$e> for $k
+        where
+            $k: Clone,
+        {
+            #[inline]
+            fn chain_error_from(
+                t: $e,
+                line_filename: Option<&'static str>,
+            ) -> $crate::ChainError<$k> {
+                $crate::ChainError::new((*t.kind()).clone(), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename)
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl std::error::Error for $e {
+            fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> {
+                self.0.source()
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl std::fmt::Display for $e {
+            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
+                std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f)
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl std::fmt::Debug for $e {
+            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
+                std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.0, f)
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+}
 pub mod mycrate {
     use crate::chainerror::*; // omit the `crate::` part
     use std::io;
 
-    fn do_some_io() -> std::result::Result<(), Box<std::error::Error + Send + Sync>> {
+    fn do_some_io() -> std::result::Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync>> {
         Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
         Ok(())
     }
 
     derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);
 
-    fn func2() -> std::result::Result<(), Box<std::error::Error + Send + Sync>> {
+    fn func2() -> std::result::Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync>> {
         let filename = "foo.txt";
         do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?;
         Ok(())
@@ -1016,7 +15296,7 @@ have to change much or anything.

     }
 }
 
-fn main() -> Result<(), Box<std::error::Error + Send + Sync>> {
+fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync>> {
     use mycrate::func1;
     use mycrate::ErrorKind;
     use std::error::Error;
@@ -1031,7 +15311,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<std::error::Error + Send + Sync>> {
         }
 
         eprintln!();
-        let mut s: &Error = &e;
+        let mut s: &dyn Error = &e;
         while let Some(c) = s.source() {
             if let Some(ioerror) = c.downcast_ref::<io::Error>() {
                 eprintln!("caused by: std::io::Error: {}", ioerror);
@@ -1237,7 +15517,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<std::error::Error + Send + Sync>> {
     }
 }
 
-fn main() -> Result<(), Box<std::error::Error + Send + Sync>> {
+fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync>> {
     use mycrate::func1;
     use mycrate::ErrorKind;
     use std::error::Error;
@@ -1252,7 +15532,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<std::error::Error + Send + Sync>> {
         }
 
         eprintln!();
-        let mut s: &Error = &e;
+        let mut s: &dyn Error = &e;
         while let Some(c) = s.source() {
             if let Some(ioerror) = c.downcast_ref::<io::Error>() {
                 eprintln!("caused by: std::io::Error: {}", ioerror);
diff --git a/searchindex.js b/searchindex.js
index cbbd5bc..0ff3eee 100644
--- a/searchindex.js
+++ b/searchindex.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Object.assign(window.search, {"doc_urls":["index.html#chainerror","index.html#example","index.html#features","tutorial1.html#simple-string-errors","tutorial2.html#simple-chained-string-errors","tutorial2.html#what-did-we-do-here","tutorial3.html#mapping-errors","tutorial4.html#saving-coding-chars","tutorial5.html#the-source-of-errors","tutorial6.html#downcast-the-errors","tutorial7.html#the-root-cause-of-all-errors","tutorial8.html#finding-an-error-cause","tutorial9.html#selective-error-handling","tutorial10.html#errorkind-to-the-rescue","tutorial11.html#debug-for-the-errorkind","tutorial12.html#deref-for-the-errorkind","tutorial13.html#writing-a-library","tutorial14.html#going-back-to-std","end.html#the-end"],"index":{"documentStore":{"docInfo":{"0":{"body":60,"breadcrumbs":1,"title":1},"1":{"body":174,"breadcrumbs":1,"title":1},"10":{"body":137,"breadcrumbs":3,"title":3},"11":{"body":104,"breadcrumbs":3,"title":3},"12":{"body":120,"breadcrumbs":3,"title":3},"13":{"body":175,"breadcrumbs":2,"title":2},"14":{"body":179,"breadcrumbs":2,"title":2},"15":{"body":159,"breadcrumbs":2,"title":2},"16":{"body":175,"breadcrumbs":2,"title":2},"17":{"body":345,"breadcrumbs":3,"title":3},"18":{"body":18,"breadcrumbs":1,"title":1},"2":{"body":20,"breadcrumbs":1,"title":1},"3":{"body":102,"breadcrumbs":3,"title":3},"4":{"body":75,"breadcrumbs":4,"title":4},"5":{"body":46,"breadcrumbs":1,"title":1},"6":{"body":93,"breadcrumbs":2,"title":2},"7":{"body":79,"breadcrumbs":3,"title":3},"8":{"body":92,"breadcrumbs":2,"title":2},"9":{"body":104,"breadcrumbs":2,"title":2}},"docs":{"0":{"body":"Build Status Crate Rust Documentation chainerror provides an error backtrace like failure without doing a real backtrace, so even after you strip your binaries, you still have the error backtrace. chainerror has no dependencies! chainerror uses .source() of std::error::Error along with line()! and file()! to provide a nice debug error backtrace. It encapsulates all types, which have Display + Debug and can store the error cause internally. Along with the ChainError struct, chainerror comes with some useful helper macros to save a lot of typing. Debug information is worth it! Now continue reading the Tutorial","breadcrumbs":"chainerror","id":"0","title":"chainerror"},"1":{"body":"Output: $ cargo run -q --example example\nMain Error Report: func1 error calling func2 Error reported by Func2Error: func2 error: calling func3 The root cause was: std::io::Error: Kind( NotFound\n) Debug Error:\nexamples/example.rs:45: func1 error calling func2\nCaused by:\nexamples/example.rs:20: Func2Error(func2 error: calling func3)\nCaused by:\nexamples/example.rs:13: Error reading 'foo.txt'\nCaused by:\nKind(NotFound) use chainerror::*;\nuse std::error::Error;\nuse std::io;\nuse std::result::Result; fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(())\n} fn func3() -> Result<(), Box> { let filename = \"foo.txt\"; do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?; Ok(())\n} derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> { func3().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"func2 error: calling func3\"))?; Ok(())\n} enum Func1Error { Func2, IO(String),\n} impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1Error { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { match self { Func1Error::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"), Func1Error::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename), } }\n} impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Func1Error { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { write!(f, \"{}\", self) }\n} fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1Error> { func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::Func2))?; let filename = String::from(\"bar.txt\"); do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::IO(filename)))?; Ok(())\n} fn main() { if let Err(e) = func1() { match e.kind() { Func1Error::Func2 => eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2\"), Func1Error::IO(filename) => { eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'\", filename) } } if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::() { eprintln!(\"\\nError reported by Func2Error: {}\", e) } if let Some(e) = e.root_cause() { let ioerror = e.downcast_ref::().unwrap(); eprintln!(\"\\nThe root cause was: std::io::Error: {:#?}\", ioerror); } eprintln!(\"\\nDebug Error:\\n{:?}\", e); }\n}","breadcrumbs":"Example:","id":"1","title":"Example:"},"10":{"body":"chainerror also has some helper methods: fn is_chain(&self) -> bool\nfn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError>\nfn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError>\nfn root_cause(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)>\nfn find_cause(&self) -> Option<&U>\nfn find_chain_cause(&self) -> Option<&ChainError>\nfn kind<'a>(&'a self) -> &'a T Using downcast_chain_ref::() gives a ChainError, which can be used to call .find_cause::(). if let Some(s) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() { if let Some(ioerror) = s.find_cause::() { or to use .root_cause(), which of course can be of any type implementing std::error::Error. if let Some(e) = s.root_cause() { use chainerror::*;\nuse std::error::Error;\nuse std::io;\nuse std::result::Result; fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(())\n} fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> { let filename = \"foo.txt\"; do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?; Ok(())\n} fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> { func2().map_err(mstrerr!(\"func1 error\"))?; Ok(())\n} fn main() -> Result<(), Box> { if let Err(e) = func1() { eprintln!(\"Error: {}\", e); if let Some(s) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() { if let Some(ioerror) = s.find_cause::() { eprintln!(\"caused by: std::io::Error: {}\", ioerror); match ioerror.kind() { io::ErrorKind::NotFound => eprintln!(\"of kind: std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound\"), _ => {} } } if let Some(e) = s.root_cause() { let ioerror = e.downcast_ref::().unwrap(); eprintln!(\"The root cause was: std::io::Error: {:#?}\", ioerror); } } } Ok(())\n}\n# #[allow(dead_code)]\n# mod chainerror {\n{{#includecomment ../src/lib.rs}}\n# }","breadcrumbs":"The root cause of all Errors","id":"10","title":"The root cause of all Errors"},"11":{"body":"To distinguish the errors occuring in various places, we can define named string errors with the \"new type\" pattern. derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\nderive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); Instead of ChainError we now have struct Func1Error(String) and ChainError. In the main function you can see, how we can match the different errors. Also see: if let Some(f2err) = f1err.find_chain_cause::() { as a shortcut to if let Some(f2err) = f1err.find_cause::>() { hiding the ChainError implementation detail. use chainerror::*;\nuse std::error::Error;\nuse std::io;\nuse std::result::Result; fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(())\n} derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> { let filename = \"foo.txt\"; do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?; Ok(())\n} derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> { func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?; Ok(())\n} fn main() -> Result<(), Box> { if let Err(e) = func1() { if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() { eprintln!(\"Func1Error: {}\", f1err); if let Some(f2err) = f1err.find_cause::>() { eprintln!(\"Func2Error: {}\", f2err); } if let Some(f2err) = f1err.find_chain_cause::() { eprintln!(\"Debug Func2Error:\\n{:?}\", f2err); } } } Ok(())\n}\n# #[allow(dead_code)]\n# mod chainerror {\n{{#includecomment ../src/lib.rs}}\n# }","breadcrumbs":"Finding an Error cause","id":"11","title":"Finding an Error cause"},"12":{"body":"What about functions returning different Error types? In this example func1() can return either Func1ErrorFunc2 or Func1ErrorIO. We might want to match on func1() with something like: fn main() -> Result<(), Box> { match func1() { Err(e) if let Some(s) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() => eprintln!(\"Func1ErrorIO:\\n{:?}\", s), Err(e) if let Some(s) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() => eprintln!(\"Func1ErrorFunc2:\\n{:?}\", s), Ok(_) => {}, } Ok(())\n} but this is not valid rust code, so we end up doing it the hard way. In the next chapter, we will see, how to solve this more elegantly. use chainerror::*;\nuse std::error::Error;\nuse std::io;\nuse std::result::Result; fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(())\n} derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> { let filename = \"foo.txt\"; do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?; Ok(())\n} derive_str_cherr!(Func1ErrorFunc2);\nderive_str_cherr!(Func1ErrorIO); fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> { func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1ErrorFunc2, \"func1 error calling func2\"))?; let filename = \"bar.txt\"; do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1ErrorIO, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?; Ok(())\n} fn main() -> Result<(), Box> { if let Err(e) = func1() { if let Some(s) = e.downcast_ref::>() { eprintln!(\"Func1ErrorIO:\\n{:?}\", s); } if let Some(s) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() { eprintln!(\"Func1ErrorFunc2:\\n{:?}\", s); } } Ok(())\n}\n# #[allow(dead_code)]\n# mod chainerror {\n{{#includecomment ../src/lib.rs}}\n# }","breadcrumbs":"Selective Error Handling","id":"12","title":"Selective Error Handling"},"13":{"body":"To cope with different kind of errors, we introduce the kind of an error Func1ErrorKind with an enum. Because we derive Debug and implement Display our Func1ErrorKind enum, this enum can be used as a std::error::Error. Not using String errors anymore, the cherr!() macro seen in the beginning of the tutorial has to be used again. Only returning Func1ErrorKind in func1() now let us get rid of Result<(), Box> and we can use ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind>. In main we can now directly use the methods of ChainError without downcasting the error first. Also a nice match on ChainError.kind() is now possible, which returns &T, meaning &Func1ErrorKind here. use chainerror::*;\nuse std::error::Error;\nuse std::io;\nuse std::result::Result; fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(())\n} derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> { let filename = \"foo.txt\"; do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?; Ok(())\n} #[derive(Debug)]\nenum Func1ErrorKind { Func2, IO(String),\n} impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { match self { Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"), Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename), } }\n}\nimpl ::std::error::Error for Func1ErrorKind {} fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> { func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::Func2))?; let filename = String::from(\"bar.txt\"); do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename)))?; Ok(())\n} fn main() -> Result<(), Box> { if let Err(e) = func1() { match e.kind() { Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2\"), Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => { eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'\", filename) } } if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::() { eprintln!(\"\\nError reported by Func2Error: {}\", e) } eprintln!(\"\\nDebug Error:\\n{:?}\", e); } Ok(())\n}\n# #[allow(dead_code)]\n# mod chainerror {\n{{#includecomment ../src/lib.rs}}\n# }","breadcrumbs":"ErrorKind to the rescue","id":"13","title":"ErrorKind to the rescue"},"14":{"body":"One small improvement at the end of the tutorial is to fix the debug output of Func1ErrorKind. As you probably noticed, the output doesn't say much of the enum. Debug Error:\nsrc/main.rs:35: Func2\n[…] As a lazy shortcut, we implement Debug by calling Display and end up with Debug Error:\nsrc/main.rs:40: func1 error calling func2\n[…} which gives us a lot more detail. To create your own Errors, you might find crates which create enum Display+Debug via derive macros. Also noteworthy is custom_error to define your custom errors, which can then be used with chainerror. use chainerror::*;\nuse std::error::Error;\nuse std::io;\nuse std::result::Result; fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(())\n} derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> { let filename = \"foo.txt\"; do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?; Ok(())\n} enum Func1ErrorKind { Func2, IO(String),\n} impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { match self { Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"), Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename), } }\n} impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Func1ErrorKind { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { write!(f, \"{}\", self) }\n} impl ::std::error::Error for Func1ErrorKind {} fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> { func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::Func2))?; let filename = String::from(\"bar.txt\"); do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename)))?; Ok(())\n} fn main() -> Result<(), Box> { if let Err(e) = func1() { match e.kind() { Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2\"), Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => { eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'\", filename) } } if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::() { eprintln!(\"\\nError reported by Func2Error: {}\", e) } eprintln!(\"\\nDebug Error:\\n{:?}\", e); } Ok(())\n}\n# #[allow(dead_code)]\n# mod chainerror {\n{{#includecomment ../src/lib.rs}}\n# }","breadcrumbs":"Debug for the ErrorKind","id":"14","title":"Debug for the ErrorKind"},"15":{"body":"Because ChainError implements Deref to &T, we can also match on *e instead of e.kind() or call a function with &e use chainerror::*;\nuse std::error::Error;\nuse std::io;\nuse std::result::Result; fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(())\n} derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> { let filename = \"foo.txt\"; do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?; Ok(())\n} enum Func1ErrorKind { Func2, IO(String),\n} impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { match self { Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"), Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename), } }\n} impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Func1ErrorKind { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { write!(f, \"{}\", self) }\n} impl ::std::error::Error for Func1ErrorKind {} fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> { func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::Func2))?; let filename = String::from(\"bar.txt\"); do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename)))?; Ok(())\n} fn handle_func1errorkind(e: &Func1ErrorKind) { match e { Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2\"), Func1ErrorKind::IO(ref filename) => { eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'\", filename) } }\n} fn main() -> Result<(), Box> { if let Err(e) = func1() { match *e { Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2\"), Func1ErrorKind::IO(ref filename) => { eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'\", filename) } } handle_func1errorkind(&e); if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::() { eprintln!(\"\\nError reported by Func2Error: {}\", e) } eprintln!(\"\\nDebug Error:\\n{:?}\", e); } Ok(())\n}\n# #[allow(dead_code)]\n# mod chainerror {\n{{#includecomment ../src/lib.rs}}\n# }","breadcrumbs":"Deref for the ErrorKind","id":"15","title":"Deref for the ErrorKind"},"16":{"body":"I would advise to only expose an mycrate::ErrorKind and type alias mycrate::Error to ChainError so you can tell your library users to use the .kind() method as std::io::Error does. If you later decide to make your own Error implementation, your library users don't have to change much or anything. # #[allow(dead_code)]\n# #[macro_use]\n# pub mod chainerror {\n{{#includecomment ../src/lib.rs}}\n# }\npub mod mycrate { use crate::chainerror::*; // omit the `crate::` part use std::io; fn do_some_io() -> std::result::Result<(), Box> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(()) } derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); fn func2() -> std::result::Result<(), Box> { let filename = \"foo.txt\"; do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?; Ok(()) } #[derive(Debug, Clone)] pub enum ErrorKind { Func2, IO(String), } derive_err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind); pub type Result = std::result::Result; impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { match self { ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"), ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename), } } } pub fn func1() -> Result<()> { func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::Func2))?; let filename = String::from(\"bar.txt\"); do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::IO(filename)))?; Ok(()) }\n} fn main() -> Result<(), Box> { use mycrate::func1; use mycrate::ErrorKind; use std::error::Error; use std::io; if let Err(e) = func1() { match e.kind() { ErrorKind::Func2 => eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2\"), ErrorKind::IO(ref filename) => { eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'\", filename) } } eprintln!(); let mut s: &Error = &e; while let Some(c) = s.source() { if let Some(ioerror) = c.downcast_ref::() { eprintln!(\"caused by: std::io::Error: {}\", ioerror); match ioerror.kind() { io::ErrorKind::NotFound => eprintln!(\"of kind: std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound\"), _ => {} } } else { eprintln!(\"caused by: {}\", c); } s = c; } eprintln!(\"\\nDebug Error:\\n{:?}\", e); } Ok(())\n}","breadcrumbs":"Writing a library","id":"16","title":"Writing a library"},"17":{"body":"Not using chainerror and going full std would look like this: Btw, the code size is bigger than using chainerror :-) pub mod mycrate { use std::error::Error as StdError; use func2mod::{do_some_io, func2}; pub mod func2mod { use std::error::Error as StdError; use std::io; pub enum ErrorKind { IO(String), } impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { match self { ErrorKind::IO(s) => std::fmt::Display::fmt(s, f), } } } impl std::fmt::Debug for ErrorKind { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { match self { ErrorKind::IO(s) => std::fmt::Display::fmt(s, f), } } } macro_rules! mcherr { ( $k:expr ) => {{ |e| { Error( $k, Some(Box::from(e)), Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")), ) } }}; } pub struct Error( ErrorKind, Option>, Option<&'static str>, ); impl Error { pub fn kind(&self) -> &ErrorKind { &self.0 } } impl From for Error { fn from(e: ErrorKind) -> Self { Error(e, None, None) } } impl std::error::Error for Error { fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> { self.1.as_ref().map(|e| e.as_ref()) } } impl std::fmt::Display for Error { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f) } } impl std::fmt::Debug for Error { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { if let Some(ref o) = self.2 { std::fmt::Display::fmt(o, f)?; } std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.0, f)?; if let Some(e) = self.source() { std::fmt::Display::fmt(\"\\nCaused by:\\n\", f)?; std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&e, f)?; } Ok(()) } } pub fn do_some_io() -> std::result::Result<(), Box> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(()) } pub fn func2() -> std::result::Result<(), Error> { let filename = \"foo.txt\"; do_some_io().map_err(mcherr!(ErrorKind::IO(format!( \"Error reading '{}'\", filename ))))?; Ok(()) } } #[derive(Debug)] pub enum ErrorKind { Func2, IO(String), } impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { match self { ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"), ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename), } } } macro_rules! mcherr { ( $k:expr ) => {{ |e| { Error( $k, Some(Box::from(e)), Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")), ) } }}; } pub struct Error( ErrorKind, Option>, Option<&'static str>, ); impl Error { pub fn kind(&self) -> &ErrorKind { &self.0 } } impl From for Error { fn from(e: ErrorKind) -> Self { Error(e, None, None) } } impl std::error::Error for Error { fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> { self.1.as_ref().map(|e| e.as_ref()) } } impl std::fmt::Display for Error { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f) } } impl std::fmt::Debug for Error { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { if let Some(ref o) = self.2 { std::fmt::Display::fmt(o, f)?; } std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.0, f)?; if let Some(e) = self.source() { std::fmt::Display::fmt(\"\\nCaused by:\\n\", f)?; std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&e, f)?; } Ok(()) } } pub type Result = std::result::Result; pub fn func1() -> Result<()> { func2().map_err(mcherr!(ErrorKind::Func2))?; let filename = String::from(\"bar.txt\"); do_some_io().map_err(mcherr!(ErrorKind::IO(filename)))?; Ok(()) }\n} fn main() -> Result<(), Box> { use mycrate::func1; use mycrate::ErrorKind; use std::error::Error; use std::io; if let Err(e) = func1() { match e.kind() { ErrorKind::Func2 => eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2\"), ErrorKind::IO(ref filename) => { eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'\", filename) } } eprintln!(); let mut s: &Error = &e; while let Some(c) = s.source() { if let Some(ioerror) = c.downcast_ref::() { eprintln!(\"caused by: std::io::Error: {}\", ioerror); match ioerror.kind() { io::ErrorKind::NotFound => eprintln!(\"of kind: std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound\"), _ => {} } } else { eprintln!(\"caused by: {}\", c); } s = c; } eprintln!(\"\\nDebug Error:\\n{:?}\", e); } Ok(())\n}","breadcrumbs":"Going back to std","id":"17","title":"Going back to std"},"18":{"body":"That's it for now… Happy error handling! To report issues, submit pull request or for the source code, examples and the book source, visit the Git Repo .","breadcrumbs":"The End","id":"18","title":"The End"},"2":{"body":"no-fileline : completely turn off storing filename and line display-cause : turn on printing a backtrace of the errors in Display no-debug-cause : turn off printing a backtrace of the errors in Debug","breadcrumbs":"Features","id":"2","title":"Features"},"3":{"body":"An easy way of doing error handling in rust is by returning String as a Box. If the rust main function returns an Err(), this Err() will be displayed with std::fmt::Debug. As you can see by running the example (by pressing the \"Play\" button in upper right of the code block), this only prints out the last Error. Error: StringError(\"func1 error\") The next chapters of this tutorial show how chainerror adds more information and improves inspecting the sources of an error. You can also run the tutorial examples in the checked out chainerror git repo . $ cargo run -q --example tutorial1 use std::error::Error;\nuse std::io;\nuse std::result::Result; fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(())\n} fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> { if let Err(_) = do_some_io() { Err(\"func2 error\")?; } Ok(())\n} fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> { if let Err(_) = func2() { Err(\"func1 error\")?; } Ok(())\n} fn main() -> Result<(), Box> { func1()\n}","breadcrumbs":"Simple String Errors","id":"3","title":"Simple String Errors"},"4":{"body":"With relatively small changes and the help of the cherr! macro of the chainerror crate the String errors are now chained together. 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It encapsulates all types, which have Display + Debug and can store the error cause internally. Along with the ChainError struct, chainerror comes with some useful helper macros to save a lot of typing. Debug information is worth it! Now continue reading the Tutorial","breadcrumbs":"chainerror","id":"0","title":"chainerror"},"1":{"body":"Output: $ cargo run -q --example example\nMain Error Report: func1 error calling func2 Error reported by Func2Error: func2 error: calling func3 The root cause was: std::io::Error: Kind( NotFound\n) Debug Error:\nexamples/example.rs:45: func1 error calling func2\nCaused by:\nexamples/example.rs:20: Func2Error(func2 error: calling func3)\nCaused by:\nexamples/example.rs:13: Error reading 'foo.txt'\nCaused by:\nKind(NotFound) use chainerror::*;\nuse std::error::Error;\nuse std::io;\nuse std::result::Result; fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(())\n} fn func3() -> Result<(), Box> { let filename = \"foo.txt\"; do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?; Ok(())\n} derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> { func3().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"func2 error: calling func3\"))?; Ok(())\n} enum Func1Error { Func2, IO(String),\n} impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1Error { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { match self { Func1Error::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"), Func1Error::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename), } }\n} impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Func1Error { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { write!(f, \"{}\", self) }\n} fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1Error> { func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::Func2))?; let filename = String::from(\"bar.txt\"); do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::IO(filename)))?; Ok(())\n} fn main() { if let Err(e) = func1() { match e.kind() { Func1Error::Func2 => eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2\"), Func1Error::IO(filename) => { eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'\", filename) } } if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::() { eprintln!(\"\\nError reported by Func2Error: {}\", e) } if let Some(e) = e.root_cause() { let ioerror = e.downcast_ref::().unwrap(); eprintln!(\"\\nThe root cause was: std::io::Error: {:#?}\", ioerror); } eprintln!(\"\\nDebug Error:\\n{:?}\", e); }\n}","breadcrumbs":"Example:","id":"1","title":"Example:"},"10":{"body":"chainerror also has some helper methods: fn is_chain(&self) -> bool\nfn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError>\nfn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError>\nfn root_cause(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)>\nfn find_cause(&self) -> Option<&U>\nfn find_chain_cause(&self) -> Option<&ChainError>\nfn kind<'a>(&'a self) -> &'a T Using downcast_chain_ref::() gives a ChainError, which can be used to call .find_cause::(). if let Some(s) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() { if let Some(ioerror) = s.find_cause::() { or to use .root_cause(), which of course can be of any type implementing std::error::Error. if let Some(e) = s.root_cause() { use chainerror::*;\nuse std::error::Error;\nuse std::io;\nuse std::result::Result; fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(())\n} fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> { let filename = \"foo.txt\"; do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?; Ok(())\n} fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> { func2().map_err(mstrerr!(\"func1 error\"))?; Ok(())\n} fn main() -> Result<(), Box> { if let Err(e) = func1() { eprintln!(\"Error: {}\", e); if let Some(s) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() { if let Some(ioerror) = s.find_cause::() { eprintln!(\"caused by: std::io::Error: {}\", ioerror); match ioerror.kind() { io::ErrorKind::NotFound => eprintln!(\"of kind: std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound\"), _ => {} } } if let Some(e) = s.root_cause() { let ioerror = e.downcast_ref::().unwrap(); eprintln!(\"The root cause was: std::io::Error: {:#?}\", ioerror); } } } Ok(())\n}\n# #[allow(dead_code)]\n# mod chainerror {\n# //! `chainerror` provides an error backtrace without doing a real backtrace, so even after you `strip` your\n# //! binaries, you still have the error backtrace.\n# //!\n# //! `chainerror` has no dependencies!\n# //!\n# //! `chainerror` uses `.source()` of `std::error::Error` along with `line()!` and `file()!` to provide a nice debug error backtrace.\n# //! It encapsulates all types, which have `Display + Debug` and can store the error cause internally.\n# //!\n# //! Along with the `ChainError` struct, `chainerror` comes with some useful helper macros to save a lot of typing.\n# //!\n# //! ## Features\n# //!\n# //! `no-fileline`\n# //! : completely turn off storing filename and line\n# //!\n# //! `display-cause`\n# //! : turn on printing a backtrace of the errors in `Display`\n# //!\n# //! `no-debug-cause`\n# //! : turn off printing a backtrace of the errors in `Debug`\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! # Tutorial\n# //!\n# //! Read the [Tutorial](https://haraldh.github.io/chainerror/tutorial1.html)\n# //!\n# //! # Examples\n# //!\n# //! ```rust\n# //! use chainerror::*;\n# //! use std::error::Error;\n# //! use std::io;\n# //! use std::result::Result;\n# //!\n# //! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! func2().map_err(mstrerr!(\"func1 error\"))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn main() {\n# //! if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# //! #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# //! assert_eq!(\n# //! format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# //! src/lib.rs:20: func1 error\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! Kind(NotFound)\n# //! \"#\n# //! );\n# //! }\n# //! # else {\n# //! # unreachable!();\n# //! # }\n# //! }\n# //! ```\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! ```rust\n# //! use chainerror::*;\n# //! use std::error::Error;\n# //! use std::io;\n# //! use std::result::Result;\n# //!\n# //! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func3() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# //!\n# //! fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# //! func3().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"func2 error: calling func3\"))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! enum Func1Error {\n# //! Func2,\n# //! IO(String),\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1Error {\n# //! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# //! match self {\n# //! Func1Error::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"),\n# //! Func1Error::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Func1Error {\n# //! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# //! write!(f, \"{}\", self)\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1Error> {\n# //! func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::Func2))?;\n# //! let filename = String::from(\"bar.txt\");\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::IO(filename)))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn main() {\n# //! if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# //! assert!(\n# //! match e.kind() {\n# //! Func1Error::Func2 => {\n# //! eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2\");\n# //! true\n# //! }\n# //! Func1Error::IO(filename) => {\n# //! eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'\", filename);\n# //! false\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //! );\n# //!\n# //! assert!(e.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# //!\n# //! if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::() {\n# //! eprintln!(\"\\nError reported by Func2Error: {}\", e)\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! assert!(e.root_cause().is_some());\n# //!\n# //! if let Some(e) = e.root_cause() {\n# //! let io_error = e.downcast_ref::().unwrap();\n# //! eprintln!(\"\\nThe root cause was: std::io::Error: {:#?}\", io_error);\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# //! assert_eq!(\n# //! format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# //! src/lib.rs:47: func1 error calling func2\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:22: Func2Error(func2 error: calling func3)\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! Kind(NotFound)\n# //! \"#\n# //! );\n# //! }\n# //! # else {\n# //! # unreachable!();\n# //! # }\n# //! }\n# //! ```\n# # #![deny(\n# warnings,\n# absolute_paths_not_starting_with_crate,\n# deprecated_in_future,\n# keyword_idents,\n# macro_use_extern_crate,\n# missing_debug_implementations,\n# trivial_numeric_casts,\n# unused_extern_crates,\n# unused_import_braces,\n# unused_qualifications,\n# unused_results,\n# unused_labels,\n# unused_lifetimes,\n# unstable_features,\n# unreachable_pub,\n# future_incompatible,\n# missing_copy_implementations,\n# missing_doc_code_examples,\n# rust_2018_idioms,\n# rust_2018_compatibility\n# )]\n# # use std::any::TypeId;\n# use std::error::Error;\n# use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter, Result};\n# # /// chains an inner error kind `T` with a causing error\n# pub struct ChainError {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# }\n# # /// convenience type alias\n# pub type ChainResult = std::result::Result>;\n# # impl ChainError {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn new(\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> Self {\n# Self {\n# occurrence,\n# kind,\n# error_cause,\n# }\n# }\n# # #[cfg(feature = \"no-fileline\")]\n# /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn new(\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# _occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> Self {\n# Self { kind, error_cause }\n# }\n# # /// return the root cause of the error chain, if any exists\n# pub fn root_cause(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.iter().last()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type U, if any exists\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# /// use std::error::Error;\n# /// use std::io;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn main() {\n# /// if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# ///\n# /// assert!(f1err.find_cause::().is_some());\n# ///\n# /// assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_cause(&self) -> Option<&U> {\n# self.iter().filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::).next()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError`, if any exists\n# ///\n# /// Same as `find_cause`, but hides the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooError);\n# /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);\n# /// // Instead of writing\n# /// err.find_cause::>();\n# ///\n# /// // leave out the ChainError implementation detail\n# /// err.find_chain_cause::();\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_chain_cause(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.iter()\n# .filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::>)\n# .next()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError` or `U`, if any exists and return `U`\n# ///\n# /// Same as `find_cause` and `find_chain_cause`, but hides the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooErrorKind);\n# /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);\n# /// // Instead of writing\n# /// err.find_cause::>();\n# /// // and/or\n# /// err.find_chain_cause::();\n# /// // and/or\n# /// err.find_cause::();\n# ///\n# /// // leave out the ChainError implementation detail\n# /// err.find_kind_or_cause::();\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_kind_or_cause(&self) -> Option<&U> {\n# self.iter()\n# .filter_map(|e| {\n# e.downcast_ref::>()\n# .map(|e| e.kind())\n# .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::())\n# })\n# .next()\n# }\n# # /// Return a reference to T of `ChainError`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# /// use std::error::Error;\n# /// use std::io;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// enum Func1ErrorKind {\n# /// Func2,\n# /// IO(String),\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// /// impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {…}\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"),\n# /// # Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> {\n# /// func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::Func2))?;\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::IO(\"bar.txt\".into())))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn main() {\n# /// if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// match e.kind() {\n# /// Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => {}\n# /// Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => panic!(),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn kind(&self) -> &T {\n# &self.kind\n# }\n# # /// Returns an Iterator over all error causes/sources\n# ///\n# /// # Example\n# ///\n# ///\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator {\n# ErrorIter {\n# current: Some(self),\n# }\n# }\n# }\n# # struct ErrorIter<'a> {\n# current: Option<&'a (dyn Error + 'static)>,\n# }\n# # impl<'a> Iterator for ErrorIter<'a> {\n# type Item = &'a (dyn Error + 'static);\n# # #[inline]\n# fn next(&mut self) -> Option {\n# let current = self.current;\n# self.current = self.current.and_then(Error::source);\n# current\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::ops::Deref for ChainError {\n# type Target = T;\n# # #[inline]\n# fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {\n# &self.kind\n# }\n# }\n# # /// Convenience trait to hide the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# pub trait ChainErrorDown {\n# /// Test if of type `ChainError`\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool;\n# /// Downcast to a reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError>;\n# /// Downcast to a mutable reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError>;\n# /// Downcast to T of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T>;\n# /// Downcast to T mutable reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>;\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# TypeId::of::() == TypeId::of::()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError))\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&mut *(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError))\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&(*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError)).kind)\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&mut (*(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError)).kind)\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for &ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for &mut ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Display for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}\", self.kind)?;\n# # #[cfg(feature = \"display-cause\")]\n# {\n# if let Some(e) = self.source() {\n# writeln!(f, \"\\nCaused by:\")?;\n# Display::fmt(&e, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# Ok(())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Debug for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# {\n# if let Some(ref o) = self.occurrence {\n# Display::fmt(o, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# # if self.is_chain::() {\n# Display::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;\n# } else {\n# Debug::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;\n# }\n# # #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-debug-cause\"))]\n# {\n# if let Some(e) = self.source() {\n# writeln!(f, \"\\nCaused by:\")?;\n# Debug::fmt(&e, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# Ok(())\n# }\n# }\n# # /// `ChainErrorFrom` is similar to `From`\n# pub trait ChainErrorFrom: Sized {\n# /// similar to From::from()\n# fn chain_error_from(from: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError;\n# }\n# # /// `IntoChainError` is similar to `Into`\n# pub trait IntoChainError: Sized {\n# /// similar to Into::into()\n# fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError;\n# }\n# # impl IntoChainError for T\n# where\n# U: ChainErrorFrom,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# U::chain_error_from(self, line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorFrom for U\n# where\n# T: Into,\n# U: 'static + Display + Debug,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# let e: U = t.into();\n# ChainError::new(e, None, line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # /*\n# impl ChainErrorFrom for U\n# where\n# T: 'static + Error + Into> + Clone,\n# U: 'static + Display + Debug + From,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# ChainError::new(U::from(t.clone()), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# */\n# # /// map into `ChainError` with `T::from(err)`\n# ///\n# /// adds `line!()` and `file!()` information\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! minto_cherr {\n# ( $k:ident ) => (\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $k::from(&e))\n# );\n# ( $enum:ident $(:: $enum_path:ident)* ) => (\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $enum $(:: $enum_path)*::from(&e))\n# );\n# }\n# # /// Creates a new `ChainError`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// Create a new ChainError, where `FooError` must implement `Display` and `Debug`.\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// enum FooError {\n# /// Bar,\n# /// Baz(&'static str),\n# /// }\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, \"Bar Error\"),\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, \"Baz Error: '{}'\", s),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# ///\n# /// // impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_stuff() -> bool {\n# /// false\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> {\n# /// if ! do_some_stuff() {\n# /// Err(cherr!(FooError::Baz(\"Error\")))?;\n# /// }\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # pub fn main() {\n# /// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() {\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &\"Error\" => {}\n# /// # _ => panic!(),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# ///\n# /// Additionally an error cause can be added.\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// # enum FooError {\n# /// # Bar,\n# /// # Baz(&'static str),\n# /// # }\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, \"Bar Error\"),\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, \"Baz Error: '{}'\", s),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// fn do_some_stuff() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> {\n# /// do_some_stuff().map_err(\n# /// |e| cherr!(e, FooError::Baz(\"Error\"))\n# /// )?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # pub fn main() {\n# /// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() {\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &\"Error\" => {}\n# /// # _ => panic!(),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! cherr {\n# ( $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( None, $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# ( $e:path, $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, Some(Box::from($e)), Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( $e:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro for `|e| cherr!(e, format!(…))`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(\"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# /// # assert_eq!(\n# /// # format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# /// # src/lib.rs:18: func1 error\n# /// # Caused by:\n# /// # src/lib.rs:13: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# /// # Caused by:\n# /// # Kind(NotFound)\n# /// # \"#\n# /// # );\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# ///\n# /// `mstrerr!()` can also be used to map a new `ChainError`, where T was defined with\n# /// `derive_str_cherr!(T)`\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! mstrerr {\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )))\n# });\n# ($msg:expr) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($msg:expr, ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro for `cherr!(T(format!(…)))` where `T(String)`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// Err(strerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! strerr {\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )))\n# });\n# ($msg:expr) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($msg:expr, ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro to create a \"new type\" T(String) and implement Display + Debug for T\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! derive_str_cherr {\n# ($e:ident) => {\n# #[derive(Clone)]\n# pub struct $e(pub String);\n# impl ::std::fmt::Display for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}\", self.0)\n# }\n# }\n# impl ::std::fmt::Debug for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}({})\", stringify!($e), self.0)\n# }\n# }\n# impl ::std::error::Error for $e {}\n# };\n# }\n# # /// Derive an Error for an ErrorKind, which wraps a `ChainError` and implements a `kind()` method\n# ///\n# /// It basically hides `ChainError` to the outside and only exposes the `kind()`\n# /// method.\n# ///\n# /// Error::kind() returns the ErrorKind\n# /// Error::source() returns the parent error\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use std::io;\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io(_f: &str) -> std::result::Result<(), io::Error> {\n# /// return Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound));\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// #[derive(Debug, Clone)]\n# /// pub enum ErrorKind {\n# /// IO(String),\n# /// FatalError(String),\n# /// Unknown,\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind);\n# ///\n# /// impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind {\n# /// fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# /// match self {\n# /// ErrorKind::FatalError(e) => write!(f, \"fatal error {}\", e),\n# /// ErrorKind::Unknown => write!(f, \"unknown error\"),\n# /// ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// impl ErrorKind {\n# /// fn from_io_error(e: &io::Error, f: String) -> Self {\n# /// match e.kind() {\n# /// io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe => panic!(\"Should not happen\"),\n# /// io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset => {\n# /// ErrorKind::FatalError(format!(\"While reading `{}`: {}\", f, e))\n# /// }\n# /// _ => ErrorKind::IO(f),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// impl From<&io::Error> for ErrorKind {\n# /// fn from(e: &io::Error) -> Self {\n# /// ErrorKind::IO(format!(\"{}\", e))\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// pub fn func1() -> std::result::Result<(), Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"bar.txt\";\n# ///\n# /// do_some_io(filename)\n# /// .map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from_io_error(&e, filename.into())))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::IO(filename.into())))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from(&e)))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(minto_cherr!(ErrorKind))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! derive_err_kind {\n# ($e:ident, $k:ident) => {\n# pub struct $e($crate::ChainError<$k>);\n# # impl $e {\n# pub fn kind(&self) -> &$k {\n# self.0.kind()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From<$k> for $e {\n# fn from(e: $k) -> Self {\n# $e($crate::ChainError::new(e, None, None))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From> for $e {\n# fn from(e: $crate::ChainError<$k>) -> Self {\n# $e(e)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From<&$e> for $k\n# where\n# $k: Clone,\n# {\n# fn from(e: &$e) -> Self {\n# e.kind().clone()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl $crate::ChainErrorFrom<$e> for $k\n# where\n# $k: Clone,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(\n# t: $e,\n# line_filename: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> $crate::ChainError<$k> {\n# $crate::ChainError::new((*t.kind()).clone(), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::error::Error for $e {\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> {\n# self.0.source()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::fmt::Display for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::fmt::Debug for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.0, f)\n# }\n# }\n# };\n# }\n# }","breadcrumbs":"The root cause of all Errors","id":"10","title":"The root cause of all Errors"},"11":{"body":"To distinguish the errors occuring in various places, we can define named string errors with the \"new type\" pattern. derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\nderive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); Instead of ChainError we now have struct Func1Error(String) and ChainError. In the main function you can see, how we can match the different errors. Also see: if let Some(f2err) = f1err.find_chain_cause::() { as a shortcut to if let Some(f2err) = f1err.find_cause::>() { hiding the ChainError implementation detail. use chainerror::*;\nuse std::error::Error;\nuse std::io;\nuse std::result::Result; fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(())\n} derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> { let filename = \"foo.txt\"; do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?; Ok(())\n} derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> { func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?; Ok(())\n} fn main() -> Result<(), Box> { if let Err(e) = func1() { if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() { eprintln!(\"Func1Error: {}\", f1err); if let Some(f2err) = f1err.find_cause::>() { eprintln!(\"Func2Error: {}\", f2err); } if let Some(f2err) = f1err.find_chain_cause::() { eprintln!(\"Debug Func2Error:\\n{:?}\", f2err); } } } Ok(())\n}\n# #[allow(dead_code)]\n# mod chainerror {\n# //! `chainerror` provides an error backtrace without doing a real backtrace, so even after you `strip` your\n# //! binaries, you still have the error backtrace.\n# //!\n# //! `chainerror` has no dependencies!\n# //!\n# //! `chainerror` uses `.source()` of `std::error::Error` along with `line()!` and `file()!` to provide a nice debug error backtrace.\n# //! It encapsulates all types, which have `Display + Debug` and can store the error cause internally.\n# //!\n# //! Along with the `ChainError` struct, `chainerror` comes with some useful helper macros to save a lot of typing.\n# //!\n# //! ## Features\n# //!\n# //! `no-fileline`\n# //! : completely turn off storing filename and line\n# //!\n# //! `display-cause`\n# //! : turn on printing a backtrace of the errors in `Display`\n# //!\n# //! `no-debug-cause`\n# //! : turn off printing a backtrace of the errors in `Debug`\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! # Tutorial\n# //!\n# //! Read the [Tutorial](https://haraldh.github.io/chainerror/tutorial1.html)\n# //!\n# //! # Examples\n# //!\n# //! ```rust\n# //! use chainerror::*;\n# //! use std::error::Error;\n# //! use std::io;\n# //! use std::result::Result;\n# //!\n# //! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! func2().map_err(mstrerr!(\"func1 error\"))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn main() {\n# //! if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# //! #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# //! assert_eq!(\n# //! format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# //! src/lib.rs:20: func1 error\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! Kind(NotFound)\n# //! \"#\n# //! );\n# //! }\n# //! # else {\n# //! # unreachable!();\n# //! # }\n# //! }\n# //! ```\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! ```rust\n# //! use chainerror::*;\n# //! use std::error::Error;\n# //! use std::io;\n# //! use std::result::Result;\n# //!\n# //! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func3() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# //!\n# //! fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# //! func3().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"func2 error: calling func3\"))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! enum Func1Error {\n# //! Func2,\n# //! IO(String),\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1Error {\n# //! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# //! match self {\n# //! Func1Error::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"),\n# //! Func1Error::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Func1Error {\n# //! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# //! write!(f, \"{}\", self)\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1Error> {\n# //! func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::Func2))?;\n# //! let filename = String::from(\"bar.txt\");\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::IO(filename)))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn main() {\n# //! if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# //! assert!(\n# //! match e.kind() {\n# //! Func1Error::Func2 => {\n# //! eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2\");\n# //! true\n# //! }\n# //! Func1Error::IO(filename) => {\n# //! eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'\", filename);\n# //! false\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //! );\n# //!\n# //! assert!(e.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# //!\n# //! if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::() {\n# //! eprintln!(\"\\nError reported by Func2Error: {}\", e)\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! assert!(e.root_cause().is_some());\n# //!\n# //! if let Some(e) = e.root_cause() {\n# //! let io_error = e.downcast_ref::().unwrap();\n# //! eprintln!(\"\\nThe root cause was: std::io::Error: {:#?}\", io_error);\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# //! assert_eq!(\n# //! format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# //! src/lib.rs:47: func1 error calling func2\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:22: Func2Error(func2 error: calling func3)\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! Kind(NotFound)\n# //! \"#\n# //! );\n# //! }\n# //! # else {\n# //! # unreachable!();\n# //! # }\n# //! }\n# //! ```\n# # #![deny(\n# warnings,\n# absolute_paths_not_starting_with_crate,\n# deprecated_in_future,\n# keyword_idents,\n# macro_use_extern_crate,\n# missing_debug_implementations,\n# trivial_numeric_casts,\n# unused_extern_crates,\n# unused_import_braces,\n# unused_qualifications,\n# unused_results,\n# unused_labels,\n# unused_lifetimes,\n# unstable_features,\n# unreachable_pub,\n# future_incompatible,\n# missing_copy_implementations,\n# missing_doc_code_examples,\n# rust_2018_idioms,\n# rust_2018_compatibility\n# )]\n# # use std::any::TypeId;\n# use std::error::Error;\n# use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter, Result};\n# # /// chains an inner error kind `T` with a causing error\n# pub struct ChainError {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# }\n# # /// convenience type alias\n# pub type ChainResult = std::result::Result>;\n# # impl ChainError {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn new(\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> Self {\n# Self {\n# occurrence,\n# kind,\n# error_cause,\n# }\n# }\n# # #[cfg(feature = \"no-fileline\")]\n# /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn new(\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# _occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> Self {\n# Self { kind, error_cause }\n# }\n# # /// return the root cause of the error chain, if any exists\n# pub fn root_cause(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.iter().last()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type U, if any exists\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# /// use std::error::Error;\n# /// use std::io;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn main() {\n# /// if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# ///\n# /// assert!(f1err.find_cause::().is_some());\n# ///\n# /// assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_cause(&self) -> Option<&U> {\n# self.iter().filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::).next()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError`, if any exists\n# ///\n# /// Same as `find_cause`, but hides the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooError);\n# /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);\n# /// // Instead of writing\n# /// err.find_cause::>();\n# ///\n# /// // leave out the ChainError implementation detail\n# /// err.find_chain_cause::();\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_chain_cause(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.iter()\n# .filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::>)\n# .next()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError` or `U`, if any exists and return `U`\n# ///\n# /// Same as `find_cause` and `find_chain_cause`, but hides the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooErrorKind);\n# /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);\n# /// // Instead of writing\n# /// err.find_cause::>();\n# /// // and/or\n# /// err.find_chain_cause::();\n# /// // and/or\n# /// err.find_cause::();\n# ///\n# /// // leave out the ChainError implementation detail\n# /// err.find_kind_or_cause::();\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_kind_or_cause(&self) -> Option<&U> {\n# self.iter()\n# .filter_map(|e| {\n# e.downcast_ref::>()\n# .map(|e| e.kind())\n# .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::())\n# })\n# .next()\n# }\n# # /// Return a reference to T of `ChainError`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# /// use std::error::Error;\n# /// use std::io;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// enum Func1ErrorKind {\n# /// Func2,\n# /// IO(String),\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// /// impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {…}\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"),\n# /// # Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> {\n# /// func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::Func2))?;\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::IO(\"bar.txt\".into())))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn main() {\n# /// if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// match e.kind() {\n# /// Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => {}\n# /// Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => panic!(),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn kind(&self) -> &T {\n# &self.kind\n# }\n# # /// Returns an Iterator over all error causes/sources\n# ///\n# /// # Example\n# ///\n# ///\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator {\n# ErrorIter {\n# current: Some(self),\n# }\n# }\n# }\n# # struct ErrorIter<'a> {\n# current: Option<&'a (dyn Error + 'static)>,\n# }\n# # impl<'a> Iterator for ErrorIter<'a> {\n# type Item = &'a (dyn Error + 'static);\n# # #[inline]\n# fn next(&mut self) -> Option {\n# let current = self.current;\n# self.current = self.current.and_then(Error::source);\n# current\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::ops::Deref for ChainError {\n# type Target = T;\n# # #[inline]\n# fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {\n# &self.kind\n# }\n# }\n# # /// Convenience trait to hide the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# pub trait ChainErrorDown {\n# /// Test if of type `ChainError`\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool;\n# /// Downcast to a reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError>;\n# /// Downcast to a mutable reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError>;\n# /// Downcast to T of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T>;\n# /// Downcast to T mutable reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>;\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# TypeId::of::() == TypeId::of::()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError))\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&mut *(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError))\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&(*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError)).kind)\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&mut (*(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError)).kind)\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for &ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for &mut ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Display for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}\", self.kind)?;\n# # #[cfg(feature = \"display-cause\")]\n# {\n# if let Some(e) = self.source() {\n# writeln!(f, \"\\nCaused by:\")?;\n# Display::fmt(&e, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# Ok(())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Debug for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# {\n# if let Some(ref o) = self.occurrence {\n# Display::fmt(o, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# # if self.is_chain::() {\n# Display::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;\n# } else {\n# Debug::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;\n# }\n# # #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-debug-cause\"))]\n# {\n# if let Some(e) = self.source() {\n# writeln!(f, \"\\nCaused by:\")?;\n# Debug::fmt(&e, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# Ok(())\n# }\n# }\n# # /// `ChainErrorFrom` is similar to `From`\n# pub trait ChainErrorFrom: Sized {\n# /// similar to From::from()\n# fn chain_error_from(from: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError;\n# }\n# # /// `IntoChainError` is similar to `Into`\n# pub trait IntoChainError: Sized {\n# /// similar to Into::into()\n# fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError;\n# }\n# # impl IntoChainError for T\n# where\n# U: ChainErrorFrom,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# U::chain_error_from(self, line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorFrom for U\n# where\n# T: Into,\n# U: 'static + Display + Debug,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# let e: U = t.into();\n# ChainError::new(e, None, line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # /*\n# impl ChainErrorFrom for U\n# where\n# T: 'static + Error + Into> + Clone,\n# U: 'static + Display + Debug + From,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# ChainError::new(U::from(t.clone()), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# */\n# # /// map into `ChainError` with `T::from(err)`\n# ///\n# /// adds `line!()` and `file!()` information\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! minto_cherr {\n# ( $k:ident ) => (\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $k::from(&e))\n# );\n# ( $enum:ident $(:: $enum_path:ident)* ) => (\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $enum $(:: $enum_path)*::from(&e))\n# );\n# }\n# # /// Creates a new `ChainError`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// Create a new ChainError, where `FooError` must implement `Display` and `Debug`.\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// enum FooError {\n# /// Bar,\n# /// Baz(&'static str),\n# /// }\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, \"Bar Error\"),\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, \"Baz Error: '{}'\", s),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# ///\n# /// // impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_stuff() -> bool {\n# /// false\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> {\n# /// if ! do_some_stuff() {\n# /// Err(cherr!(FooError::Baz(\"Error\")))?;\n# /// }\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # pub fn main() {\n# /// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() {\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &\"Error\" => {}\n# /// # _ => panic!(),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# ///\n# /// Additionally an error cause can be added.\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// # enum FooError {\n# /// # Bar,\n# /// # Baz(&'static str),\n# /// # }\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, \"Bar Error\"),\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, \"Baz Error: '{}'\", s),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// fn do_some_stuff() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> {\n# /// do_some_stuff().map_err(\n# /// |e| cherr!(e, FooError::Baz(\"Error\"))\n# /// )?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # pub fn main() {\n# /// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() {\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &\"Error\" => {}\n# /// # _ => panic!(),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! cherr {\n# ( $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( None, $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# ( $e:path, $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, Some(Box::from($e)), Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( $e:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro for `|e| cherr!(e, format!(…))`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(\"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# /// # assert_eq!(\n# /// # format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# /// # src/lib.rs:18: func1 error\n# /// # Caused by:\n# /// # src/lib.rs:13: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# /// # Caused by:\n# /// # Kind(NotFound)\n# /// # \"#\n# /// # );\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# ///\n# /// `mstrerr!()` can also be used to map a new `ChainError`, where T was defined with\n# /// `derive_str_cherr!(T)`\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! mstrerr {\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )))\n# });\n# ($msg:expr) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($msg:expr, ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro for `cherr!(T(format!(…)))` where `T(String)`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// Err(strerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! strerr {\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )))\n# });\n# ($msg:expr) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($msg:expr, ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro to create a \"new type\" T(String) and implement Display + Debug for T\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! derive_str_cherr {\n# ($e:ident) => {\n# #[derive(Clone)]\n# pub struct $e(pub String);\n# impl ::std::fmt::Display for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}\", self.0)\n# }\n# }\n# impl ::std::fmt::Debug for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}({})\", stringify!($e), self.0)\n# }\n# }\n# impl ::std::error::Error for $e {}\n# };\n# }\n# # /// Derive an Error for an ErrorKind, which wraps a `ChainError` and implements a `kind()` method\n# ///\n# /// It basically hides `ChainError` to the outside and only exposes the `kind()`\n# /// method.\n# ///\n# /// Error::kind() returns the ErrorKind\n# /// Error::source() returns the parent error\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use std::io;\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io(_f: &str) -> std::result::Result<(), io::Error> {\n# /// return Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound));\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// #[derive(Debug, Clone)]\n# /// pub enum ErrorKind {\n# /// IO(String),\n# /// FatalError(String),\n# /// Unknown,\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind);\n# ///\n# /// impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind {\n# /// fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# /// match self {\n# /// ErrorKind::FatalError(e) => write!(f, \"fatal error {}\", e),\n# /// ErrorKind::Unknown => write!(f, \"unknown error\"),\n# /// ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// impl ErrorKind {\n# /// fn from_io_error(e: &io::Error, f: String) -> Self {\n# /// match e.kind() {\n# /// io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe => panic!(\"Should not happen\"),\n# /// io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset => {\n# /// ErrorKind::FatalError(format!(\"While reading `{}`: {}\", f, e))\n# /// }\n# /// _ => ErrorKind::IO(f),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// impl From<&io::Error> for ErrorKind {\n# /// fn from(e: &io::Error) -> Self {\n# /// ErrorKind::IO(format!(\"{}\", e))\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// pub fn func1() -> std::result::Result<(), Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"bar.txt\";\n# ///\n# /// do_some_io(filename)\n# /// .map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from_io_error(&e, filename.into())))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::IO(filename.into())))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from(&e)))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(minto_cherr!(ErrorKind))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! derive_err_kind {\n# ($e:ident, $k:ident) => {\n# pub struct $e($crate::ChainError<$k>);\n# # impl $e {\n# pub fn kind(&self) -> &$k {\n# self.0.kind()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From<$k> for $e {\n# fn from(e: $k) -> Self {\n# $e($crate::ChainError::new(e, None, None))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From> for $e {\n# fn from(e: $crate::ChainError<$k>) -> Self {\n# $e(e)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From<&$e> for $k\n# where\n# $k: Clone,\n# {\n# fn from(e: &$e) -> Self {\n# e.kind().clone()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl $crate::ChainErrorFrom<$e> for $k\n# where\n# $k: Clone,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(\n# t: $e,\n# line_filename: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> $crate::ChainError<$k> {\n# $crate::ChainError::new((*t.kind()).clone(), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::error::Error for $e {\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> {\n# self.0.source()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::fmt::Display for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::fmt::Debug for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.0, f)\n# }\n# }\n# };\n# }\n# }","breadcrumbs":"Finding an Error cause","id":"11","title":"Finding an Error cause"},"12":{"body":"What about functions returning different Error types? In this example func1() can return either Func1ErrorFunc2 or Func1ErrorIO. We might want to match on func1() with something like: fn main() -> Result<(), Box> { match func1() { Err(e) if let Some(s) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() => eprintln!(\"Func1ErrorIO:\\n{:?}\", s), Err(e) if let Some(s) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() => eprintln!(\"Func1ErrorFunc2:\\n{:?}\", s), Ok(_) => {}, } Ok(())\n} but this is not valid rust code, so we end up doing it the hard way. In the next chapter, we will see, how to solve this more elegantly. use chainerror::*;\nuse std::error::Error;\nuse std::io;\nuse std::result::Result; fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(())\n} derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> { let filename = \"foo.txt\"; do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?; Ok(())\n} derive_str_cherr!(Func1ErrorFunc2);\nderive_str_cherr!(Func1ErrorIO); fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> { func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1ErrorFunc2, \"func1 error calling func2\"))?; let filename = \"bar.txt\"; do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1ErrorIO, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?; Ok(())\n} fn main() -> Result<(), Box> { if let Err(e) = func1() { if let Some(s) = e.downcast_ref::>() { eprintln!(\"Func1ErrorIO:\\n{:?}\", s); } if let Some(s) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() { eprintln!(\"Func1ErrorFunc2:\\n{:?}\", s); } } Ok(())\n}\n# #[allow(dead_code)]\n# mod chainerror {\n# //! `chainerror` provides an error backtrace without doing a real backtrace, so even after you `strip` your\n# //! binaries, you still have the error backtrace.\n# //!\n# //! `chainerror` has no dependencies!\n# //!\n# //! `chainerror` uses `.source()` of `std::error::Error` along with `line()!` and `file()!` to provide a nice debug error backtrace.\n# //! It encapsulates all types, which have `Display + Debug` and can store the error cause internally.\n# //!\n# //! Along with the `ChainError` struct, `chainerror` comes with some useful helper macros to save a lot of typing.\n# //!\n# //! ## Features\n# //!\n# //! `no-fileline`\n# //! : completely turn off storing filename and line\n# //!\n# //! `display-cause`\n# //! : turn on printing a backtrace of the errors in `Display`\n# //!\n# //! `no-debug-cause`\n# //! : turn off printing a backtrace of the errors in `Debug`\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! # Tutorial\n# //!\n# //! Read the [Tutorial](https://haraldh.github.io/chainerror/tutorial1.html)\n# //!\n# //! # Examples\n# //!\n# //! ```rust\n# //! use chainerror::*;\n# //! use std::error::Error;\n# //! use std::io;\n# //! use std::result::Result;\n# //!\n# //! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! func2().map_err(mstrerr!(\"func1 error\"))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn main() {\n# //! if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# //! #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# //! assert_eq!(\n# //! format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# //! src/lib.rs:20: func1 error\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! Kind(NotFound)\n# //! \"#\n# //! );\n# //! }\n# //! # else {\n# //! # unreachable!();\n# //! # }\n# //! }\n# //! ```\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! ```rust\n# //! use chainerror::*;\n# //! use std::error::Error;\n# //! use std::io;\n# //! use std::result::Result;\n# //!\n# //! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func3() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# //!\n# //! fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# //! func3().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"func2 error: calling func3\"))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! enum Func1Error {\n# //! Func2,\n# //! IO(String),\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1Error {\n# //! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# //! match self {\n# //! Func1Error::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"),\n# //! Func1Error::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Func1Error {\n# //! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# //! write!(f, \"{}\", self)\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1Error> {\n# //! func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::Func2))?;\n# //! let filename = String::from(\"bar.txt\");\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::IO(filename)))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn main() {\n# //! if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# //! assert!(\n# //! match e.kind() {\n# //! Func1Error::Func2 => {\n# //! eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2\");\n# //! true\n# //! }\n# //! Func1Error::IO(filename) => {\n# //! eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'\", filename);\n# //! false\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //! );\n# //!\n# //! assert!(e.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# //!\n# //! if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::() {\n# //! eprintln!(\"\\nError reported by Func2Error: {}\", e)\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! assert!(e.root_cause().is_some());\n# //!\n# //! if let Some(e) = e.root_cause() {\n# //! let io_error = e.downcast_ref::().unwrap();\n# //! eprintln!(\"\\nThe root cause was: std::io::Error: {:#?}\", io_error);\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# //! assert_eq!(\n# //! format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# //! src/lib.rs:47: func1 error calling func2\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:22: Func2Error(func2 error: calling func3)\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! Kind(NotFound)\n# //! \"#\n# //! );\n# //! }\n# //! # else {\n# //! # unreachable!();\n# //! # }\n# //! }\n# //! ```\n# # #![deny(\n# warnings,\n# absolute_paths_not_starting_with_crate,\n# deprecated_in_future,\n# keyword_idents,\n# macro_use_extern_crate,\n# missing_debug_implementations,\n# trivial_numeric_casts,\n# unused_extern_crates,\n# unused_import_braces,\n# unused_qualifications,\n# unused_results,\n# unused_labels,\n# unused_lifetimes,\n# unstable_features,\n# unreachable_pub,\n# future_incompatible,\n# missing_copy_implementations,\n# missing_doc_code_examples,\n# rust_2018_idioms,\n# rust_2018_compatibility\n# )]\n# # use std::any::TypeId;\n# use std::error::Error;\n# use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter, Result};\n# # /// chains an inner error kind `T` with a causing error\n# pub struct ChainError {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# }\n# # /// convenience type alias\n# pub type ChainResult = std::result::Result>;\n# # impl ChainError {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn new(\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> Self {\n# Self {\n# occurrence,\n# kind,\n# error_cause,\n# }\n# }\n# # #[cfg(feature = \"no-fileline\")]\n# /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn new(\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# _occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> Self {\n# Self { kind, error_cause }\n# }\n# # /// return the root cause of the error chain, if any exists\n# pub fn root_cause(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.iter().last()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type U, if any exists\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# /// use std::error::Error;\n# /// use std::io;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn main() {\n# /// if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# ///\n# /// assert!(f1err.find_cause::().is_some());\n# ///\n# /// assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_cause(&self) -> Option<&U> {\n# self.iter().filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::).next()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError`, if any exists\n# ///\n# /// Same as `find_cause`, but hides the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooError);\n# /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);\n# /// // Instead of writing\n# /// err.find_cause::>();\n# ///\n# /// // leave out the ChainError implementation detail\n# /// err.find_chain_cause::();\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_chain_cause(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.iter()\n# .filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::>)\n# .next()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError` or `U`, if any exists and return `U`\n# ///\n# /// Same as `find_cause` and `find_chain_cause`, but hides the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooErrorKind);\n# /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);\n# /// // Instead of writing\n# /// err.find_cause::>();\n# /// // and/or\n# /// err.find_chain_cause::();\n# /// // and/or\n# /// err.find_cause::();\n# ///\n# /// // leave out the ChainError implementation detail\n# /// err.find_kind_or_cause::();\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_kind_or_cause(&self) -> Option<&U> {\n# self.iter()\n# .filter_map(|e| {\n# e.downcast_ref::>()\n# .map(|e| e.kind())\n# .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::())\n# })\n# .next()\n# }\n# # /// Return a reference to T of `ChainError`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# /// use std::error::Error;\n# /// use std::io;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// enum Func1ErrorKind {\n# /// Func2,\n# /// IO(String),\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// /// impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {…}\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"),\n# /// # Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> {\n# /// func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::Func2))?;\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::IO(\"bar.txt\".into())))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn main() {\n# /// if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// match e.kind() {\n# /// Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => {}\n# /// Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => panic!(),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn kind(&self) -> &T {\n# &self.kind\n# }\n# # /// Returns an Iterator over all error causes/sources\n# ///\n# /// # Example\n# ///\n# ///\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator {\n# ErrorIter {\n# current: Some(self),\n# }\n# }\n# }\n# # struct ErrorIter<'a> {\n# current: Option<&'a (dyn Error + 'static)>,\n# }\n# # impl<'a> Iterator for ErrorIter<'a> {\n# type Item = &'a (dyn Error + 'static);\n# # #[inline]\n# fn next(&mut self) -> Option {\n# let current = self.current;\n# self.current = self.current.and_then(Error::source);\n# current\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::ops::Deref for ChainError {\n# type Target = T;\n# # #[inline]\n# fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {\n# &self.kind\n# }\n# }\n# # /// Convenience trait to hide the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# pub trait ChainErrorDown {\n# /// Test if of type `ChainError`\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool;\n# /// Downcast to a reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError>;\n# /// Downcast to a mutable reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError>;\n# /// Downcast to T of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T>;\n# /// Downcast to T mutable reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>;\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# TypeId::of::() == TypeId::of::()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError))\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&mut *(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError))\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&(*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError)).kind)\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&mut (*(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError)).kind)\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for &ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for &mut ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Display for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}\", self.kind)?;\n# # #[cfg(feature = \"display-cause\")]\n# {\n# if let Some(e) = self.source() {\n# writeln!(f, \"\\nCaused by:\")?;\n# Display::fmt(&e, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# Ok(())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Debug for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# {\n# if let Some(ref o) = self.occurrence {\n# Display::fmt(o, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# # if self.is_chain::() {\n# Display::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;\n# } else {\n# Debug::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;\n# }\n# # #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-debug-cause\"))]\n# {\n# if let Some(e) = self.source() {\n# writeln!(f, \"\\nCaused by:\")?;\n# Debug::fmt(&e, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# Ok(())\n# }\n# }\n# # /// `ChainErrorFrom` is similar to `From`\n# pub trait ChainErrorFrom: Sized {\n# /// similar to From::from()\n# fn chain_error_from(from: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError;\n# }\n# # /// `IntoChainError` is similar to `Into`\n# pub trait IntoChainError: Sized {\n# /// similar to Into::into()\n# fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError;\n# }\n# # impl IntoChainError for T\n# where\n# U: ChainErrorFrom,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# U::chain_error_from(self, line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorFrom for U\n# where\n# T: Into,\n# U: 'static + Display + Debug,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# let e: U = t.into();\n# ChainError::new(e, None, line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # /*\n# impl ChainErrorFrom for U\n# where\n# T: 'static + Error + Into> + Clone,\n# U: 'static + Display + Debug + From,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# ChainError::new(U::from(t.clone()), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# */\n# # /// map into `ChainError` with `T::from(err)`\n# ///\n# /// adds `line!()` and `file!()` information\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! minto_cherr {\n# ( $k:ident ) => (\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $k::from(&e))\n# );\n# ( $enum:ident $(:: $enum_path:ident)* ) => (\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $enum $(:: $enum_path)*::from(&e))\n# );\n# }\n# # /// Creates a new `ChainError`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// Create a new ChainError, where `FooError` must implement `Display` and `Debug`.\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// enum FooError {\n# /// Bar,\n# /// Baz(&'static str),\n# /// }\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, \"Bar Error\"),\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, \"Baz Error: '{}'\", s),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# ///\n# /// // impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_stuff() -> bool {\n# /// false\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> {\n# /// if ! do_some_stuff() {\n# /// Err(cherr!(FooError::Baz(\"Error\")))?;\n# /// }\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # pub fn main() {\n# /// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() {\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &\"Error\" => {}\n# /// # _ => panic!(),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# ///\n# /// Additionally an error cause can be added.\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// # enum FooError {\n# /// # Bar,\n# /// # Baz(&'static str),\n# /// # }\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, \"Bar Error\"),\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, \"Baz Error: '{}'\", s),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// fn do_some_stuff() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> {\n# /// do_some_stuff().map_err(\n# /// |e| cherr!(e, FooError::Baz(\"Error\"))\n# /// )?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # pub fn main() {\n# /// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() {\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &\"Error\" => {}\n# /// # _ => panic!(),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! cherr {\n# ( $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( None, $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# ( $e:path, $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, Some(Box::from($e)), Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( $e:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro for `|e| cherr!(e, format!(…))`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(\"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# /// # assert_eq!(\n# /// # format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# /// # src/lib.rs:18: func1 error\n# /// # Caused by:\n# /// # src/lib.rs:13: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# /// # Caused by:\n# /// # Kind(NotFound)\n# /// # \"#\n# /// # );\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# ///\n# /// `mstrerr!()` can also be used to map a new `ChainError`, where T was defined with\n# /// `derive_str_cherr!(T)`\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! mstrerr {\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )))\n# });\n# ($msg:expr) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($msg:expr, ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro for `cherr!(T(format!(…)))` where `T(String)`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// Err(strerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! strerr {\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )))\n# });\n# ($msg:expr) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($msg:expr, ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro to create a \"new type\" T(String) and implement Display + Debug for T\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! derive_str_cherr {\n# ($e:ident) => {\n# #[derive(Clone)]\n# pub struct $e(pub String);\n# impl ::std::fmt::Display for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}\", self.0)\n# }\n# }\n# impl ::std::fmt::Debug for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}({})\", stringify!($e), self.0)\n# }\n# }\n# impl ::std::error::Error for $e {}\n# };\n# }\n# # /// Derive an Error for an ErrorKind, which wraps a `ChainError` and implements a `kind()` method\n# ///\n# /// It basically hides `ChainError` to the outside and only exposes the `kind()`\n# /// method.\n# ///\n# /// Error::kind() returns the ErrorKind\n# /// Error::source() returns the parent error\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use std::io;\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io(_f: &str) -> std::result::Result<(), io::Error> {\n# /// return Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound));\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// #[derive(Debug, Clone)]\n# /// pub enum ErrorKind {\n# /// IO(String),\n# /// FatalError(String),\n# /// Unknown,\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind);\n# ///\n# /// impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind {\n# /// fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# /// match self {\n# /// ErrorKind::FatalError(e) => write!(f, \"fatal error {}\", e),\n# /// ErrorKind::Unknown => write!(f, \"unknown error\"),\n# /// ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// impl ErrorKind {\n# /// fn from_io_error(e: &io::Error, f: String) -> Self {\n# /// match e.kind() {\n# /// io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe => panic!(\"Should not happen\"),\n# /// io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset => {\n# /// ErrorKind::FatalError(format!(\"While reading `{}`: {}\", f, e))\n# /// }\n# /// _ => ErrorKind::IO(f),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// impl From<&io::Error> for ErrorKind {\n# /// fn from(e: &io::Error) -> Self {\n# /// ErrorKind::IO(format!(\"{}\", e))\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// pub fn func1() -> std::result::Result<(), Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"bar.txt\";\n# ///\n# /// do_some_io(filename)\n# /// .map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from_io_error(&e, filename.into())))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::IO(filename.into())))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from(&e)))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(minto_cherr!(ErrorKind))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! derive_err_kind {\n# ($e:ident, $k:ident) => {\n# pub struct $e($crate::ChainError<$k>);\n# # impl $e {\n# pub fn kind(&self) -> &$k {\n# self.0.kind()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From<$k> for $e {\n# fn from(e: $k) -> Self {\n# $e($crate::ChainError::new(e, None, None))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From> for $e {\n# fn from(e: $crate::ChainError<$k>) -> Self {\n# $e(e)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From<&$e> for $k\n# where\n# $k: Clone,\n# {\n# fn from(e: &$e) -> Self {\n# e.kind().clone()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl $crate::ChainErrorFrom<$e> for $k\n# where\n# $k: Clone,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(\n# t: $e,\n# line_filename: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> $crate::ChainError<$k> {\n# $crate::ChainError::new((*t.kind()).clone(), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::error::Error for $e {\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> {\n# self.0.source()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::fmt::Display for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::fmt::Debug for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.0, f)\n# }\n# }\n# };\n# }\n# }","breadcrumbs":"Selective Error Handling","id":"12","title":"Selective Error Handling"},"13":{"body":"To cope with different kind of errors, we introduce the kind of an error Func1ErrorKind with an enum. Because we derive Debug and implement Display our Func1ErrorKind enum, this enum can be used as a std::error::Error. Not using String errors anymore, the cherr!() macro seen in the beginning of the tutorial has to be used again. Only returning Func1ErrorKind in func1() now let us get rid of Result<(), Box> and we can use ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind>. In main we can now directly use the methods of ChainError without downcasting the error first. Also a nice match on ChainError.kind() is now possible, which returns &T, meaning &Func1ErrorKind here. use chainerror::*;\nuse std::error::Error;\nuse std::io;\nuse std::result::Result; fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(())\n} derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> { let filename = \"foo.txt\"; do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?; Ok(())\n} #[derive(Debug)]\nenum Func1ErrorKind { Func2, IO(String),\n} impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { match self { Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"), Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename), } }\n}\nimpl ::std::error::Error for Func1ErrorKind {} fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> { func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::Func2))?; let filename = String::from(\"bar.txt\"); do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename)))?; Ok(())\n} fn main() -> Result<(), Box> { if let Err(e) = func1() { match e.kind() { Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2\"), Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => { eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'\", filename) } } if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::() { eprintln!(\"\\nError reported by Func2Error: {}\", e) } eprintln!(\"\\nDebug Error:\\n{:?}\", e); } Ok(())\n}\n# #[allow(dead_code)]\n# mod chainerror {\n# //! `chainerror` provides an error backtrace without doing a real backtrace, so even after you `strip` your\n# //! binaries, you still have the error backtrace.\n# //!\n# //! `chainerror` has no dependencies!\n# //!\n# //! `chainerror` uses `.source()` of `std::error::Error` along with `line()!` and `file()!` to provide a nice debug error backtrace.\n# //! It encapsulates all types, which have `Display + Debug` and can store the error cause internally.\n# //!\n# //! Along with the `ChainError` struct, `chainerror` comes with some useful helper macros to save a lot of typing.\n# //!\n# //! ## Features\n# //!\n# //! `no-fileline`\n# //! : completely turn off storing filename and line\n# //!\n# //! `display-cause`\n# //! : turn on printing a backtrace of the errors in `Display`\n# //!\n# //! `no-debug-cause`\n# //! : turn off printing a backtrace of the errors in `Debug`\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! # Tutorial\n# //!\n# //! Read the [Tutorial](https://haraldh.github.io/chainerror/tutorial1.html)\n# //!\n# //! # Examples\n# //!\n# //! ```rust\n# //! use chainerror::*;\n# //! use std::error::Error;\n# //! use std::io;\n# //! use std::result::Result;\n# //!\n# //! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! func2().map_err(mstrerr!(\"func1 error\"))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn main() {\n# //! if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# //! #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# //! assert_eq!(\n# //! format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# //! src/lib.rs:20: func1 error\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! Kind(NotFound)\n# //! \"#\n# //! );\n# //! }\n# //! # else {\n# //! # unreachable!();\n# //! # }\n# //! }\n# //! ```\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! ```rust\n# //! use chainerror::*;\n# //! use std::error::Error;\n# //! use std::io;\n# //! use std::result::Result;\n# //!\n# //! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func3() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# //!\n# //! fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# //! func3().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"func2 error: calling func3\"))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! enum Func1Error {\n# //! Func2,\n# //! IO(String),\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1Error {\n# //! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# //! match self {\n# //! Func1Error::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"),\n# //! Func1Error::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Func1Error {\n# //! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# //! write!(f, \"{}\", self)\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1Error> {\n# //! func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::Func2))?;\n# //! let filename = String::from(\"bar.txt\");\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::IO(filename)))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn main() {\n# //! if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# //! assert!(\n# //! match e.kind() {\n# //! Func1Error::Func2 => {\n# //! eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2\");\n# //! true\n# //! }\n# //! Func1Error::IO(filename) => {\n# //! eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'\", filename);\n# //! false\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //! );\n# //!\n# //! assert!(e.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# //!\n# //! if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::() {\n# //! eprintln!(\"\\nError reported by Func2Error: {}\", e)\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! assert!(e.root_cause().is_some());\n# //!\n# //! if let Some(e) = e.root_cause() {\n# //! let io_error = e.downcast_ref::().unwrap();\n# //! eprintln!(\"\\nThe root cause was: std::io::Error: {:#?}\", io_error);\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# //! assert_eq!(\n# //! format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# //! src/lib.rs:47: func1 error calling func2\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:22: Func2Error(func2 error: calling func3)\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! Kind(NotFound)\n# //! \"#\n# //! );\n# //! }\n# //! # else {\n# //! # unreachable!();\n# //! # }\n# //! }\n# //! ```\n# # #![deny(\n# warnings,\n# absolute_paths_not_starting_with_crate,\n# deprecated_in_future,\n# keyword_idents,\n# macro_use_extern_crate,\n# missing_debug_implementations,\n# trivial_numeric_casts,\n# unused_extern_crates,\n# unused_import_braces,\n# unused_qualifications,\n# unused_results,\n# unused_labels,\n# unused_lifetimes,\n# unstable_features,\n# unreachable_pub,\n# future_incompatible,\n# missing_copy_implementations,\n# missing_doc_code_examples,\n# rust_2018_idioms,\n# rust_2018_compatibility\n# )]\n# # use std::any::TypeId;\n# use std::error::Error;\n# use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter, Result};\n# # /// chains an inner error kind `T` with a causing error\n# pub struct ChainError {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# }\n# # /// convenience type alias\n# pub type ChainResult = std::result::Result>;\n# # impl ChainError {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn new(\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> Self {\n# Self {\n# occurrence,\n# kind,\n# error_cause,\n# }\n# }\n# # #[cfg(feature = \"no-fileline\")]\n# /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn new(\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# _occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> Self {\n# Self { kind, error_cause }\n# }\n# # /// return the root cause of the error chain, if any exists\n# pub fn root_cause(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.iter().last()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type U, if any exists\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# /// use std::error::Error;\n# /// use std::io;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn main() {\n# /// if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# ///\n# /// assert!(f1err.find_cause::().is_some());\n# ///\n# /// assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_cause(&self) -> Option<&U> {\n# self.iter().filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::).next()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError`, if any exists\n# ///\n# /// Same as `find_cause`, but hides the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooError);\n# /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);\n# /// // Instead of writing\n# /// err.find_cause::>();\n# ///\n# /// // leave out the ChainError implementation detail\n# /// err.find_chain_cause::();\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_chain_cause(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.iter()\n# .filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::>)\n# .next()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError` or `U`, if any exists and return `U`\n# ///\n# /// Same as `find_cause` and `find_chain_cause`, but hides the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooErrorKind);\n# /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);\n# /// // Instead of writing\n# /// err.find_cause::>();\n# /// // and/or\n# /// err.find_chain_cause::();\n# /// // and/or\n# /// err.find_cause::();\n# ///\n# /// // leave out the ChainError implementation detail\n# /// err.find_kind_or_cause::();\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_kind_or_cause(&self) -> Option<&U> {\n# self.iter()\n# .filter_map(|e| {\n# e.downcast_ref::>()\n# .map(|e| e.kind())\n# .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::())\n# })\n# .next()\n# }\n# # /// Return a reference to T of `ChainError`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# /// use std::error::Error;\n# /// use std::io;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// enum Func1ErrorKind {\n# /// Func2,\n# /// IO(String),\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// /// impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {…}\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"),\n# /// # Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> {\n# /// func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::Func2))?;\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::IO(\"bar.txt\".into())))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn main() {\n# /// if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// match e.kind() {\n# /// Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => {}\n# /// Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => panic!(),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn kind(&self) -> &T {\n# &self.kind\n# }\n# # /// Returns an Iterator over all error causes/sources\n# ///\n# /// # Example\n# ///\n# ///\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator {\n# ErrorIter {\n# current: Some(self),\n# }\n# }\n# }\n# # struct ErrorIter<'a> {\n# current: Option<&'a (dyn Error + 'static)>,\n# }\n# # impl<'a> Iterator for ErrorIter<'a> {\n# type Item = &'a (dyn Error + 'static);\n# # #[inline]\n# fn next(&mut self) -> Option {\n# let current = self.current;\n# self.current = self.current.and_then(Error::source);\n# current\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::ops::Deref for ChainError {\n# type Target = T;\n# # #[inline]\n# fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {\n# &self.kind\n# }\n# }\n# # /// Convenience trait to hide the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# pub trait ChainErrorDown {\n# /// Test if of type `ChainError`\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool;\n# /// Downcast to a reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError>;\n# /// Downcast to a mutable reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError>;\n# /// Downcast to T of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T>;\n# /// Downcast to T mutable reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>;\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# TypeId::of::() == TypeId::of::()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError))\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&mut *(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError))\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&(*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError)).kind)\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&mut (*(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError)).kind)\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for &ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for &mut ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Display for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}\", self.kind)?;\n# # #[cfg(feature = \"display-cause\")]\n# {\n# if let Some(e) = self.source() {\n# writeln!(f, \"\\nCaused by:\")?;\n# Display::fmt(&e, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# Ok(())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Debug for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# {\n# if let Some(ref o) = self.occurrence {\n# Display::fmt(o, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# # if self.is_chain::() {\n# Display::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;\n# } else {\n# Debug::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;\n# }\n# # #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-debug-cause\"))]\n# {\n# if let Some(e) = self.source() {\n# writeln!(f, \"\\nCaused by:\")?;\n# Debug::fmt(&e, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# Ok(())\n# }\n# }\n# # /// `ChainErrorFrom` is similar to `From`\n# pub trait ChainErrorFrom: Sized {\n# /// similar to From::from()\n# fn chain_error_from(from: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError;\n# }\n# # /// `IntoChainError` is similar to `Into`\n# pub trait IntoChainError: Sized {\n# /// similar to Into::into()\n# fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError;\n# }\n# # impl IntoChainError for T\n# where\n# U: ChainErrorFrom,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# U::chain_error_from(self, line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorFrom for U\n# where\n# T: Into,\n# U: 'static + Display + Debug,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# let e: U = t.into();\n# ChainError::new(e, None, line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # /*\n# impl ChainErrorFrom for U\n# where\n# T: 'static + Error + Into> + Clone,\n# U: 'static + Display + Debug + From,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# ChainError::new(U::from(t.clone()), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# */\n# # /// map into `ChainError` with `T::from(err)`\n# ///\n# /// adds `line!()` and `file!()` information\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! minto_cherr {\n# ( $k:ident ) => (\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $k::from(&e))\n# );\n# ( $enum:ident $(:: $enum_path:ident)* ) => (\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $enum $(:: $enum_path)*::from(&e))\n# );\n# }\n# # /// Creates a new `ChainError`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// Create a new ChainError, where `FooError` must implement `Display` and `Debug`.\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// enum FooError {\n# /// Bar,\n# /// Baz(&'static str),\n# /// }\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, \"Bar Error\"),\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, \"Baz Error: '{}'\", s),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# ///\n# /// // impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_stuff() -> bool {\n# /// false\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> {\n# /// if ! do_some_stuff() {\n# /// Err(cherr!(FooError::Baz(\"Error\")))?;\n# /// }\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # pub fn main() {\n# /// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() {\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &\"Error\" => {}\n# /// # _ => panic!(),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# ///\n# /// Additionally an error cause can be added.\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// # enum FooError {\n# /// # Bar,\n# /// # Baz(&'static str),\n# /// # }\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, \"Bar Error\"),\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, \"Baz Error: '{}'\", s),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// fn do_some_stuff() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> {\n# /// do_some_stuff().map_err(\n# /// |e| cherr!(e, FooError::Baz(\"Error\"))\n# /// )?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # pub fn main() {\n# /// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() {\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &\"Error\" => {}\n# /// # _ => panic!(),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! cherr {\n# ( $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( None, $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# ( $e:path, $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, Some(Box::from($e)), Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( $e:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro for `|e| cherr!(e, format!(…))`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(\"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# /// # assert_eq!(\n# /// # format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# /// # src/lib.rs:18: func1 error\n# /// # Caused by:\n# /// # src/lib.rs:13: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# /// # Caused by:\n# /// # Kind(NotFound)\n# /// # \"#\n# /// # );\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# ///\n# /// `mstrerr!()` can also be used to map a new `ChainError`, where T was defined with\n# /// `derive_str_cherr!(T)`\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! mstrerr {\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )))\n# });\n# ($msg:expr) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($msg:expr, ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro for `cherr!(T(format!(…)))` where `T(String)`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// Err(strerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! strerr {\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )))\n# });\n# ($msg:expr) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($msg:expr, ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro to create a \"new type\" T(String) and implement Display + Debug for T\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! derive_str_cherr {\n# ($e:ident) => {\n# #[derive(Clone)]\n# pub struct $e(pub String);\n# impl ::std::fmt::Display for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}\", self.0)\n# }\n# }\n# impl ::std::fmt::Debug for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}({})\", stringify!($e), self.0)\n# }\n# }\n# impl ::std::error::Error for $e {}\n# };\n# }\n# # /// Derive an Error for an ErrorKind, which wraps a `ChainError` and implements a `kind()` method\n# ///\n# /// It basically hides `ChainError` to the outside and only exposes the `kind()`\n# /// method.\n# ///\n# /// Error::kind() returns the ErrorKind\n# /// Error::source() returns the parent error\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use std::io;\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io(_f: &str) -> std::result::Result<(), io::Error> {\n# /// return Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound));\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// #[derive(Debug, Clone)]\n# /// pub enum ErrorKind {\n# /// IO(String),\n# /// FatalError(String),\n# /// Unknown,\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind);\n# ///\n# /// impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind {\n# /// fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# /// match self {\n# /// ErrorKind::FatalError(e) => write!(f, \"fatal error {}\", e),\n# /// ErrorKind::Unknown => write!(f, \"unknown error\"),\n# /// ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// impl ErrorKind {\n# /// fn from_io_error(e: &io::Error, f: String) -> Self {\n# /// match e.kind() {\n# /// io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe => panic!(\"Should not happen\"),\n# /// io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset => {\n# /// ErrorKind::FatalError(format!(\"While reading `{}`: {}\", f, e))\n# /// }\n# /// _ => ErrorKind::IO(f),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// impl From<&io::Error> for ErrorKind {\n# /// fn from(e: &io::Error) -> Self {\n# /// ErrorKind::IO(format!(\"{}\", e))\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// pub fn func1() -> std::result::Result<(), Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"bar.txt\";\n# ///\n# /// do_some_io(filename)\n# /// .map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from_io_error(&e, filename.into())))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::IO(filename.into())))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from(&e)))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(minto_cherr!(ErrorKind))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! derive_err_kind {\n# ($e:ident, $k:ident) => {\n# pub struct $e($crate::ChainError<$k>);\n# # impl $e {\n# pub fn kind(&self) -> &$k {\n# self.0.kind()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From<$k> for $e {\n# fn from(e: $k) -> Self {\n# $e($crate::ChainError::new(e, None, None))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From> for $e {\n# fn from(e: $crate::ChainError<$k>) -> Self {\n# $e(e)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From<&$e> for $k\n# where\n# $k: Clone,\n# {\n# fn from(e: &$e) -> Self {\n# e.kind().clone()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl $crate::ChainErrorFrom<$e> for $k\n# where\n# $k: Clone,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(\n# t: $e,\n# line_filename: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> $crate::ChainError<$k> {\n# $crate::ChainError::new((*t.kind()).clone(), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::error::Error for $e {\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> {\n# self.0.source()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::fmt::Display for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::fmt::Debug for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.0, f)\n# }\n# }\n# };\n# }\n# }","breadcrumbs":"ErrorKind to the rescue","id":"13","title":"ErrorKind to the rescue"},"14":{"body":"One small improvement at the end of the tutorial is to fix the debug output of Func1ErrorKind. As you probably noticed, the output doesn't say much of the enum. Debug Error:\nsrc/main.rs:35: Func2\n[…] As a lazy shortcut, we implement Debug by calling Display and end up with Debug Error:\nsrc/main.rs:40: func1 error calling func2\n[…} which gives us a lot more detail. To create your own Errors, you might find crates which create enum Display+Debug via derive macros. Also noteworthy is custom_error to define your custom errors, which can then be used with chainerror. use chainerror::*;\nuse std::error::Error;\nuse std::io;\nuse std::result::Result; fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(())\n} derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> { let filename = \"foo.txt\"; do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?; Ok(())\n} enum Func1ErrorKind { Func2, IO(String),\n} impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { match self { Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"), Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename), } }\n} impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Func1ErrorKind { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { write!(f, \"{}\", self) }\n} impl ::std::error::Error for Func1ErrorKind {} fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> { func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::Func2))?; let filename = String::from(\"bar.txt\"); do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename)))?; Ok(())\n} fn main() -> Result<(), Box> { if let Err(e) = func1() { match e.kind() { Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2\"), Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => { eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'\", filename) } } if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::() { eprintln!(\"\\nError reported by Func2Error: {}\", e) } eprintln!(\"\\nDebug Error:\\n{:?}\", e); } Ok(())\n}\n# #[allow(dead_code)]\n# mod chainerror {\n# //! `chainerror` provides an error backtrace without doing a real backtrace, so even after you `strip` your\n# //! binaries, you still have the error backtrace.\n# //!\n# //! `chainerror` has no dependencies!\n# //!\n# //! `chainerror` uses `.source()` of `std::error::Error` along with `line()!` and `file()!` to provide a nice debug error backtrace.\n# //! It encapsulates all types, which have `Display + Debug` and can store the error cause internally.\n# //!\n# //! Along with the `ChainError` struct, `chainerror` comes with some useful helper macros to save a lot of typing.\n# //!\n# //! ## Features\n# //!\n# //! `no-fileline`\n# //! : completely turn off storing filename and line\n# //!\n# //! `display-cause`\n# //! : turn on printing a backtrace of the errors in `Display`\n# //!\n# //! `no-debug-cause`\n# //! : turn off printing a backtrace of the errors in `Debug`\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! # Tutorial\n# //!\n# //! Read the [Tutorial](https://haraldh.github.io/chainerror/tutorial1.html)\n# //!\n# //! # Examples\n# //!\n# //! ```rust\n# //! use chainerror::*;\n# //! use std::error::Error;\n# //! use std::io;\n# //! use std::result::Result;\n# //!\n# //! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! func2().map_err(mstrerr!(\"func1 error\"))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn main() {\n# //! if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# //! #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# //! assert_eq!(\n# //! format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# //! src/lib.rs:20: func1 error\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! Kind(NotFound)\n# //! \"#\n# //! );\n# //! }\n# //! # else {\n# //! # unreachable!();\n# //! # }\n# //! }\n# //! ```\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! ```rust\n# //! use chainerror::*;\n# //! use std::error::Error;\n# //! use std::io;\n# //! use std::result::Result;\n# //!\n# //! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func3() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# //!\n# //! fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# //! func3().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"func2 error: calling func3\"))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! enum Func1Error {\n# //! Func2,\n# //! IO(String),\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1Error {\n# //! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# //! match self {\n# //! Func1Error::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"),\n# //! Func1Error::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Func1Error {\n# //! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# //! write!(f, \"{}\", self)\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1Error> {\n# //! func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::Func2))?;\n# //! let filename = String::from(\"bar.txt\");\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::IO(filename)))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn main() {\n# //! if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# //! assert!(\n# //! match e.kind() {\n# //! Func1Error::Func2 => {\n# //! eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2\");\n# //! true\n# //! }\n# //! Func1Error::IO(filename) => {\n# //! eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'\", filename);\n# //! false\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //! );\n# //!\n# //! assert!(e.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# //!\n# //! if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::() {\n# //! eprintln!(\"\\nError reported by Func2Error: {}\", e)\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! assert!(e.root_cause().is_some());\n# //!\n# //! if let Some(e) = e.root_cause() {\n# //! let io_error = e.downcast_ref::().unwrap();\n# //! eprintln!(\"\\nThe root cause was: std::io::Error: {:#?}\", io_error);\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# //! assert_eq!(\n# //! format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# //! src/lib.rs:47: func1 error calling func2\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:22: Func2Error(func2 error: calling func3)\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! Kind(NotFound)\n# //! \"#\n# //! );\n# //! }\n# //! # else {\n# //! # unreachable!();\n# //! # }\n# //! }\n# //! ```\n# # #![deny(\n# warnings,\n# absolute_paths_not_starting_with_crate,\n# deprecated_in_future,\n# keyword_idents,\n# macro_use_extern_crate,\n# missing_debug_implementations,\n# trivial_numeric_casts,\n# unused_extern_crates,\n# unused_import_braces,\n# unused_qualifications,\n# unused_results,\n# unused_labels,\n# unused_lifetimes,\n# unstable_features,\n# unreachable_pub,\n# future_incompatible,\n# missing_copy_implementations,\n# missing_doc_code_examples,\n# rust_2018_idioms,\n# rust_2018_compatibility\n# )]\n# # use std::any::TypeId;\n# use std::error::Error;\n# use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter, Result};\n# # /// chains an inner error kind `T` with a causing error\n# pub struct ChainError {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# }\n# # /// convenience type alias\n# pub type ChainResult = std::result::Result>;\n# # impl ChainError {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn new(\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> Self {\n# Self {\n# occurrence,\n# kind,\n# error_cause,\n# }\n# }\n# # #[cfg(feature = \"no-fileline\")]\n# /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn new(\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# _occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> Self {\n# Self { kind, error_cause }\n# }\n# # /// return the root cause of the error chain, if any exists\n# pub fn root_cause(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.iter().last()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type U, if any exists\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# /// use std::error::Error;\n# /// use std::io;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn main() {\n# /// if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# ///\n# /// assert!(f1err.find_cause::().is_some());\n# ///\n# /// assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_cause(&self) -> Option<&U> {\n# self.iter().filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::).next()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError`, if any exists\n# ///\n# /// Same as `find_cause`, but hides the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooError);\n# /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);\n# /// // Instead of writing\n# /// err.find_cause::>();\n# ///\n# /// // leave out the ChainError implementation detail\n# /// err.find_chain_cause::();\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_chain_cause(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.iter()\n# .filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::>)\n# .next()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError` or `U`, if any exists and return `U`\n# ///\n# /// Same as `find_cause` and `find_chain_cause`, but hides the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooErrorKind);\n# /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);\n# /// // Instead of writing\n# /// err.find_cause::>();\n# /// // and/or\n# /// err.find_chain_cause::();\n# /// // and/or\n# /// err.find_cause::();\n# ///\n# /// // leave out the ChainError implementation detail\n# /// err.find_kind_or_cause::();\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_kind_or_cause(&self) -> Option<&U> {\n# self.iter()\n# .filter_map(|e| {\n# e.downcast_ref::>()\n# .map(|e| e.kind())\n# .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::())\n# })\n# .next()\n# }\n# # /// Return a reference to T of `ChainError`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# /// use std::error::Error;\n# /// use std::io;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// enum Func1ErrorKind {\n# /// Func2,\n# /// IO(String),\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// /// impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {…}\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"),\n# /// # Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> {\n# /// func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::Func2))?;\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::IO(\"bar.txt\".into())))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn main() {\n# /// if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// match e.kind() {\n# /// Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => {}\n# /// Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => panic!(),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn kind(&self) -> &T {\n# &self.kind\n# }\n# # /// Returns an Iterator over all error causes/sources\n# ///\n# /// # Example\n# ///\n# ///\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator {\n# ErrorIter {\n# current: Some(self),\n# }\n# }\n# }\n# # struct ErrorIter<'a> {\n# current: Option<&'a (dyn Error + 'static)>,\n# }\n# # impl<'a> Iterator for ErrorIter<'a> {\n# type Item = &'a (dyn Error + 'static);\n# # #[inline]\n# fn next(&mut self) -> Option {\n# let current = self.current;\n# self.current = self.current.and_then(Error::source);\n# current\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::ops::Deref for ChainError {\n# type Target = T;\n# # #[inline]\n# fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {\n# &self.kind\n# }\n# }\n# # /// Convenience trait to hide the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# pub trait ChainErrorDown {\n# /// Test if of type `ChainError`\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool;\n# /// Downcast to a reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError>;\n# /// Downcast to a mutable reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError>;\n# /// Downcast to T of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T>;\n# /// Downcast to T mutable reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>;\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# TypeId::of::() == TypeId::of::()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError))\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&mut *(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError))\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&(*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError)).kind)\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&mut (*(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError)).kind)\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for &ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for &mut ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Display for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}\", self.kind)?;\n# # #[cfg(feature = \"display-cause\")]\n# {\n# if let Some(e) = self.source() {\n# writeln!(f, \"\\nCaused by:\")?;\n# Display::fmt(&e, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# Ok(())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Debug for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# {\n# if let Some(ref o) = self.occurrence {\n# Display::fmt(o, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# # if self.is_chain::() {\n# Display::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;\n# } else {\n# Debug::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;\n# }\n# # #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-debug-cause\"))]\n# {\n# if let Some(e) = self.source() {\n# writeln!(f, \"\\nCaused by:\")?;\n# Debug::fmt(&e, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# Ok(())\n# }\n# }\n# # /// `ChainErrorFrom` is similar to `From`\n# pub trait ChainErrorFrom: Sized {\n# /// similar to From::from()\n# fn chain_error_from(from: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError;\n# }\n# # /// `IntoChainError` is similar to `Into`\n# pub trait IntoChainError: Sized {\n# /// similar to Into::into()\n# fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError;\n# }\n# # impl IntoChainError for T\n# where\n# U: ChainErrorFrom,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# U::chain_error_from(self, line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorFrom for U\n# where\n# T: Into,\n# U: 'static + Display + Debug,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# let e: U = t.into();\n# ChainError::new(e, None, line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # /*\n# impl ChainErrorFrom for U\n# where\n# T: 'static + Error + Into> + Clone,\n# U: 'static + Display + Debug + From,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# ChainError::new(U::from(t.clone()), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# */\n# # /// map into `ChainError` with `T::from(err)`\n# ///\n# /// adds `line!()` and `file!()` information\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! minto_cherr {\n# ( $k:ident ) => (\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $k::from(&e))\n# );\n# ( $enum:ident $(:: $enum_path:ident)* ) => (\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $enum $(:: $enum_path)*::from(&e))\n# );\n# }\n# # /// Creates a new `ChainError`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// Create a new ChainError, where `FooError` must implement `Display` and `Debug`.\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// enum FooError {\n# /// Bar,\n# /// Baz(&'static str),\n# /// }\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, \"Bar Error\"),\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, \"Baz Error: '{}'\", s),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# ///\n# /// // impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_stuff() -> bool {\n# /// false\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> {\n# /// if ! do_some_stuff() {\n# /// Err(cherr!(FooError::Baz(\"Error\")))?;\n# /// }\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # pub fn main() {\n# /// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() {\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &\"Error\" => {}\n# /// # _ => panic!(),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# ///\n# /// Additionally an error cause can be added.\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// # enum FooError {\n# /// # Bar,\n# /// # Baz(&'static str),\n# /// # }\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, \"Bar Error\"),\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, \"Baz Error: '{}'\", s),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// fn do_some_stuff() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> {\n# /// do_some_stuff().map_err(\n# /// |e| cherr!(e, FooError::Baz(\"Error\"))\n# /// )?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # pub fn main() {\n# /// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() {\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &\"Error\" => {}\n# /// # _ => panic!(),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! cherr {\n# ( $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( None, $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# ( $e:path, $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, Some(Box::from($e)), Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( $e:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro for `|e| cherr!(e, format!(…))`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(\"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# /// # assert_eq!(\n# /// # format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# /// # src/lib.rs:18: func1 error\n# /// # Caused by:\n# /// # src/lib.rs:13: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# /// # Caused by:\n# /// # Kind(NotFound)\n# /// # \"#\n# /// # );\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# ///\n# /// `mstrerr!()` can also be used to map a new `ChainError`, where T was defined with\n# /// `derive_str_cherr!(T)`\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! mstrerr {\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )))\n# });\n# ($msg:expr) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($msg:expr, ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro for `cherr!(T(format!(…)))` where `T(String)`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// Err(strerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! strerr {\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )))\n# });\n# ($msg:expr) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($msg:expr, ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro to create a \"new type\" T(String) and implement Display + Debug for T\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! derive_str_cherr {\n# ($e:ident) => {\n# #[derive(Clone)]\n# pub struct $e(pub String);\n# impl ::std::fmt::Display for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}\", self.0)\n# }\n# }\n# impl ::std::fmt::Debug for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}({})\", stringify!($e), self.0)\n# }\n# }\n# impl ::std::error::Error for $e {}\n# };\n# }\n# # /// Derive an Error for an ErrorKind, which wraps a `ChainError` and implements a `kind()` method\n# ///\n# /// It basically hides `ChainError` to the outside and only exposes the `kind()`\n# /// method.\n# ///\n# /// Error::kind() returns the ErrorKind\n# /// Error::source() returns the parent error\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use std::io;\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io(_f: &str) -> std::result::Result<(), io::Error> {\n# /// return Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound));\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// #[derive(Debug, Clone)]\n# /// pub enum ErrorKind {\n# /// IO(String),\n# /// FatalError(String),\n# /// Unknown,\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind);\n# ///\n# /// impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind {\n# /// fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# /// match self {\n# /// ErrorKind::FatalError(e) => write!(f, \"fatal error {}\", e),\n# /// ErrorKind::Unknown => write!(f, \"unknown error\"),\n# /// ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// impl ErrorKind {\n# /// fn from_io_error(e: &io::Error, f: String) -> Self {\n# /// match e.kind() {\n# /// io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe => panic!(\"Should not happen\"),\n# /// io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset => {\n# /// ErrorKind::FatalError(format!(\"While reading `{}`: {}\", f, e))\n# /// }\n# /// _ => ErrorKind::IO(f),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// impl From<&io::Error> for ErrorKind {\n# /// fn from(e: &io::Error) -> Self {\n# /// ErrorKind::IO(format!(\"{}\", e))\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// pub fn func1() -> std::result::Result<(), Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"bar.txt\";\n# ///\n# /// do_some_io(filename)\n# /// .map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from_io_error(&e, filename.into())))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::IO(filename.into())))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from(&e)))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(minto_cherr!(ErrorKind))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! derive_err_kind {\n# ($e:ident, $k:ident) => {\n# pub struct $e($crate::ChainError<$k>);\n# # impl $e {\n# pub fn kind(&self) -> &$k {\n# self.0.kind()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From<$k> for $e {\n# fn from(e: $k) -> Self {\n# $e($crate::ChainError::new(e, None, None))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From> for $e {\n# fn from(e: $crate::ChainError<$k>) -> Self {\n# $e(e)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From<&$e> for $k\n# where\n# $k: Clone,\n# {\n# fn from(e: &$e) -> Self {\n# e.kind().clone()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl $crate::ChainErrorFrom<$e> for $k\n# where\n# $k: Clone,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(\n# t: $e,\n# line_filename: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> $crate::ChainError<$k> {\n# $crate::ChainError::new((*t.kind()).clone(), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::error::Error for $e {\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> {\n# self.0.source()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::fmt::Display for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::fmt::Debug for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.0, f)\n# }\n# }\n# };\n# }\n# }","breadcrumbs":"Debug for the ErrorKind","id":"14","title":"Debug for the ErrorKind"},"15":{"body":"Because ChainError implements Deref to &T, we can also match on *e instead of e.kind() or call a function with &e use chainerror::*;\nuse std::error::Error;\nuse std::io;\nuse std::result::Result; fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(())\n} derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> { let filename = \"foo.txt\"; do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?; Ok(())\n} enum Func1ErrorKind { Func2, IO(String),\n} impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { match self { Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"), Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename), } }\n} impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Func1ErrorKind { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { write!(f, \"{}\", self) }\n} impl ::std::error::Error for Func1ErrorKind {} fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> { func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::Func2))?; let filename = String::from(\"bar.txt\"); do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename)))?; Ok(())\n} fn handle_func1errorkind(e: &Func1ErrorKind) { match e { Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2\"), Func1ErrorKind::IO(ref filename) => { eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'\", filename) } }\n} fn main() -> Result<(), Box> { if let Err(e) = func1() { match *e { Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2\"), Func1ErrorKind::IO(ref filename) => { eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'\", filename) } } handle_func1errorkind(&e); if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::() { eprintln!(\"\\nError reported by Func2Error: {}\", e) } eprintln!(\"\\nDebug Error:\\n{:?}\", e); } Ok(())\n}\n# #[allow(dead_code)]\n# mod chainerror {\n# //! `chainerror` provides an error backtrace without doing a real backtrace, so even after you `strip` your\n# //! binaries, you still have the error backtrace.\n# //!\n# //! `chainerror` has no dependencies!\n# //!\n# //! `chainerror` uses `.source()` of `std::error::Error` along with `line()!` and `file()!` to provide a nice debug error backtrace.\n# //! It encapsulates all types, which have `Display + Debug` and can store the error cause internally.\n# //!\n# //! Along with the `ChainError` struct, `chainerror` comes with some useful helper macros to save a lot of typing.\n# //!\n# //! ## Features\n# //!\n# //! `no-fileline`\n# //! : completely turn off storing filename and line\n# //!\n# //! `display-cause`\n# //! : turn on printing a backtrace of the errors in `Display`\n# //!\n# //! `no-debug-cause`\n# //! : turn off printing a backtrace of the errors in `Debug`\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! # Tutorial\n# //!\n# //! Read the [Tutorial](https://haraldh.github.io/chainerror/tutorial1.html)\n# //!\n# //! # Examples\n# //!\n# //! ```rust\n# //! use chainerror::*;\n# //! use std::error::Error;\n# //! use std::io;\n# //! use std::result::Result;\n# //!\n# //! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! func2().map_err(mstrerr!(\"func1 error\"))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn main() {\n# //! if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# //! #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# //! assert_eq!(\n# //! format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# //! src/lib.rs:20: func1 error\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! Kind(NotFound)\n# //! \"#\n# //! );\n# //! }\n# //! # else {\n# //! # unreachable!();\n# //! # }\n# //! }\n# //! ```\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! ```rust\n# //! use chainerror::*;\n# //! use std::error::Error;\n# //! use std::io;\n# //! use std::result::Result;\n# //!\n# //! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func3() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# //!\n# //! fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# //! func3().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"func2 error: calling func3\"))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! enum Func1Error {\n# //! Func2,\n# //! IO(String),\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1Error {\n# //! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# //! match self {\n# //! Func1Error::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"),\n# //! Func1Error::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Func1Error {\n# //! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# //! write!(f, \"{}\", self)\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1Error> {\n# //! func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::Func2))?;\n# //! let filename = String::from(\"bar.txt\");\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::IO(filename)))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn main() {\n# //! if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# //! assert!(\n# //! match e.kind() {\n# //! Func1Error::Func2 => {\n# //! eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2\");\n# //! true\n# //! }\n# //! Func1Error::IO(filename) => {\n# //! eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'\", filename);\n# //! false\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //! );\n# //!\n# //! assert!(e.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# //!\n# //! if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::() {\n# //! eprintln!(\"\\nError reported by Func2Error: {}\", e)\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! assert!(e.root_cause().is_some());\n# //!\n# //! if let Some(e) = e.root_cause() {\n# //! let io_error = e.downcast_ref::().unwrap();\n# //! eprintln!(\"\\nThe root cause was: std::io::Error: {:#?}\", io_error);\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# //! assert_eq!(\n# //! format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# //! src/lib.rs:47: func1 error calling func2\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:22: Func2Error(func2 error: calling func3)\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! Kind(NotFound)\n# //! \"#\n# //! );\n# //! }\n# //! # else {\n# //! # unreachable!();\n# //! # }\n# //! }\n# //! ```\n# # #![deny(\n# warnings,\n# absolute_paths_not_starting_with_crate,\n# deprecated_in_future,\n# keyword_idents,\n# macro_use_extern_crate,\n# missing_debug_implementations,\n# trivial_numeric_casts,\n# unused_extern_crates,\n# unused_import_braces,\n# unused_qualifications,\n# unused_results,\n# unused_labels,\n# unused_lifetimes,\n# unstable_features,\n# unreachable_pub,\n# future_incompatible,\n# missing_copy_implementations,\n# missing_doc_code_examples,\n# rust_2018_idioms,\n# rust_2018_compatibility\n# )]\n# # use std::any::TypeId;\n# use std::error::Error;\n# use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter, Result};\n# # /// chains an inner error kind `T` with a causing error\n# pub struct ChainError {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# }\n# # /// convenience type alias\n# pub type ChainResult = std::result::Result>;\n# # impl ChainError {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn new(\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> Self {\n# Self {\n# occurrence,\n# kind,\n# error_cause,\n# }\n# }\n# # #[cfg(feature = \"no-fileline\")]\n# /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn new(\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# _occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> Self {\n# Self { kind, error_cause }\n# }\n# # /// return the root cause of the error chain, if any exists\n# pub fn root_cause(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.iter().last()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type U, if any exists\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# /// use std::error::Error;\n# /// use std::io;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn main() {\n# /// if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# ///\n# /// assert!(f1err.find_cause::().is_some());\n# ///\n# /// assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_cause(&self) -> Option<&U> {\n# self.iter().filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::).next()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError`, if any exists\n# ///\n# /// Same as `find_cause`, but hides the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooError);\n# /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);\n# /// // Instead of writing\n# /// err.find_cause::>();\n# ///\n# /// // leave out the ChainError implementation detail\n# /// err.find_chain_cause::();\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_chain_cause(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.iter()\n# .filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::>)\n# .next()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError` or `U`, if any exists and return `U`\n# ///\n# /// Same as `find_cause` and `find_chain_cause`, but hides the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooErrorKind);\n# /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);\n# /// // Instead of writing\n# /// err.find_cause::>();\n# /// // and/or\n# /// err.find_chain_cause::();\n# /// // and/or\n# /// err.find_cause::();\n# ///\n# /// // leave out the ChainError implementation detail\n# /// err.find_kind_or_cause::();\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_kind_or_cause(&self) -> Option<&U> {\n# self.iter()\n# .filter_map(|e| {\n# e.downcast_ref::>()\n# .map(|e| e.kind())\n# .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::())\n# })\n# .next()\n# }\n# # /// Return a reference to T of `ChainError`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# /// use std::error::Error;\n# /// use std::io;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// enum Func1ErrorKind {\n# /// Func2,\n# /// IO(String),\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// /// impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {…}\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"),\n# /// # Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> {\n# /// func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::Func2))?;\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::IO(\"bar.txt\".into())))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn main() {\n# /// if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// match e.kind() {\n# /// Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => {}\n# /// Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => panic!(),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn kind(&self) -> &T {\n# &self.kind\n# }\n# # /// Returns an Iterator over all error causes/sources\n# ///\n# /// # Example\n# ///\n# ///\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator {\n# ErrorIter {\n# current: Some(self),\n# }\n# }\n# }\n# # struct ErrorIter<'a> {\n# current: Option<&'a (dyn Error + 'static)>,\n# }\n# # impl<'a> Iterator for ErrorIter<'a> {\n# type Item = &'a (dyn Error + 'static);\n# # #[inline]\n# fn next(&mut self) -> Option {\n# let current = self.current;\n# self.current = self.current.and_then(Error::source);\n# current\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::ops::Deref for ChainError {\n# type Target = T;\n# # #[inline]\n# fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {\n# &self.kind\n# }\n# }\n# # /// Convenience trait to hide the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# pub trait ChainErrorDown {\n# /// Test if of type `ChainError`\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool;\n# /// Downcast to a reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError>;\n# /// Downcast to a mutable reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError>;\n# /// Downcast to T of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T>;\n# /// Downcast to T mutable reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>;\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# TypeId::of::() == TypeId::of::()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError))\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&mut *(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError))\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&(*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError)).kind)\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&mut (*(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError)).kind)\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for &ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for &mut ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Display for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}\", self.kind)?;\n# # #[cfg(feature = \"display-cause\")]\n# {\n# if let Some(e) = self.source() {\n# writeln!(f, \"\\nCaused by:\")?;\n# Display::fmt(&e, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# Ok(())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Debug for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# {\n# if let Some(ref o) = self.occurrence {\n# Display::fmt(o, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# # if self.is_chain::() {\n# Display::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;\n# } else {\n# Debug::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;\n# }\n# # #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-debug-cause\"))]\n# {\n# if let Some(e) = self.source() {\n# writeln!(f, \"\\nCaused by:\")?;\n# Debug::fmt(&e, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# Ok(())\n# }\n# }\n# # /// `ChainErrorFrom` is similar to `From`\n# pub trait ChainErrorFrom: Sized {\n# /// similar to From::from()\n# fn chain_error_from(from: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError;\n# }\n# # /// `IntoChainError` is similar to `Into`\n# pub trait IntoChainError: Sized {\n# /// similar to Into::into()\n# fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError;\n# }\n# # impl IntoChainError for T\n# where\n# U: ChainErrorFrom,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# U::chain_error_from(self, line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorFrom for U\n# where\n# T: Into,\n# U: 'static + Display + Debug,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# let e: U = t.into();\n# ChainError::new(e, None, line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # /*\n# impl ChainErrorFrom for U\n# where\n# T: 'static + Error + Into> + Clone,\n# U: 'static + Display + Debug + From,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# ChainError::new(U::from(t.clone()), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# */\n# # /// map into `ChainError` with `T::from(err)`\n# ///\n# /// adds `line!()` and `file!()` information\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! minto_cherr {\n# ( $k:ident ) => (\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $k::from(&e))\n# );\n# ( $enum:ident $(:: $enum_path:ident)* ) => (\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $enum $(:: $enum_path)*::from(&e))\n# );\n# }\n# # /// Creates a new `ChainError`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// Create a new ChainError, where `FooError` must implement `Display` and `Debug`.\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// enum FooError {\n# /// Bar,\n# /// Baz(&'static str),\n# /// }\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, \"Bar Error\"),\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, \"Baz Error: '{}'\", s),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# ///\n# /// // impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_stuff() -> bool {\n# /// false\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> {\n# /// if ! do_some_stuff() {\n# /// Err(cherr!(FooError::Baz(\"Error\")))?;\n# /// }\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # pub fn main() {\n# /// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() {\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &\"Error\" => {}\n# /// # _ => panic!(),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# ///\n# /// Additionally an error cause can be added.\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// # enum FooError {\n# /// # Bar,\n# /// # Baz(&'static str),\n# /// # }\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, \"Bar Error\"),\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, \"Baz Error: '{}'\", s),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// fn do_some_stuff() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> {\n# /// do_some_stuff().map_err(\n# /// |e| cherr!(e, FooError::Baz(\"Error\"))\n# /// )?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # pub fn main() {\n# /// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() {\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &\"Error\" => {}\n# /// # _ => panic!(),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! cherr {\n# ( $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( None, $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# ( $e:path, $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, Some(Box::from($e)), Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( $e:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro for `|e| cherr!(e, format!(…))`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(\"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# /// # assert_eq!(\n# /// # format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# /// # src/lib.rs:18: func1 error\n# /// # Caused by:\n# /// # src/lib.rs:13: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# /// # Caused by:\n# /// # Kind(NotFound)\n# /// # \"#\n# /// # );\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# ///\n# /// `mstrerr!()` can also be used to map a new `ChainError`, where T was defined with\n# /// `derive_str_cherr!(T)`\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! mstrerr {\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )))\n# });\n# ($msg:expr) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($msg:expr, ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro for `cherr!(T(format!(…)))` where `T(String)`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// Err(strerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! strerr {\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )))\n# });\n# ($msg:expr) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($msg:expr, ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro to create a \"new type\" T(String) and implement Display + Debug for T\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! derive_str_cherr {\n# ($e:ident) => {\n# #[derive(Clone)]\n# pub struct $e(pub String);\n# impl ::std::fmt::Display for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}\", self.0)\n# }\n# }\n# impl ::std::fmt::Debug for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}({})\", stringify!($e), self.0)\n# }\n# }\n# impl ::std::error::Error for $e {}\n# };\n# }\n# # /// Derive an Error for an ErrorKind, which wraps a `ChainError` and implements a `kind()` method\n# ///\n# /// It basically hides `ChainError` to the outside and only exposes the `kind()`\n# /// method.\n# ///\n# /// Error::kind() returns the ErrorKind\n# /// Error::source() returns the parent error\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use std::io;\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io(_f: &str) -> std::result::Result<(), io::Error> {\n# /// return Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound));\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// #[derive(Debug, Clone)]\n# /// pub enum ErrorKind {\n# /// IO(String),\n# /// FatalError(String),\n# /// Unknown,\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind);\n# ///\n# /// impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind {\n# /// fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# /// match self {\n# /// ErrorKind::FatalError(e) => write!(f, \"fatal error {}\", e),\n# /// ErrorKind::Unknown => write!(f, \"unknown error\"),\n# /// ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// impl ErrorKind {\n# /// fn from_io_error(e: &io::Error, f: String) -> Self {\n# /// match e.kind() {\n# /// io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe => panic!(\"Should not happen\"),\n# /// io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset => {\n# /// ErrorKind::FatalError(format!(\"While reading `{}`: {}\", f, e))\n# /// }\n# /// _ => ErrorKind::IO(f),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// impl From<&io::Error> for ErrorKind {\n# /// fn from(e: &io::Error) -> Self {\n# /// ErrorKind::IO(format!(\"{}\", e))\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// pub fn func1() -> std::result::Result<(), Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"bar.txt\";\n# ///\n# /// do_some_io(filename)\n# /// .map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from_io_error(&e, filename.into())))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::IO(filename.into())))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from(&e)))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(minto_cherr!(ErrorKind))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! derive_err_kind {\n# ($e:ident, $k:ident) => {\n# pub struct $e($crate::ChainError<$k>);\n# # impl $e {\n# pub fn kind(&self) -> &$k {\n# self.0.kind()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From<$k> for $e {\n# fn from(e: $k) -> Self {\n# $e($crate::ChainError::new(e, None, None))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From> for $e {\n# fn from(e: $crate::ChainError<$k>) -> Self {\n# $e(e)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From<&$e> for $k\n# where\n# $k: Clone,\n# {\n# fn from(e: &$e) -> Self {\n# e.kind().clone()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl $crate::ChainErrorFrom<$e> for $k\n# where\n# $k: Clone,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(\n# t: $e,\n# line_filename: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> $crate::ChainError<$k> {\n# $crate::ChainError::new((*t.kind()).clone(), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::error::Error for $e {\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> {\n# self.0.source()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::fmt::Display for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::fmt::Debug for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.0, f)\n# }\n# }\n# };\n# }\n# }","breadcrumbs":"Deref for the ErrorKind","id":"15","title":"Deref for the ErrorKind"},"16":{"body":"I would advise to only expose an mycrate::ErrorKind and type alias mycrate::Error to ChainError so you can tell your library users to use the .kind() method as std::io::Error does. If you later decide to make your own Error implementation, your library users don't have to change much or anything. # #[allow(dead_code)]\n# #[macro_use]\n# pub mod chainerror {\n# //! `chainerror` provides an error backtrace without doing a real backtrace, so even after you `strip` your\n# //! binaries, you still have the error backtrace.\n# //!\n# //! `chainerror` has no dependencies!\n# //!\n# //! `chainerror` uses `.source()` of `std::error::Error` along with `line()!` and `file()!` to provide a nice debug error backtrace.\n# //! It encapsulates all types, which have `Display + Debug` and can store the error cause internally.\n# //!\n# //! Along with the `ChainError` struct, `chainerror` comes with some useful helper macros to save a lot of typing.\n# //!\n# //! ## Features\n# //!\n# //! `no-fileline`\n# //! : completely turn off storing filename and line\n# //!\n# //! `display-cause`\n# //! : turn on printing a backtrace of the errors in `Display`\n# //!\n# //! `no-debug-cause`\n# //! : turn off printing a backtrace of the errors in `Debug`\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! # Tutorial\n# //!\n# //! Read the [Tutorial](https://haraldh.github.io/chainerror/tutorial1.html)\n# //!\n# //! # Examples\n# //!\n# //! ```rust\n# //! use chainerror::*;\n# //! use std::error::Error;\n# //! use std::io;\n# //! use std::result::Result;\n# //!\n# //! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! func2().map_err(mstrerr!(\"func1 error\"))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn main() {\n# //! if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# //! #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# //! assert_eq!(\n# //! format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# //! src/lib.rs:20: func1 error\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! Kind(NotFound)\n# //! \"#\n# //! );\n# //! }\n# //! # else {\n# //! # unreachable!();\n# //! # }\n# //! }\n# //! ```\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! ```rust\n# //! use chainerror::*;\n# //! use std::error::Error;\n# //! use std::io;\n# //! use std::result::Result;\n# //!\n# //! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func3() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# //!\n# //! fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# //! func3().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"func2 error: calling func3\"))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! enum Func1Error {\n# //! Func2,\n# //! IO(String),\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1Error {\n# //! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# //! match self {\n# //! Func1Error::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"),\n# //! Func1Error::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Func1Error {\n# //! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# //! write!(f, \"{}\", self)\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1Error> {\n# //! func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::Func2))?;\n# //! let filename = String::from(\"bar.txt\");\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::IO(filename)))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn main() {\n# //! if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# //! assert!(\n# //! match e.kind() {\n# //! Func1Error::Func2 => {\n# //! eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2\");\n# //! true\n# //! }\n# //! Func1Error::IO(filename) => {\n# //! eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'\", filename);\n# //! false\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //! );\n# //!\n# //! assert!(e.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# //!\n# //! if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::() {\n# //! eprintln!(\"\\nError reported by Func2Error: {}\", e)\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! assert!(e.root_cause().is_some());\n# //!\n# //! if let Some(e) = e.root_cause() {\n# //! let io_error = e.downcast_ref::().unwrap();\n# //! eprintln!(\"\\nThe root cause was: std::io::Error: {:#?}\", io_error);\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# //! assert_eq!(\n# //! format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# //! src/lib.rs:47: func1 error calling func2\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:22: Func2Error(func2 error: calling func3)\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! Kind(NotFound)\n# //! \"#\n# //! );\n# //! }\n# //! # else {\n# //! # unreachable!();\n# //! # }\n# //! }\n# //! ```\n# # #![deny(\n# warnings,\n# absolute_paths_not_starting_with_crate,\n# deprecated_in_future,\n# keyword_idents,\n# macro_use_extern_crate,\n# missing_debug_implementations,\n# trivial_numeric_casts,\n# unused_extern_crates,\n# unused_import_braces,\n# unused_qualifications,\n# unused_results,\n# unused_labels,\n# unused_lifetimes,\n# unstable_features,\n# unreachable_pub,\n# future_incompatible,\n# missing_copy_implementations,\n# missing_doc_code_examples,\n# rust_2018_idioms,\n# rust_2018_compatibility\n# )]\n# # use std::any::TypeId;\n# use std::error::Error;\n# use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter, Result};\n# # /// chains an inner error kind `T` with a causing error\n# pub struct ChainError {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# }\n# # /// convenience type alias\n# pub type ChainResult = std::result::Result>;\n# # impl ChainError {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn new(\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> Self {\n# Self {\n# occurrence,\n# kind,\n# error_cause,\n# }\n# }\n# # #[cfg(feature = \"no-fileline\")]\n# /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn new(\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# _occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> Self {\n# Self { kind, error_cause }\n# }\n# # /// return the root cause of the error chain, if any exists\n# pub fn root_cause(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.iter().last()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type U, if any exists\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# /// use std::error::Error;\n# /// use std::io;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn main() {\n# /// if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# ///\n# /// assert!(f1err.find_cause::().is_some());\n# ///\n# /// assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_cause(&self) -> Option<&U> {\n# self.iter().filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::).next()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError`, if any exists\n# ///\n# /// Same as `find_cause`, but hides the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooError);\n# /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);\n# /// // Instead of writing\n# /// err.find_cause::>();\n# ///\n# /// // leave out the ChainError implementation detail\n# /// err.find_chain_cause::();\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_chain_cause(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.iter()\n# .filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::>)\n# .next()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError` or `U`, if any exists and return `U`\n# ///\n# /// Same as `find_cause` and `find_chain_cause`, but hides the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooErrorKind);\n# /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);\n# /// // Instead of writing\n# /// err.find_cause::>();\n# /// // and/or\n# /// err.find_chain_cause::();\n# /// // and/or\n# /// err.find_cause::();\n# ///\n# /// // leave out the ChainError implementation detail\n# /// err.find_kind_or_cause::();\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_kind_or_cause(&self) -> Option<&U> {\n# self.iter()\n# .filter_map(|e| {\n# e.downcast_ref::>()\n# .map(|e| e.kind())\n# .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::())\n# })\n# .next()\n# }\n# # /// Return a reference to T of `ChainError`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# /// use std::error::Error;\n# /// use std::io;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// enum Func1ErrorKind {\n# /// Func2,\n# /// IO(String),\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// /// impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {…}\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"),\n# /// # Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> {\n# /// func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::Func2))?;\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::IO(\"bar.txt\".into())))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn main() {\n# /// if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// match e.kind() {\n# /// Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => {}\n# /// Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => panic!(),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn kind(&self) -> &T {\n# &self.kind\n# }\n# # /// Returns an Iterator over all error causes/sources\n# ///\n# /// # Example\n# ///\n# ///\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator {\n# ErrorIter {\n# current: Some(self),\n# }\n# }\n# }\n# # struct ErrorIter<'a> {\n# current: Option<&'a (dyn Error + 'static)>,\n# }\n# # impl<'a> Iterator for ErrorIter<'a> {\n# type Item = &'a (dyn Error + 'static);\n# # #[inline]\n# fn next(&mut self) -> Option {\n# let current = self.current;\n# self.current = self.current.and_then(Error::source);\n# current\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::ops::Deref for ChainError {\n# type Target = T;\n# # #[inline]\n# fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {\n# &self.kind\n# }\n# }\n# # /// Convenience trait to hide the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# pub trait ChainErrorDown {\n# /// Test if of type `ChainError`\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool;\n# /// Downcast to a reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError>;\n# /// Downcast to a mutable reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError>;\n# /// Downcast to T of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T>;\n# /// Downcast to T mutable reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>;\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# TypeId::of::() == TypeId::of::()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError))\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&mut *(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError))\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&(*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError)).kind)\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&mut (*(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError)).kind)\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for &ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for &mut ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Display for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}\", self.kind)?;\n# # #[cfg(feature = \"display-cause\")]\n# {\n# if let Some(e) = self.source() {\n# writeln!(f, \"\\nCaused by:\")?;\n# Display::fmt(&e, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# Ok(())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Debug for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# {\n# if let Some(ref o) = self.occurrence {\n# Display::fmt(o, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# # if self.is_chain::() {\n# Display::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;\n# } else {\n# Debug::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;\n# }\n# # #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-debug-cause\"))]\n# {\n# if let Some(e) = self.source() {\n# writeln!(f, \"\\nCaused by:\")?;\n# Debug::fmt(&e, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# Ok(())\n# }\n# }\n# # /// `ChainErrorFrom` is similar to `From`\n# pub trait ChainErrorFrom: Sized {\n# /// similar to From::from()\n# fn chain_error_from(from: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError;\n# }\n# # /// `IntoChainError` is similar to `Into`\n# pub trait IntoChainError: Sized {\n# /// similar to Into::into()\n# fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError;\n# }\n# # impl IntoChainError for T\n# where\n# U: ChainErrorFrom,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# U::chain_error_from(self, line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorFrom for U\n# where\n# T: Into,\n# U: 'static + Display + Debug,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# let e: U = t.into();\n# ChainError::new(e, None, line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # /*\n# impl ChainErrorFrom for U\n# where\n# T: 'static + Error + Into> + Clone,\n# U: 'static + Display + Debug + From,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# ChainError::new(U::from(t.clone()), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# */\n# # /// map into `ChainError` with `T::from(err)`\n# ///\n# /// adds `line!()` and `file!()` information\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! minto_cherr {\n# ( $k:ident ) => (\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $k::from(&e))\n# );\n# ( $enum:ident $(:: $enum_path:ident)* ) => (\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $enum $(:: $enum_path)*::from(&e))\n# );\n# }\n# # /// Creates a new `ChainError`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// Create a new ChainError, where `FooError` must implement `Display` and `Debug`.\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// enum FooError {\n# /// Bar,\n# /// Baz(&'static str),\n# /// }\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, \"Bar Error\"),\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, \"Baz Error: '{}'\", s),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# ///\n# /// // impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_stuff() -> bool {\n# /// false\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> {\n# /// if ! do_some_stuff() {\n# /// Err(cherr!(FooError::Baz(\"Error\")))?;\n# /// }\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # pub fn main() {\n# /// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() {\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &\"Error\" => {}\n# /// # _ => panic!(),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# ///\n# /// Additionally an error cause can be added.\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// # enum FooError {\n# /// # Bar,\n# /// # Baz(&'static str),\n# /// # }\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, \"Bar Error\"),\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, \"Baz Error: '{}'\", s),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// fn do_some_stuff() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> {\n# /// do_some_stuff().map_err(\n# /// |e| cherr!(e, FooError::Baz(\"Error\"))\n# /// )?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # pub fn main() {\n# /// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() {\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &\"Error\" => {}\n# /// # _ => panic!(),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! cherr {\n# ( $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( None, $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# ( $e:path, $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, Some(Box::from($e)), Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( $e:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro for `|e| cherr!(e, format!(…))`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(\"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# /// # assert_eq!(\n# /// # format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# /// # src/lib.rs:18: func1 error\n# /// # Caused by:\n# /// # src/lib.rs:13: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# /// # Caused by:\n# /// # Kind(NotFound)\n# /// # \"#\n# /// # );\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# ///\n# /// `mstrerr!()` can also be used to map a new `ChainError`, where T was defined with\n# /// `derive_str_cherr!(T)`\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! mstrerr {\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )))\n# });\n# ($msg:expr) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($msg:expr, ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro for `cherr!(T(format!(…)))` where `T(String)`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// Err(strerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! strerr {\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )))\n# });\n# ($msg:expr) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($msg:expr, ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro to create a \"new type\" T(String) and implement Display + Debug for T\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! derive_str_cherr {\n# ($e:ident) => {\n# #[derive(Clone)]\n# pub struct $e(pub String);\n# impl ::std::fmt::Display for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}\", self.0)\n# }\n# }\n# impl ::std::fmt::Debug for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}({})\", stringify!($e), self.0)\n# }\n# }\n# impl ::std::error::Error for $e {}\n# };\n# }\n# # /// Derive an Error for an ErrorKind, which wraps a `ChainError` and implements a `kind()` method\n# ///\n# /// It basically hides `ChainError` to the outside and only exposes the `kind()`\n# /// method.\n# ///\n# /// Error::kind() returns the ErrorKind\n# /// Error::source() returns the parent error\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use std::io;\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io(_f: &str) -> std::result::Result<(), io::Error> {\n# /// return Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound));\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// #[derive(Debug, Clone)]\n# /// pub enum ErrorKind {\n# /// IO(String),\n# /// FatalError(String),\n# /// Unknown,\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind);\n# ///\n# /// impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind {\n# /// fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# /// match self {\n# /// ErrorKind::FatalError(e) => write!(f, \"fatal error {}\", e),\n# /// ErrorKind::Unknown => write!(f, \"unknown error\"),\n# /// ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// impl ErrorKind {\n# /// fn from_io_error(e: &io::Error, f: String) -> Self {\n# /// match e.kind() {\n# /// io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe => panic!(\"Should not happen\"),\n# /// io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset => {\n# /// ErrorKind::FatalError(format!(\"While reading `{}`: {}\", f, e))\n# /// }\n# /// _ => ErrorKind::IO(f),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// impl From<&io::Error> for ErrorKind {\n# /// fn from(e: &io::Error) -> Self {\n# /// ErrorKind::IO(format!(\"{}\", e))\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// pub fn func1() -> std::result::Result<(), Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"bar.txt\";\n# ///\n# /// do_some_io(filename)\n# /// .map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from_io_error(&e, filename.into())))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::IO(filename.into())))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from(&e)))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(minto_cherr!(ErrorKind))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! derive_err_kind {\n# ($e:ident, $k:ident) => {\n# pub struct $e($crate::ChainError<$k>);\n# # impl $e {\n# pub fn kind(&self) -> &$k {\n# self.0.kind()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From<$k> for $e {\n# fn from(e: $k) -> Self {\n# $e($crate::ChainError::new(e, None, None))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From> for $e {\n# fn from(e: $crate::ChainError<$k>) -> Self {\n# $e(e)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From<&$e> for $k\n# where\n# $k: Clone,\n# {\n# fn from(e: &$e) -> Self {\n# e.kind().clone()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl $crate::ChainErrorFrom<$e> for $k\n# where\n# $k: Clone,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(\n# t: $e,\n# line_filename: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> $crate::ChainError<$k> {\n# $crate::ChainError::new((*t.kind()).clone(), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::error::Error for $e {\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> {\n# self.0.source()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::fmt::Display for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::fmt::Debug for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.0, f)\n# }\n# }\n# };\n# }\n# }\npub mod mycrate { use crate::chainerror::*; // omit the `crate::` part use std::io; fn do_some_io() -> std::result::Result<(), Box> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(()) } derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); fn func2() -> std::result::Result<(), Box> { let filename = \"foo.txt\"; do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?; Ok(()) } #[derive(Debug, Clone)] pub enum ErrorKind { Func2, IO(String), } derive_err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind); pub type Result = std::result::Result; impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { match self { ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"), ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename), } } } pub fn func1() -> Result<()> { func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::Func2))?; let filename = String::from(\"bar.txt\"); do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::IO(filename)))?; Ok(()) }\n} fn main() -> Result<(), Box> { use mycrate::func1; use mycrate::ErrorKind; use std::error::Error; use std::io; if let Err(e) = func1() { match e.kind() { ErrorKind::Func2 => eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2\"), ErrorKind::IO(ref filename) => { eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'\", filename) } } eprintln!(); let mut s: &dyn Error = &e; while let Some(c) = s.source() { if let Some(ioerror) = c.downcast_ref::() { eprintln!(\"caused by: std::io::Error: {}\", ioerror); match ioerror.kind() { io::ErrorKind::NotFound => eprintln!(\"of kind: std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound\"), _ => {} } } else { eprintln!(\"caused by: {}\", c); } s = c; } eprintln!(\"\\nDebug Error:\\n{:?}\", e); } Ok(())\n}","breadcrumbs":"Writing a library","id":"16","title":"Writing a library"},"17":{"body":"Not using chainerror and going full std would look like this: Btw, the code size is bigger than using chainerror :-) pub mod mycrate { use std::error::Error as StdError; use func2mod::{do_some_io, func2}; pub mod func2mod { use std::error::Error as StdError; use std::io; pub enum ErrorKind { IO(String), } impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { match self { ErrorKind::IO(s) => std::fmt::Display::fmt(s, f), } } } impl std::fmt::Debug for ErrorKind { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { match self { ErrorKind::IO(s) => std::fmt::Display::fmt(s, f), } } } macro_rules! mcherr { ( $k:expr ) => {{ |e| { Error( $k, Some(Box::from(e)), Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")), ) } }}; } pub struct Error( ErrorKind, Option>, Option<&'static str>, ); impl Error { pub fn kind(&self) -> &ErrorKind { &self.0 } } impl From for Error { fn from(e: ErrorKind) -> Self { Error(e, None, None) } } impl std::error::Error for Error { fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> { self.1.as_ref().map(|e| e.as_ref()) } } impl std::fmt::Display for Error { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f) } } impl std::fmt::Debug for Error { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { if let Some(ref o) = self.2 { std::fmt::Display::fmt(o, f)?; } std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.0, f)?; if let Some(e) = self.source() { std::fmt::Display::fmt(\"\\nCaused by:\\n\", f)?; std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&e, f)?; } Ok(()) } } pub fn do_some_io() -> std::result::Result<(), Box> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(()) } pub fn func2() -> std::result::Result<(), Error> { let filename = \"foo.txt\"; do_some_io().map_err(mcherr!(ErrorKind::IO(format!( \"Error reading '{}'\", filename ))))?; Ok(()) } } #[derive(Debug)] pub enum ErrorKind { Func2, IO(String), } impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { match self { ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"), ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename), } } } macro_rules! mcherr { ( $k:expr ) => {{ |e| { Error( $k, Some(Box::from(e)), Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")), ) } }}; } pub struct Error( ErrorKind, Option>, Option<&'static str>, ); impl Error { pub fn kind(&self) -> &ErrorKind { &self.0 } } impl From for Error { fn from(e: ErrorKind) -> Self { Error(e, None, None) } } impl std::error::Error for Error { fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> { self.1.as_ref().map(|e| e.as_ref()) } } impl std::fmt::Display for Error { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f) } } impl std::fmt::Debug for Error { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { if let Some(ref o) = self.2 { std::fmt::Display::fmt(o, f)?; } std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.0, f)?; if let Some(e) = self.source() { std::fmt::Display::fmt(\"\\nCaused by:\\n\", f)?; std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&e, f)?; } Ok(()) } } pub type Result = std::result::Result; pub fn func1() -> Result<()> { func2().map_err(mcherr!(ErrorKind::Func2))?; let filename = String::from(\"bar.txt\"); do_some_io().map_err(mcherr!(ErrorKind::IO(filename)))?; Ok(()) }\n} fn main() -> Result<(), Box> { use mycrate::func1; use mycrate::ErrorKind; use std::error::Error; use std::io; if let Err(e) = func1() { match e.kind() { ErrorKind::Func2 => eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2\"), ErrorKind::IO(ref filename) => { eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'\", filename) } } eprintln!(); let mut s: &dyn Error = &e; while let Some(c) = s.source() { if let Some(ioerror) = c.downcast_ref::() { eprintln!(\"caused by: std::io::Error: {}\", ioerror); match ioerror.kind() { io::ErrorKind::NotFound => eprintln!(\"of kind: std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound\"), _ => {} } } else { eprintln!(\"caused by: {}\", c); } s = c; } eprintln!(\"\\nDebug Error:\\n{:?}\", e); } Ok(())\n}","breadcrumbs":"Going back to std","id":"17","title":"Going back to std"},"18":{"body":"That's it for now… Happy error handling! To report issues, submit pull request or for the source code, examples and the book source, visit the Git Repo .","breadcrumbs":"The End","id":"18","title":"The End"},"2":{"body":"no-fileline : completely turn off storing filename and line display-cause : turn on printing a backtrace of the errors in Display no-debug-cause : turn off printing a backtrace of the errors in Debug","breadcrumbs":"Features","id":"2","title":"Features"},"3":{"body":"An easy way of doing error handling in rust is by returning String as a Box. If the rust main function returns an Err(), this Err() will be displayed with std::fmt::Debug. As you can see by running the example (by pressing the \"Play\" button in upper right of the code block), this only prints out the last Error. Error: StringError(\"func1 error\") The next chapters of this tutorial show how chainerror adds more information and improves inspecting the sources of an error. You can also run the tutorial examples in the checked out chainerror git repo . $ cargo run -q --example tutorial1 use std::error::Error;\nuse std::io;\nuse std::result::Result; fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(())\n} fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> { if let Err(_) = do_some_io() { Err(\"func2 error\")?; } Ok(())\n} fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> { if let Err(_) = func2() { Err(\"func1 error\")?; } Ok(())\n} fn main() -> Result<(), Box> { func1()\n}","breadcrumbs":"Simple String Errors","id":"3","title":"Simple String Errors"},"4":{"body":"With relatively small changes and the help of the cherr! macro of the chainerror crate the String errors are now chained together. Press the play button in the upper right corner and see the nice debug output. use chainerror::*; use std::error::Error;\nuse std::io;\nuse std::result::Result; fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(())\n} fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> { if let Err(e) = do_some_io() { Err(cherr!(e, \"func2 error\"))?; } Ok(())\n} fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> { if let Err(e) = func2() { Err(cherr!(e, \"func1 error\"))?; } Ok(())\n} fn main() -> Result<(), Box> { func1()\n}\n# #[allow(dead_code)]\n# mod chainerror {\n# //! `chainerror` provides an error backtrace without doing a real backtrace, so even after you `strip` your\n# //! binaries, you still have the error backtrace.\n# //!\n# //! `chainerror` has no dependencies!\n# //!\n# //! `chainerror` uses `.source()` of `std::error::Error` along with `line()!` and `file()!` to provide a nice debug error backtrace.\n# //! It encapsulates all types, which have `Display + Debug` and can store the error cause internally.\n# //!\n# //! Along with the `ChainError` struct, `chainerror` comes with some useful helper macros to save a lot of typing.\n# //!\n# //! ## Features\n# //!\n# //! `no-fileline`\n# //! : completely turn off storing filename and line\n# //!\n# //! `display-cause`\n# //! : turn on printing a backtrace of the errors in `Display`\n# //!\n# //! `no-debug-cause`\n# //! : turn off printing a backtrace of the errors in `Debug`\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! # Tutorial\n# //!\n# //! Read the [Tutorial](https://haraldh.github.io/chainerror/tutorial1.html)\n# //!\n# //! # Examples\n# //!\n# //! ```rust\n# //! use chainerror::*;\n# //! use std::error::Error;\n# //! use std::io;\n# //! use std::result::Result;\n# //!\n# //! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! func2().map_err(mstrerr!(\"func1 error\"))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn main() {\n# //! if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# //! #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# //! assert_eq!(\n# //! format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# //! src/lib.rs:20: func1 error\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! Kind(NotFound)\n# //! \"#\n# //! );\n# //! }\n# //! # else {\n# //! # unreachable!();\n# //! # }\n# //! }\n# //! ```\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! ```rust\n# //! use chainerror::*;\n# //! use std::error::Error;\n# //! use std::io;\n# //! use std::result::Result;\n# //!\n# //! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func3() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# //!\n# //! fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# //! func3().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"func2 error: calling func3\"))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! enum Func1Error {\n# //! Func2,\n# //! IO(String),\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1Error {\n# //! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# //! match self {\n# //! Func1Error::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"),\n# //! Func1Error::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Func1Error {\n# //! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# //! write!(f, \"{}\", self)\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1Error> {\n# //! func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::Func2))?;\n# //! let filename = String::from(\"bar.txt\");\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::IO(filename)))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn main() {\n# //! if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# //! assert!(\n# //! match e.kind() {\n# //! Func1Error::Func2 => {\n# //! eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2\");\n# //! true\n# //! }\n# //! Func1Error::IO(filename) => {\n# //! eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'\", filename);\n# //! false\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //! );\n# //!\n# //! assert!(e.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# //!\n# //! if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::() {\n# //! eprintln!(\"\\nError reported by Func2Error: {}\", e)\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! assert!(e.root_cause().is_some());\n# //!\n# //! if let Some(e) = e.root_cause() {\n# //! let io_error = e.downcast_ref::().unwrap();\n# //! eprintln!(\"\\nThe root cause was: std::io::Error: {:#?}\", io_error);\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# //! assert_eq!(\n# //! format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# //! src/lib.rs:47: func1 error calling func2\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:22: Func2Error(func2 error: calling func3)\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! Kind(NotFound)\n# //! \"#\n# //! );\n# //! }\n# //! # else {\n# //! # unreachable!();\n# //! # }\n# //! }\n# //! ```\n# # #![deny(\n# warnings,\n# absolute_paths_not_starting_with_crate,\n# deprecated_in_future,\n# keyword_idents,\n# macro_use_extern_crate,\n# missing_debug_implementations,\n# trivial_numeric_casts,\n# unused_extern_crates,\n# unused_import_braces,\n# unused_qualifications,\n# unused_results,\n# unused_labels,\n# unused_lifetimes,\n# unstable_features,\n# unreachable_pub,\n# future_incompatible,\n# missing_copy_implementations,\n# missing_doc_code_examples,\n# rust_2018_idioms,\n# rust_2018_compatibility\n# )]\n# # use std::any::TypeId;\n# use std::error::Error;\n# use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter, Result};\n# # /// chains an inner error kind `T` with a causing error\n# pub struct ChainError {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# }\n# # /// convenience type alias\n# pub type ChainResult = std::result::Result>;\n# # impl ChainError {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn new(\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> Self {\n# Self {\n# occurrence,\n# kind,\n# error_cause,\n# }\n# }\n# # #[cfg(feature = \"no-fileline\")]\n# /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn new(\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# _occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> Self {\n# Self { kind, error_cause }\n# }\n# # /// return the root cause of the error chain, if any exists\n# pub fn root_cause(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.iter().last()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type U, if any exists\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# /// use std::error::Error;\n# /// use std::io;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn main() {\n# /// if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# ///\n# /// assert!(f1err.find_cause::().is_some());\n# ///\n# /// assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_cause(&self) -> Option<&U> {\n# self.iter().filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::).next()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError`, if any exists\n# ///\n# /// Same as `find_cause`, but hides the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooError);\n# /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);\n# /// // Instead of writing\n# /// err.find_cause::>();\n# ///\n# /// // leave out the ChainError implementation detail\n# /// err.find_chain_cause::();\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_chain_cause(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.iter()\n# .filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::>)\n# .next()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError` or `U`, if any exists and return `U`\n# ///\n# /// Same as `find_cause` and `find_chain_cause`, but hides the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooErrorKind);\n# /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);\n# /// // Instead of writing\n# /// err.find_cause::>();\n# /// // and/or\n# /// err.find_chain_cause::();\n# /// // and/or\n# /// err.find_cause::();\n# ///\n# /// // leave out the ChainError implementation detail\n# /// err.find_kind_or_cause::();\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_kind_or_cause(&self) -> Option<&U> {\n# self.iter()\n# .filter_map(|e| {\n# e.downcast_ref::>()\n# .map(|e| e.kind())\n# .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::())\n# })\n# .next()\n# }\n# # /// Return a reference to T of `ChainError`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# /// use std::error::Error;\n# /// use std::io;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// enum Func1ErrorKind {\n# /// Func2,\n# /// IO(String),\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// /// impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {…}\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"),\n# /// # Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> {\n# /// func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::Func2))?;\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::IO(\"bar.txt\".into())))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn main() {\n# /// if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// match e.kind() {\n# /// Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => {}\n# /// Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => panic!(),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn kind(&self) -> &T {\n# &self.kind\n# }\n# # /// Returns an Iterator over all error causes/sources\n# ///\n# /// # Example\n# ///\n# ///\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator {\n# ErrorIter {\n# current: Some(self),\n# }\n# }\n# }\n# # struct ErrorIter<'a> {\n# current: Option<&'a (dyn Error + 'static)>,\n# }\n# # impl<'a> Iterator for ErrorIter<'a> {\n# type Item = &'a (dyn Error + 'static);\n# # #[inline]\n# fn next(&mut self) -> Option {\n# let current = self.current;\n# self.current = self.current.and_then(Error::source);\n# current\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::ops::Deref for ChainError {\n# type Target = T;\n# # #[inline]\n# fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {\n# &self.kind\n# }\n# }\n# # /// Convenience trait to hide the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# pub trait ChainErrorDown {\n# /// Test if of type `ChainError`\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool;\n# /// Downcast to a reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError>;\n# /// Downcast to a mutable reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError>;\n# /// Downcast to T of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T>;\n# /// Downcast to T mutable reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>;\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# TypeId::of::() == TypeId::of::()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError))\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&mut *(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError))\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&(*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError)).kind)\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&mut (*(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError)).kind)\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for &ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for &mut ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Display for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}\", self.kind)?;\n# # #[cfg(feature = \"display-cause\")]\n# {\n# if let Some(e) = self.source() {\n# writeln!(f, \"\\nCaused by:\")?;\n# Display::fmt(&e, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# Ok(())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Debug for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# {\n# if let Some(ref o) = self.occurrence {\n# Display::fmt(o, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# # if self.is_chain::() {\n# Display::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;\n# } else {\n# Debug::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;\n# }\n# # #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-debug-cause\"))]\n# {\n# if let Some(e) = self.source() {\n# writeln!(f, \"\\nCaused by:\")?;\n# Debug::fmt(&e, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# Ok(())\n# }\n# }\n# # /// `ChainErrorFrom` is similar to `From`\n# pub trait ChainErrorFrom: Sized {\n# /// similar to From::from()\n# fn chain_error_from(from: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError;\n# }\n# # /// `IntoChainError` is similar to `Into`\n# pub trait IntoChainError: Sized {\n# /// similar to Into::into()\n# fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError;\n# }\n# # impl IntoChainError for T\n# where\n# U: ChainErrorFrom,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# U::chain_error_from(self, line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorFrom for U\n# where\n# T: Into,\n# U: 'static + Display + Debug,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# let e: U = t.into();\n# ChainError::new(e, None, line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # /*\n# impl ChainErrorFrom for U\n# where\n# T: 'static + Error + Into> + Clone,\n# U: 'static + Display + Debug + From,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# ChainError::new(U::from(t.clone()), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# */\n# # /// map into `ChainError` with `T::from(err)`\n# ///\n# /// adds `line!()` and `file!()` information\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! minto_cherr {\n# ( $k:ident ) => (\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $k::from(&e))\n# );\n# ( $enum:ident $(:: $enum_path:ident)* ) => (\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $enum $(:: $enum_path)*::from(&e))\n# );\n# }\n# # /// Creates a new `ChainError`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// Create a new ChainError, where `FooError` must implement `Display` and `Debug`.\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// enum FooError {\n# /// Bar,\n# /// Baz(&'static str),\n# /// }\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, \"Bar Error\"),\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, \"Baz Error: '{}'\", s),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# ///\n# /// // impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_stuff() -> bool {\n# /// false\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> {\n# /// if ! do_some_stuff() {\n# /// Err(cherr!(FooError::Baz(\"Error\")))?;\n# /// }\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # pub fn main() {\n# /// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() {\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &\"Error\" => {}\n# /// # _ => panic!(),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# ///\n# /// Additionally an error cause can be added.\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// # enum FooError {\n# /// # Bar,\n# /// # Baz(&'static str),\n# /// # }\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, \"Bar Error\"),\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, \"Baz Error: '{}'\", s),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// fn do_some_stuff() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> {\n# /// do_some_stuff().map_err(\n# /// |e| cherr!(e, FooError::Baz(\"Error\"))\n# /// )?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # pub fn main() {\n# /// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() {\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &\"Error\" => {}\n# /// # _ => panic!(),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! cherr {\n# ( $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( None, $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# ( $e:path, $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, Some(Box::from($e)), Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( $e:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro for `|e| cherr!(e, format!(…))`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(\"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# /// # assert_eq!(\n# /// # format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# /// # src/lib.rs:18: func1 error\n# /// # Caused by:\n# /// # src/lib.rs:13: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# /// # Caused by:\n# /// # Kind(NotFound)\n# /// # \"#\n# /// # );\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# ///\n# /// `mstrerr!()` can also be used to map a new `ChainError`, where T was defined with\n# /// `derive_str_cherr!(T)`\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! mstrerr {\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )))\n# });\n# ($msg:expr) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($msg:expr, ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro for `cherr!(T(format!(…)))` where `T(String)`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// Err(strerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! strerr {\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )))\n# });\n# ($msg:expr) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($msg:expr, ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro to create a \"new type\" T(String) and implement Display + Debug for T\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! derive_str_cherr {\n# ($e:ident) => {\n# #[derive(Clone)]\n# pub struct $e(pub String);\n# impl ::std::fmt::Display for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}\", self.0)\n# }\n# }\n# impl ::std::fmt::Debug for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}({})\", stringify!($e), self.0)\n# }\n# }\n# impl ::std::error::Error for $e {}\n# };\n# }\n# # /// Derive an Error for an ErrorKind, which wraps a `ChainError` and implements a `kind()` method\n# ///\n# /// It basically hides `ChainError` to the outside and only exposes the `kind()`\n# /// method.\n# ///\n# /// Error::kind() returns the ErrorKind\n# /// Error::source() returns the parent error\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use std::io;\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io(_f: &str) -> std::result::Result<(), io::Error> {\n# /// return Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound));\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// #[derive(Debug, Clone)]\n# /// pub enum ErrorKind {\n# /// IO(String),\n# /// FatalError(String),\n# /// Unknown,\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind);\n# ///\n# /// impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind {\n# /// fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# /// match self {\n# /// ErrorKind::FatalError(e) => write!(f, \"fatal error {}\", e),\n# /// ErrorKind::Unknown => write!(f, \"unknown error\"),\n# /// ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// impl ErrorKind {\n# /// fn from_io_error(e: &io::Error, f: String) -> Self {\n# /// match e.kind() {\n# /// io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe => panic!(\"Should not happen\"),\n# /// io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset => {\n# /// ErrorKind::FatalError(format!(\"While reading `{}`: {}\", f, e))\n# /// }\n# /// _ => ErrorKind::IO(f),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// impl From<&io::Error> for ErrorKind {\n# /// fn from(e: &io::Error) -> Self {\n# /// ErrorKind::IO(format!(\"{}\", e))\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// pub fn func1() -> std::result::Result<(), Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"bar.txt\";\n# ///\n# /// do_some_io(filename)\n# /// .map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from_io_error(&e, filename.into())))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::IO(filename.into())))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from(&e)))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(minto_cherr!(ErrorKind))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! derive_err_kind {\n# ($e:ident, $k:ident) => {\n# pub struct $e($crate::ChainError<$k>);\n# # impl $e {\n# pub fn kind(&self) -> &$k {\n# self.0.kind()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From<$k> for $e {\n# fn from(e: $k) -> Self {\n# $e($crate::ChainError::new(e, None, None))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From> for $e {\n# fn from(e: $crate::ChainError<$k>) -> Self {\n# $e(e)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From<&$e> for $k\n# where\n# $k: Clone,\n# {\n# fn from(e: &$e) -> Self {\n# e.kind().clone()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl $crate::ChainErrorFrom<$e> for $k\n# where\n# $k: Clone,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(\n# t: $e,\n# line_filename: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> $crate::ChainError<$k> {\n# $crate::ChainError::new((*t.kind()).clone(), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::error::Error for $e {\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> {\n# self.0.source()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::fmt::Display for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::fmt::Debug for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.0, f)\n# }\n# }\n# };\n# }\n# }","breadcrumbs":"Simple Chained String Errors","id":"4","title":"Simple Chained String Errors"},"5":{"body":"if let Err(e) = do_some_io() { Err(cherr!(e, \"func2 error\"))?; } The macro cherr!(olderror, newerror) stores olderror as the source/cause of newerror along with the filename (file!()) and line number (line!()) and returns newerror. Err()? then returns the inner error applying .into(), so that we again have a Err(Box) as a result. The Debug implementation of ChainError (which is returned by cherr!()) prints the Debug of T prefixed with the stored filename and line number. ChainError in our case is ChainError.","breadcrumbs":"What did we do here?","id":"5","title":"What did we do here?"},"6":{"body":"Now let's get more rust idiomatic by using .map_err(). use chainerror::*; use std::error::Error;\nuse std::io;\nuse std::result::Result; fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(())\n} fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> { do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, \"func2 error\"))?; Ok(())\n} fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> { func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, \"func1 error\"))?; Ok(())\n} fn main() -> Result<(), Box> { if let Err(e) = func1() { eprintln!(\"{:?}\", e); } Ok(())\n}\n# #[allow(dead_code)]\n# mod chainerror {\n# //! `chainerror` provides an error backtrace without doing a real backtrace, so even after you `strip` your\n# //! binaries, you still have the error backtrace.\n# //!\n# //! `chainerror` has no dependencies!\n# //!\n# //! `chainerror` uses `.source()` of `std::error::Error` along with `line()!` and `file()!` to provide a nice debug error backtrace.\n# //! It encapsulates all types, which have `Display + Debug` and can store the error cause internally.\n# //!\n# //! Along with the `ChainError` struct, `chainerror` comes with some useful helper macros to save a lot of typing.\n# //!\n# //! ## Features\n# //!\n# //! `no-fileline`\n# //! : completely turn off storing filename and line\n# //!\n# //! `display-cause`\n# //! : turn on printing a backtrace of the errors in `Display`\n# //!\n# //! `no-debug-cause`\n# //! : turn off printing a backtrace of the errors in `Debug`\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! # Tutorial\n# //!\n# //! Read the [Tutorial](https://haraldh.github.io/chainerror/tutorial1.html)\n# //!\n# //! # Examples\n# //!\n# //! ```rust\n# //! use chainerror::*;\n# //! use std::error::Error;\n# //! use std::io;\n# //! use std::result::Result;\n# //!\n# //! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! func2().map_err(mstrerr!(\"func1 error\"))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn main() {\n# //! if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# //! #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# //! assert_eq!(\n# //! format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# //! src/lib.rs:20: func1 error\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! Kind(NotFound)\n# //! \"#\n# //! );\n# //! }\n# //! # else {\n# //! # unreachable!();\n# //! # }\n# //! }\n# //! ```\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! ```rust\n# //! use chainerror::*;\n# //! use std::error::Error;\n# //! use std::io;\n# //! use std::result::Result;\n# //!\n# //! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func3() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# //!\n# //! fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# //! func3().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"func2 error: calling func3\"))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! enum Func1Error {\n# //! Func2,\n# //! IO(String),\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1Error {\n# //! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# //! match self {\n# //! Func1Error::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"),\n# //! Func1Error::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Func1Error {\n# //! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# //! write!(f, \"{}\", self)\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1Error> {\n# //! func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::Func2))?;\n# //! let filename = String::from(\"bar.txt\");\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::IO(filename)))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn main() {\n# //! if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# //! assert!(\n# //! match e.kind() {\n# //! Func1Error::Func2 => {\n# //! eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2\");\n# //! true\n# //! }\n# //! Func1Error::IO(filename) => {\n# //! eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'\", filename);\n# //! false\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //! );\n# //!\n# //! assert!(e.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# //!\n# //! if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::() {\n# //! eprintln!(\"\\nError reported by Func2Error: {}\", e)\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! assert!(e.root_cause().is_some());\n# //!\n# //! if let Some(e) = e.root_cause() {\n# //! let io_error = e.downcast_ref::().unwrap();\n# //! eprintln!(\"\\nThe root cause was: std::io::Error: {:#?}\", io_error);\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# //! assert_eq!(\n# //! format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# //! src/lib.rs:47: func1 error calling func2\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:22: Func2Error(func2 error: calling func3)\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! Kind(NotFound)\n# //! \"#\n# //! );\n# //! }\n# //! # else {\n# //! # unreachable!();\n# //! # }\n# //! }\n# //! ```\n# # #![deny(\n# warnings,\n# absolute_paths_not_starting_with_crate,\n# deprecated_in_future,\n# keyword_idents,\n# macro_use_extern_crate,\n# missing_debug_implementations,\n# trivial_numeric_casts,\n# unused_extern_crates,\n# unused_import_braces,\n# unused_qualifications,\n# unused_results,\n# unused_labels,\n# unused_lifetimes,\n# unstable_features,\n# unreachable_pub,\n# future_incompatible,\n# missing_copy_implementations,\n# missing_doc_code_examples,\n# rust_2018_idioms,\n# rust_2018_compatibility\n# )]\n# # use std::any::TypeId;\n# use std::error::Error;\n# use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter, Result};\n# # /// chains an inner error kind `T` with a causing error\n# pub struct ChainError {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# }\n# # /// convenience type alias\n# pub type ChainResult = std::result::Result>;\n# # impl ChainError {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn new(\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> Self {\n# Self {\n# occurrence,\n# kind,\n# error_cause,\n# }\n# }\n# # #[cfg(feature = \"no-fileline\")]\n# /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn new(\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# _occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> Self {\n# Self { kind, error_cause }\n# }\n# # /// return the root cause of the error chain, if any exists\n# pub fn root_cause(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.iter().last()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type U, if any exists\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# /// use std::error::Error;\n# /// use std::io;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn main() {\n# /// if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# ///\n# /// assert!(f1err.find_cause::().is_some());\n# ///\n# /// assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_cause(&self) -> Option<&U> {\n# self.iter().filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::).next()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError`, if any exists\n# ///\n# /// Same as `find_cause`, but hides the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooError);\n# /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);\n# /// // Instead of writing\n# /// err.find_cause::>();\n# ///\n# /// // leave out the ChainError implementation detail\n# /// err.find_chain_cause::();\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_chain_cause(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.iter()\n# .filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::>)\n# .next()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError` or `U`, if any exists and return `U`\n# ///\n# /// Same as `find_cause` and `find_chain_cause`, but hides the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooErrorKind);\n# /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);\n# /// // Instead of writing\n# /// err.find_cause::>();\n# /// // and/or\n# /// err.find_chain_cause::();\n# /// // and/or\n# /// err.find_cause::();\n# ///\n# /// // leave out the ChainError implementation detail\n# /// err.find_kind_or_cause::();\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_kind_or_cause(&self) -> Option<&U> {\n# self.iter()\n# .filter_map(|e| {\n# e.downcast_ref::>()\n# .map(|e| e.kind())\n# .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::())\n# })\n# .next()\n# }\n# # /// Return a reference to T of `ChainError`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# /// use std::error::Error;\n# /// use std::io;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// enum Func1ErrorKind {\n# /// Func2,\n# /// IO(String),\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// /// impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {…}\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"),\n# /// # Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> {\n# /// func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::Func2))?;\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::IO(\"bar.txt\".into())))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn main() {\n# /// if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// match e.kind() {\n# /// Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => {}\n# /// Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => panic!(),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn kind(&self) -> &T {\n# &self.kind\n# }\n# # /// Returns an Iterator over all error causes/sources\n# ///\n# /// # Example\n# ///\n# ///\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator {\n# ErrorIter {\n# current: Some(self),\n# }\n# }\n# }\n# # struct ErrorIter<'a> {\n# current: Option<&'a (dyn Error + 'static)>,\n# }\n# # impl<'a> Iterator for ErrorIter<'a> {\n# type Item = &'a (dyn Error + 'static);\n# # #[inline]\n# fn next(&mut self) -> Option {\n# let current = self.current;\n# self.current = self.current.and_then(Error::source);\n# current\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::ops::Deref for ChainError {\n# type Target = T;\n# # #[inline]\n# fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {\n# &self.kind\n# }\n# }\n# # /// Convenience trait to hide the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# pub trait ChainErrorDown {\n# /// Test if of type `ChainError`\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool;\n# /// Downcast to a reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError>;\n# /// Downcast to a mutable reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError>;\n# /// Downcast to T of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T>;\n# /// Downcast to T mutable reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>;\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# TypeId::of::() == TypeId::of::()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError))\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&mut *(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError))\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&(*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError)).kind)\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&mut (*(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError)).kind)\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for &ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for &mut ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Display for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}\", self.kind)?;\n# # #[cfg(feature = \"display-cause\")]\n# {\n# if let Some(e) = self.source() {\n# writeln!(f, \"\\nCaused by:\")?;\n# Display::fmt(&e, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# Ok(())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Debug for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# {\n# if let Some(ref o) = self.occurrence {\n# Display::fmt(o, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# # if self.is_chain::() {\n# Display::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;\n# } else {\n# Debug::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;\n# }\n# # #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-debug-cause\"))]\n# {\n# if let Some(e) = self.source() {\n# writeln!(f, \"\\nCaused by:\")?;\n# Debug::fmt(&e, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# Ok(())\n# }\n# }\n# # /// `ChainErrorFrom` is similar to `From`\n# pub trait ChainErrorFrom: Sized {\n# /// similar to From::from()\n# fn chain_error_from(from: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError;\n# }\n# # /// `IntoChainError` is similar to `Into`\n# pub trait IntoChainError: Sized {\n# /// similar to Into::into()\n# fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError;\n# }\n# # impl IntoChainError for T\n# where\n# U: ChainErrorFrom,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# U::chain_error_from(self, line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorFrom for U\n# where\n# T: Into,\n# U: 'static + Display + Debug,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# let e: U = t.into();\n# ChainError::new(e, None, line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # /*\n# impl ChainErrorFrom for U\n# where\n# T: 'static + Error + Into> + Clone,\n# U: 'static + Display + Debug + From,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# ChainError::new(U::from(t.clone()), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# */\n# # /// map into `ChainError` with `T::from(err)`\n# ///\n# /// adds `line!()` and `file!()` information\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! minto_cherr {\n# ( $k:ident ) => (\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $k::from(&e))\n# );\n# ( $enum:ident $(:: $enum_path:ident)* ) => (\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $enum $(:: $enum_path)*::from(&e))\n# );\n# }\n# # /// Creates a new `ChainError`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// Create a new ChainError, where `FooError` must implement `Display` and `Debug`.\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// enum FooError {\n# /// Bar,\n# /// Baz(&'static str),\n# /// }\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, \"Bar Error\"),\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, \"Baz Error: '{}'\", s),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# ///\n# /// // impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_stuff() -> bool {\n# /// false\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> {\n# /// if ! do_some_stuff() {\n# /// Err(cherr!(FooError::Baz(\"Error\")))?;\n# /// }\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # pub fn main() {\n# /// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() {\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &\"Error\" => {}\n# /// # _ => panic!(),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# ///\n# /// Additionally an error cause can be added.\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// # enum FooError {\n# /// # Bar,\n# /// # Baz(&'static str),\n# /// # }\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, \"Bar Error\"),\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, \"Baz Error: '{}'\", s),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// fn do_some_stuff() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> {\n# /// do_some_stuff().map_err(\n# /// |e| cherr!(e, FooError::Baz(\"Error\"))\n# /// )?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # pub fn main() {\n# /// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() {\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &\"Error\" => {}\n# /// # _ => panic!(),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! cherr {\n# ( $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( None, $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# ( $e:path, $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, Some(Box::from($e)), Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( $e:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro for `|e| cherr!(e, format!(…))`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(\"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# /// # assert_eq!(\n# /// # format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# /// # src/lib.rs:18: func1 error\n# /// # Caused by:\n# /// # src/lib.rs:13: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# /// # Caused by:\n# /// # Kind(NotFound)\n# /// # \"#\n# /// # );\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# ///\n# /// `mstrerr!()` can also be used to map a new `ChainError`, where T was defined with\n# /// `derive_str_cherr!(T)`\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! mstrerr {\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )))\n# });\n# ($msg:expr) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($msg:expr, ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro for `cherr!(T(format!(…)))` where `T(String)`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// Err(strerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! strerr {\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )))\n# });\n# ($msg:expr) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($msg:expr, ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro to create a \"new type\" T(String) and implement Display + Debug for T\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! derive_str_cherr {\n# ($e:ident) => {\n# #[derive(Clone)]\n# pub struct $e(pub String);\n# impl ::std::fmt::Display for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}\", self.0)\n# }\n# }\n# impl ::std::fmt::Debug for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}({})\", stringify!($e), self.0)\n# }\n# }\n# impl ::std::error::Error for $e {}\n# };\n# }\n# # /// Derive an Error for an ErrorKind, which wraps a `ChainError` and implements a `kind()` method\n# ///\n# /// It basically hides `ChainError` to the outside and only exposes the `kind()`\n# /// method.\n# ///\n# /// Error::kind() returns the ErrorKind\n# /// Error::source() returns the parent error\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use std::io;\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io(_f: &str) -> std::result::Result<(), io::Error> {\n# /// return Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound));\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// #[derive(Debug, Clone)]\n# /// pub enum ErrorKind {\n# /// IO(String),\n# /// FatalError(String),\n# /// Unknown,\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind);\n# ///\n# /// impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind {\n# /// fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# /// match self {\n# /// ErrorKind::FatalError(e) => write!(f, \"fatal error {}\", e),\n# /// ErrorKind::Unknown => write!(f, \"unknown error\"),\n# /// ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// impl ErrorKind {\n# /// fn from_io_error(e: &io::Error, f: String) -> Self {\n# /// match e.kind() {\n# /// io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe => panic!(\"Should not happen\"),\n# /// io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset => {\n# /// ErrorKind::FatalError(format!(\"While reading `{}`: {}\", f, e))\n# /// }\n# /// _ => ErrorKind::IO(f),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// impl From<&io::Error> for ErrorKind {\n# /// fn from(e: &io::Error) -> Self {\n# /// ErrorKind::IO(format!(\"{}\", e))\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// pub fn func1() -> std::result::Result<(), Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"bar.txt\";\n# ///\n# /// do_some_io(filename)\n# /// .map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from_io_error(&e, filename.into())))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::IO(filename.into())))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from(&e)))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(minto_cherr!(ErrorKind))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! derive_err_kind {\n# ($e:ident, $k:ident) => {\n# pub struct $e($crate::ChainError<$k>);\n# # impl $e {\n# pub fn kind(&self) -> &$k {\n# self.0.kind()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From<$k> for $e {\n# fn from(e: $k) -> Self {\n# $e($crate::ChainError::new(e, None, None))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From> for $e {\n# fn from(e: $crate::ChainError<$k>) -> Self {\n# $e(e)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From<&$e> for $k\n# where\n# $k: Clone,\n# {\n# fn from(e: &$e) -> Self {\n# e.kind().clone()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl $crate::ChainErrorFrom<$e> for $k\n# where\n# $k: Clone,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(\n# t: $e,\n# line_filename: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> $crate::ChainError<$k> {\n# $crate::ChainError::new((*t.kind()).clone(), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::error::Error for $e {\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> {\n# self.0.source()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::fmt::Display for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::fmt::Debug for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.0, f)\n# }\n# }\n# };\n# }\n# } If you compare the output to the previous example, you will see, that: Error: src/main.rs:19: \"func1 error\" changed to just: src/main.rs:16: \"func1 error\" This is, because we caught the error of func1() in main() and print it out ourselves. We can now control, whether to output in Debug or Display mode. Maybe depending on --debug as a CLI argument.","breadcrumbs":"Mapping Errors","id":"6","title":"Mapping Errors"},"7":{"body":"Because decorating an error with more information should not let you jump through hoops, chainerror has a quick macro for that. mstrerror!() fits right into .map_err() letting you quickly add more debug strings. mstrerror!() even understands format!() syntax like println!(). use chainerror::*;\nuse std::error::Error;\nuse std::io;\nuse std::result::Result; fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(())\n} fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> { let filename = \"foo.txt\"; do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?; Ok(())\n} fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> { func2().map_err(mstrerr!(\"func1 error\"))?; Ok(())\n} fn main() -> Result<(), Box> { if let Err(e) = func1() { eprintln!(\"{:?}\", e); } Ok(())\n}\n# #[allow(dead_code)]\n# mod chainerror {\n# //! `chainerror` provides an error backtrace without doing a real backtrace, so even after you `strip` your\n# //! binaries, you still have the error backtrace.\n# //!\n# //! `chainerror` has no dependencies!\n# //!\n# //! `chainerror` uses `.source()` of `std::error::Error` along with `line()!` and `file()!` to provide a nice debug error backtrace.\n# //! It encapsulates all types, which have `Display + Debug` and can store the error cause internally.\n# //!\n# //! Along with the `ChainError` struct, `chainerror` comes with some useful helper macros to save a lot of typing.\n# //!\n# //! ## Features\n# //!\n# //! `no-fileline`\n# //! : completely turn off storing filename and line\n# //!\n# //! `display-cause`\n# //! : turn on printing a backtrace of the errors in `Display`\n# //!\n# //! `no-debug-cause`\n# //! : turn off printing a backtrace of the errors in `Debug`\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! # Tutorial\n# //!\n# //! Read the [Tutorial](https://haraldh.github.io/chainerror/tutorial1.html)\n# //!\n# //! # Examples\n# //!\n# //! ```rust\n# //! use chainerror::*;\n# //! use std::error::Error;\n# //! use std::io;\n# //! use std::result::Result;\n# //!\n# //! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! func2().map_err(mstrerr!(\"func1 error\"))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn main() {\n# //! if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# //! #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# //! assert_eq!(\n# //! format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# //! src/lib.rs:20: func1 error\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! Kind(NotFound)\n# //! \"#\n# //! );\n# //! }\n# //! # else {\n# //! # unreachable!();\n# //! # }\n# //! }\n# //! ```\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! ```rust\n# //! use chainerror::*;\n# //! use std::error::Error;\n# //! use std::io;\n# //! use std::result::Result;\n# //!\n# //! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func3() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# //!\n# //! fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# //! func3().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"func2 error: calling func3\"))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! enum Func1Error {\n# //! Func2,\n# //! IO(String),\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1Error {\n# //! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# //! match self {\n# //! Func1Error::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"),\n# //! Func1Error::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Func1Error {\n# //! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# //! write!(f, \"{}\", self)\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1Error> {\n# //! func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::Func2))?;\n# //! let filename = String::from(\"bar.txt\");\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::IO(filename)))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn main() {\n# //! if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# //! assert!(\n# //! match e.kind() {\n# //! Func1Error::Func2 => {\n# //! eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2\");\n# //! true\n# //! }\n# //! Func1Error::IO(filename) => {\n# //! eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'\", filename);\n# //! false\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //! );\n# //!\n# //! assert!(e.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# //!\n# //! if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::() {\n# //! eprintln!(\"\\nError reported by Func2Error: {}\", e)\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! assert!(e.root_cause().is_some());\n# //!\n# //! if let Some(e) = e.root_cause() {\n# //! let io_error = e.downcast_ref::().unwrap();\n# //! eprintln!(\"\\nThe root cause was: std::io::Error: {:#?}\", io_error);\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# //! assert_eq!(\n# //! format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# //! src/lib.rs:47: func1 error calling func2\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:22: Func2Error(func2 error: calling func3)\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! Kind(NotFound)\n# //! \"#\n# //! );\n# //! }\n# //! # else {\n# //! # unreachable!();\n# //! # }\n# //! }\n# //! ```\n# # #![deny(\n# warnings,\n# absolute_paths_not_starting_with_crate,\n# deprecated_in_future,\n# keyword_idents,\n# macro_use_extern_crate,\n# missing_debug_implementations,\n# trivial_numeric_casts,\n# unused_extern_crates,\n# unused_import_braces,\n# unused_qualifications,\n# unused_results,\n# unused_labels,\n# unused_lifetimes,\n# unstable_features,\n# unreachable_pub,\n# future_incompatible,\n# missing_copy_implementations,\n# missing_doc_code_examples,\n# rust_2018_idioms,\n# rust_2018_compatibility\n# )]\n# # use std::any::TypeId;\n# use std::error::Error;\n# use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter, Result};\n# # /// chains an inner error kind `T` with a causing error\n# pub struct ChainError {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# }\n# # /// convenience type alias\n# pub type ChainResult = std::result::Result>;\n# # impl ChainError {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn new(\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> Self {\n# Self {\n# occurrence,\n# kind,\n# error_cause,\n# }\n# }\n# # #[cfg(feature = \"no-fileline\")]\n# /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn new(\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# _occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> Self {\n# Self { kind, error_cause }\n# }\n# # /// return the root cause of the error chain, if any exists\n# pub fn root_cause(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.iter().last()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type U, if any exists\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# /// use std::error::Error;\n# /// use std::io;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn main() {\n# /// if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# ///\n# /// assert!(f1err.find_cause::().is_some());\n# ///\n# /// assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_cause(&self) -> Option<&U> {\n# self.iter().filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::).next()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError`, if any exists\n# ///\n# /// Same as `find_cause`, but hides the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooError);\n# /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);\n# /// // Instead of writing\n# /// err.find_cause::>();\n# ///\n# /// // leave out the ChainError implementation detail\n# /// err.find_chain_cause::();\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_chain_cause(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.iter()\n# .filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::>)\n# .next()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError` or `U`, if any exists and return `U`\n# ///\n# /// Same as `find_cause` and `find_chain_cause`, but hides the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooErrorKind);\n# /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);\n# /// // Instead of writing\n# /// err.find_cause::>();\n# /// // and/or\n# /// err.find_chain_cause::();\n# /// // and/or\n# /// err.find_cause::();\n# ///\n# /// // leave out the ChainError implementation detail\n# /// err.find_kind_or_cause::();\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_kind_or_cause(&self) -> Option<&U> {\n# self.iter()\n# .filter_map(|e| {\n# e.downcast_ref::>()\n# .map(|e| e.kind())\n# .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::())\n# })\n# .next()\n# }\n# # /// Return a reference to T of `ChainError`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# /// use std::error::Error;\n# /// use std::io;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// enum Func1ErrorKind {\n# /// Func2,\n# /// IO(String),\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// /// impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {…}\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"),\n# /// # Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> {\n# /// func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::Func2))?;\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::IO(\"bar.txt\".into())))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn main() {\n# /// if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// match e.kind() {\n# /// Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => {}\n# /// Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => panic!(),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn kind(&self) -> &T {\n# &self.kind\n# }\n# # /// Returns an Iterator over all error causes/sources\n# ///\n# /// # Example\n# ///\n# ///\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator {\n# ErrorIter {\n# current: Some(self),\n# }\n# }\n# }\n# # struct ErrorIter<'a> {\n# current: Option<&'a (dyn Error + 'static)>,\n# }\n# # impl<'a> Iterator for ErrorIter<'a> {\n# type Item = &'a (dyn Error + 'static);\n# # #[inline]\n# fn next(&mut self) -> Option {\n# let current = self.current;\n# self.current = self.current.and_then(Error::source);\n# current\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::ops::Deref for ChainError {\n# type Target = T;\n# # #[inline]\n# fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {\n# &self.kind\n# }\n# }\n# # /// Convenience trait to hide the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# pub trait ChainErrorDown {\n# /// Test if of type `ChainError`\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool;\n# /// Downcast to a reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError>;\n# /// Downcast to a mutable reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError>;\n# /// Downcast to T of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T>;\n# /// Downcast to T mutable reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>;\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# TypeId::of::() == TypeId::of::()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError))\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&mut *(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError))\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&(*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError)).kind)\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&mut (*(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError)).kind)\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for &ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for &mut ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Display for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}\", self.kind)?;\n# # #[cfg(feature = \"display-cause\")]\n# {\n# if let Some(e) = self.source() {\n# writeln!(f, \"\\nCaused by:\")?;\n# Display::fmt(&e, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# Ok(())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Debug for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# {\n# if let Some(ref o) = self.occurrence {\n# Display::fmt(o, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# # if self.is_chain::() {\n# Display::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;\n# } else {\n# Debug::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;\n# }\n# # #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-debug-cause\"))]\n# {\n# if let Some(e) = self.source() {\n# writeln!(f, \"\\nCaused by:\")?;\n# Debug::fmt(&e, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# Ok(())\n# }\n# }\n# # /// `ChainErrorFrom` is similar to `From`\n# pub trait ChainErrorFrom: Sized {\n# /// similar to From::from()\n# fn chain_error_from(from: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError;\n# }\n# # /// `IntoChainError` is similar to `Into`\n# pub trait IntoChainError: Sized {\n# /// similar to Into::into()\n# fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError;\n# }\n# # impl IntoChainError for T\n# where\n# U: ChainErrorFrom,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# U::chain_error_from(self, line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorFrom for U\n# where\n# T: Into,\n# U: 'static + Display + Debug,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# let e: U = t.into();\n# ChainError::new(e, None, line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # /*\n# impl ChainErrorFrom for U\n# where\n# T: 'static + Error + Into> + Clone,\n# U: 'static + Display + Debug + From,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# ChainError::new(U::from(t.clone()), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# */\n# # /// map into `ChainError` with `T::from(err)`\n# ///\n# /// adds `line!()` and `file!()` information\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! minto_cherr {\n# ( $k:ident ) => (\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $k::from(&e))\n# );\n# ( $enum:ident $(:: $enum_path:ident)* ) => (\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $enum $(:: $enum_path)*::from(&e))\n# );\n# }\n# # /// Creates a new `ChainError`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// Create a new ChainError, where `FooError` must implement `Display` and `Debug`.\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// enum FooError {\n# /// Bar,\n# /// Baz(&'static str),\n# /// }\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, \"Bar Error\"),\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, \"Baz Error: '{}'\", s),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# ///\n# /// // impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_stuff() -> bool {\n# /// false\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> {\n# /// if ! do_some_stuff() {\n# /// Err(cherr!(FooError::Baz(\"Error\")))?;\n# /// }\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # pub fn main() {\n# /// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() {\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &\"Error\" => {}\n# /// # _ => panic!(),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# ///\n# /// Additionally an error cause can be added.\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// # enum FooError {\n# /// # Bar,\n# /// # Baz(&'static str),\n# /// # }\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, \"Bar Error\"),\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, \"Baz Error: '{}'\", s),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// fn do_some_stuff() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> {\n# /// do_some_stuff().map_err(\n# /// |e| cherr!(e, FooError::Baz(\"Error\"))\n# /// )?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # pub fn main() {\n# /// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() {\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &\"Error\" => {}\n# /// # _ => panic!(),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! cherr {\n# ( $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( None, $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# ( $e:path, $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, Some(Box::from($e)), Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( $e:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro for `|e| cherr!(e, format!(…))`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(\"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# /// # assert_eq!(\n# /// # format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# /// # src/lib.rs:18: func1 error\n# /// # Caused by:\n# /// # src/lib.rs:13: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# /// # Caused by:\n# /// # Kind(NotFound)\n# /// # \"#\n# /// # );\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# ///\n# /// `mstrerr!()` can also be used to map a new `ChainError`, where T was defined with\n# /// `derive_str_cherr!(T)`\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! mstrerr {\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )))\n# });\n# ($msg:expr) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($msg:expr, ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro for `cherr!(T(format!(…)))` where `T(String)`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// Err(strerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! strerr {\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )))\n# });\n# ($msg:expr) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($msg:expr, ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro to create a \"new type\" T(String) and implement Display + Debug for T\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! derive_str_cherr {\n# ($e:ident) => {\n# #[derive(Clone)]\n# pub struct $e(pub String);\n# impl ::std::fmt::Display for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}\", self.0)\n# }\n# }\n# impl ::std::fmt::Debug for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}({})\", stringify!($e), self.0)\n# }\n# }\n# impl ::std::error::Error for $e {}\n# };\n# }\n# # /// Derive an Error for an ErrorKind, which wraps a `ChainError` and implements a `kind()` method\n# ///\n# /// It basically hides `ChainError` to the outside and only exposes the `kind()`\n# /// method.\n# ///\n# /// Error::kind() returns the ErrorKind\n# /// Error::source() returns the parent error\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use std::io;\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io(_f: &str) -> std::result::Result<(), io::Error> {\n# /// return Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound));\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// #[derive(Debug, Clone)]\n# /// pub enum ErrorKind {\n# /// IO(String),\n# /// FatalError(String),\n# /// Unknown,\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind);\n# ///\n# /// impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind {\n# /// fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# /// match self {\n# /// ErrorKind::FatalError(e) => write!(f, \"fatal error {}\", e),\n# /// ErrorKind::Unknown => write!(f, \"unknown error\"),\n# /// ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// impl ErrorKind {\n# /// fn from_io_error(e: &io::Error, f: String) -> Self {\n# /// match e.kind() {\n# /// io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe => panic!(\"Should not happen\"),\n# /// io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset => {\n# /// ErrorKind::FatalError(format!(\"While reading `{}`: {}\", f, e))\n# /// }\n# /// _ => ErrorKind::IO(f),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// impl From<&io::Error> for ErrorKind {\n# /// fn from(e: &io::Error) -> Self {\n# /// ErrorKind::IO(format!(\"{}\", e))\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// pub fn func1() -> std::result::Result<(), Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"bar.txt\";\n# ///\n# /// do_some_io(filename)\n# /// .map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from_io_error(&e, filename.into())))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::IO(filename.into())))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from(&e)))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(minto_cherr!(ErrorKind))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! derive_err_kind {\n# ($e:ident, $k:ident) => {\n# pub struct $e($crate::ChainError<$k>);\n# # impl $e {\n# pub fn kind(&self) -> &$k {\n# self.0.kind()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From<$k> for $e {\n# fn from(e: $k) -> Self {\n# $e($crate::ChainError::new(e, None, None))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From> for $e {\n# fn from(e: $crate::ChainError<$k>) -> Self {\n# $e(e)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From<&$e> for $k\n# where\n# $k: Clone,\n# {\n# fn from(e: &$e) -> Self {\n# e.kind().clone()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl $crate::ChainErrorFrom<$e> for $k\n# where\n# $k: Clone,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(\n# t: $e,\n# line_filename: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> $crate::ChainError<$k> {\n# $crate::ChainError::new((*t.kind()).clone(), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::error::Error for $e {\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> {\n# self.0.source()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::fmt::Display for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::fmt::Debug for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.0, f)\n# }\n# }\n# };\n# }\n# }","breadcrumbs":"Saving coding chars","id":"7","title":"Saving coding chars"},"8":{"body":"Sometimes you want to inspect the source() of an Error. chainerror implements std::error::Error::source(), so you can get the cause of an error. use chainerror::*;\nuse std::error::Error;\nuse std::io;\nuse std::result::Result; fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(())\n} fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> { let filename = \"foo.txt\"; do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?; Ok(())\n} fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> { if let Err(e) = func2() { if let Some(s) = e.source() { eprintln!(\"func2 failed because of '{}'\", s); Err(e).map_err(mstrerr!(\"func1 error\"))?; } } Ok(())\n} fn main() -> Result<(), Box> { if let Err(e) = func1() { eprintln!(\"{}\", e); } Ok(())\n}\n# #[allow(dead_code)]\n# mod chainerror {\n# //! `chainerror` provides an error backtrace without doing a real backtrace, so even after you `strip` your\n# //! binaries, you still have the error backtrace.\n# //!\n# //! `chainerror` has no dependencies!\n# //!\n# //! `chainerror` uses `.source()` of `std::error::Error` along with `line()!` and `file()!` to provide a nice debug error backtrace.\n# //! It encapsulates all types, which have `Display + Debug` and can store the error cause internally.\n# //!\n# //! Along with the `ChainError` struct, `chainerror` comes with some useful helper macros to save a lot of typing.\n# //!\n# //! ## Features\n# //!\n# //! `no-fileline`\n# //! : completely turn off storing filename and line\n# //!\n# //! `display-cause`\n# //! : turn on printing a backtrace of the errors in `Display`\n# //!\n# //! `no-debug-cause`\n# //! : turn off printing a backtrace of the errors in `Debug`\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! # Tutorial\n# //!\n# //! Read the [Tutorial](https://haraldh.github.io/chainerror/tutorial1.html)\n# //!\n# //! # Examples\n# //!\n# //! ```rust\n# //! use chainerror::*;\n# //! use std::error::Error;\n# //! use std::io;\n# //! use std::result::Result;\n# //!\n# //! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! func2().map_err(mstrerr!(\"func1 error\"))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn main() {\n# //! if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# //! #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# //! assert_eq!(\n# //! format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# //! src/lib.rs:20: func1 error\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! Kind(NotFound)\n# //! \"#\n# //! );\n# //! }\n# //! # else {\n# //! # unreachable!();\n# //! # }\n# //! }\n# //! ```\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! ```rust\n# //! use chainerror::*;\n# //! use std::error::Error;\n# //! use std::io;\n# //! use std::result::Result;\n# //!\n# //! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func3() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# //!\n# //! fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# //! func3().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"func2 error: calling func3\"))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! enum Func1Error {\n# //! Func2,\n# //! IO(String),\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1Error {\n# //! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# //! match self {\n# //! Func1Error::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"),\n# //! Func1Error::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Func1Error {\n# //! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# //! write!(f, \"{}\", self)\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1Error> {\n# //! func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::Func2))?;\n# //! let filename = String::from(\"bar.txt\");\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::IO(filename)))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn main() {\n# //! if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# //! assert!(\n# //! match e.kind() {\n# //! Func1Error::Func2 => {\n# //! eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2\");\n# //! true\n# //! }\n# //! Func1Error::IO(filename) => {\n# //! eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'\", filename);\n# //! false\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //! );\n# //!\n# //! assert!(e.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# //!\n# //! if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::() {\n# //! eprintln!(\"\\nError reported by Func2Error: {}\", e)\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! assert!(e.root_cause().is_some());\n# //!\n# //! if let Some(e) = e.root_cause() {\n# //! let io_error = e.downcast_ref::().unwrap();\n# //! eprintln!(\"\\nThe root cause was: std::io::Error: {:#?}\", io_error);\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# //! assert_eq!(\n# //! format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# //! src/lib.rs:47: func1 error calling func2\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:22: Func2Error(func2 error: calling func3)\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! Kind(NotFound)\n# //! \"#\n# //! );\n# //! }\n# //! # else {\n# //! # unreachable!();\n# //! # }\n# //! }\n# //! ```\n# # #![deny(\n# warnings,\n# absolute_paths_not_starting_with_crate,\n# deprecated_in_future,\n# keyword_idents,\n# macro_use_extern_crate,\n# missing_debug_implementations,\n# trivial_numeric_casts,\n# unused_extern_crates,\n# unused_import_braces,\n# unused_qualifications,\n# unused_results,\n# unused_labels,\n# unused_lifetimes,\n# unstable_features,\n# unreachable_pub,\n# future_incompatible,\n# missing_copy_implementations,\n# missing_doc_code_examples,\n# rust_2018_idioms,\n# rust_2018_compatibility\n# )]\n# # use std::any::TypeId;\n# use std::error::Error;\n# use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter, Result};\n# # /// chains an inner error kind `T` with a causing error\n# pub struct ChainError {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# }\n# # /// convenience type alias\n# pub type ChainResult = std::result::Result>;\n# # impl ChainError {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn new(\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> Self {\n# Self {\n# occurrence,\n# kind,\n# error_cause,\n# }\n# }\n# # #[cfg(feature = \"no-fileline\")]\n# /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn new(\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# _occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> Self {\n# Self { kind, error_cause }\n# }\n# # /// return the root cause of the error chain, if any exists\n# pub fn root_cause(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.iter().last()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type U, if any exists\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# /// use std::error::Error;\n# /// use std::io;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn main() {\n# /// if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# ///\n# /// assert!(f1err.find_cause::().is_some());\n# ///\n# /// assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_cause(&self) -> Option<&U> {\n# self.iter().filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::).next()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError`, if any exists\n# ///\n# /// Same as `find_cause`, but hides the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooError);\n# /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);\n# /// // Instead of writing\n# /// err.find_cause::>();\n# ///\n# /// // leave out the ChainError implementation detail\n# /// err.find_chain_cause::();\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_chain_cause(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.iter()\n# .filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::>)\n# .next()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError` or `U`, if any exists and return `U`\n# ///\n# /// Same as `find_cause` and `find_chain_cause`, but hides the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooErrorKind);\n# /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);\n# /// // Instead of writing\n# /// err.find_cause::>();\n# /// // and/or\n# /// err.find_chain_cause::();\n# /// // and/or\n# /// err.find_cause::();\n# ///\n# /// // leave out the ChainError implementation detail\n# /// err.find_kind_or_cause::();\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_kind_or_cause(&self) -> Option<&U> {\n# self.iter()\n# .filter_map(|e| {\n# e.downcast_ref::>()\n# .map(|e| e.kind())\n# .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::())\n# })\n# .next()\n# }\n# # /// Return a reference to T of `ChainError`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# /// use std::error::Error;\n# /// use std::io;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// enum Func1ErrorKind {\n# /// Func2,\n# /// IO(String),\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// /// impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {…}\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"),\n# /// # Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> {\n# /// func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::Func2))?;\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::IO(\"bar.txt\".into())))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn main() {\n# /// if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// match e.kind() {\n# /// Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => {}\n# /// Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => panic!(),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn kind(&self) -> &T {\n# &self.kind\n# }\n# # /// Returns an Iterator over all error causes/sources\n# ///\n# /// # Example\n# ///\n# ///\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator {\n# ErrorIter {\n# current: Some(self),\n# }\n# }\n# }\n# # struct ErrorIter<'a> {\n# current: Option<&'a (dyn Error + 'static)>,\n# }\n# # impl<'a> Iterator for ErrorIter<'a> {\n# type Item = &'a (dyn Error + 'static);\n# # #[inline]\n# fn next(&mut self) -> Option {\n# let current = self.current;\n# self.current = self.current.and_then(Error::source);\n# current\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::ops::Deref for ChainError {\n# type Target = T;\n# # #[inline]\n# fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {\n# &self.kind\n# }\n# }\n# # /// Convenience trait to hide the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# pub trait ChainErrorDown {\n# /// Test if of type `ChainError`\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool;\n# /// Downcast to a reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError>;\n# /// Downcast to a mutable reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError>;\n# /// Downcast to T of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T>;\n# /// Downcast to T mutable reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>;\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# TypeId::of::() == TypeId::of::()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError))\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&mut *(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError))\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&(*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError)).kind)\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&mut (*(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError)).kind)\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for &ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for &mut ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Display for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}\", self.kind)?;\n# # #[cfg(feature = \"display-cause\")]\n# {\n# if let Some(e) = self.source() {\n# writeln!(f, \"\\nCaused by:\")?;\n# Display::fmt(&e, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# Ok(())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Debug for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# {\n# if let Some(ref o) = self.occurrence {\n# Display::fmt(o, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# # if self.is_chain::() {\n# Display::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;\n# } else {\n# Debug::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;\n# }\n# # #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-debug-cause\"))]\n# {\n# if let Some(e) = self.source() {\n# writeln!(f, \"\\nCaused by:\")?;\n# Debug::fmt(&e, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# Ok(())\n# }\n# }\n# # /// `ChainErrorFrom` is similar to `From`\n# pub trait ChainErrorFrom: Sized {\n# /// similar to From::from()\n# fn chain_error_from(from: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError;\n# }\n# # /// `IntoChainError` is similar to `Into`\n# pub trait IntoChainError: Sized {\n# /// similar to Into::into()\n# fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError;\n# }\n# # impl IntoChainError for T\n# where\n# U: ChainErrorFrom,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# U::chain_error_from(self, line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorFrom for U\n# where\n# T: Into,\n# U: 'static + Display + Debug,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# let e: U = t.into();\n# ChainError::new(e, None, line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # /*\n# impl ChainErrorFrom for U\n# where\n# T: 'static + Error + Into> + Clone,\n# U: 'static + Display + Debug + From,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# ChainError::new(U::from(t.clone()), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# */\n# # /// map into `ChainError` with `T::from(err)`\n# ///\n# /// adds `line!()` and `file!()` information\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! minto_cherr {\n# ( $k:ident ) => (\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $k::from(&e))\n# );\n# ( $enum:ident $(:: $enum_path:ident)* ) => (\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $enum $(:: $enum_path)*::from(&e))\n# );\n# }\n# # /// Creates a new `ChainError`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// Create a new ChainError, where `FooError` must implement `Display` and `Debug`.\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// enum FooError {\n# /// Bar,\n# /// Baz(&'static str),\n# /// }\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, \"Bar Error\"),\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, \"Baz Error: '{}'\", s),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# ///\n# /// // impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_stuff() -> bool {\n# /// false\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> {\n# /// if ! do_some_stuff() {\n# /// Err(cherr!(FooError::Baz(\"Error\")))?;\n# /// }\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # pub fn main() {\n# /// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() {\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &\"Error\" => {}\n# /// # _ => panic!(),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# ///\n# /// Additionally an error cause can be added.\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// # enum FooError {\n# /// # Bar,\n# /// # Baz(&'static str),\n# /// # }\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, \"Bar Error\"),\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, \"Baz Error: '{}'\", s),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// fn do_some_stuff() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> {\n# /// do_some_stuff().map_err(\n# /// |e| cherr!(e, FooError::Baz(\"Error\"))\n# /// )?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # pub fn main() {\n# /// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() {\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &\"Error\" => {}\n# /// # _ => panic!(),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! cherr {\n# ( $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( None, $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# ( $e:path, $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, Some(Box::from($e)), Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( $e:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro for `|e| cherr!(e, format!(…))`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(\"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# /// # assert_eq!(\n# /// # format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# /// # src/lib.rs:18: func1 error\n# /// # Caused by:\n# /// # src/lib.rs:13: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# /// # Caused by:\n# /// # Kind(NotFound)\n# /// # \"#\n# /// # );\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# ///\n# /// `mstrerr!()` can also be used to map a new `ChainError`, where T was defined with\n# /// `derive_str_cherr!(T)`\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! mstrerr {\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )))\n# });\n# ($msg:expr) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($msg:expr, ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro for `cherr!(T(format!(…)))` where `T(String)`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// Err(strerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! strerr {\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )))\n# });\n# ($msg:expr) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($msg:expr, ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro to create a \"new type\" T(String) and implement Display + Debug for T\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! derive_str_cherr {\n# ($e:ident) => {\n# #[derive(Clone)]\n# pub struct $e(pub String);\n# impl ::std::fmt::Display for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}\", self.0)\n# }\n# }\n# impl ::std::fmt::Debug for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}({})\", stringify!($e), self.0)\n# }\n# }\n# impl ::std::error::Error for $e {}\n# };\n# }\n# # /// Derive an Error for an ErrorKind, which wraps a `ChainError` and implements a `kind()` method\n# ///\n# /// It basically hides `ChainError` to the outside and only exposes the `kind()`\n# /// method.\n# ///\n# /// Error::kind() returns the ErrorKind\n# /// Error::source() returns the parent error\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use std::io;\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io(_f: &str) -> std::result::Result<(), io::Error> {\n# /// return Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound));\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// #[derive(Debug, Clone)]\n# /// pub enum ErrorKind {\n# /// IO(String),\n# /// FatalError(String),\n# /// Unknown,\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind);\n# ///\n# /// impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind {\n# /// fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# /// match self {\n# /// ErrorKind::FatalError(e) => write!(f, \"fatal error {}\", e),\n# /// ErrorKind::Unknown => write!(f, \"unknown error\"),\n# /// ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// impl ErrorKind {\n# /// fn from_io_error(e: &io::Error, f: String) -> Self {\n# /// match e.kind() {\n# /// io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe => panic!(\"Should not happen\"),\n# /// io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset => {\n# /// ErrorKind::FatalError(format!(\"While reading `{}`: {}\", f, e))\n# /// }\n# /// _ => ErrorKind::IO(f),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// impl From<&io::Error> for ErrorKind {\n# /// fn from(e: &io::Error) -> Self {\n# /// ErrorKind::IO(format!(\"{}\", e))\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// pub fn func1() -> std::result::Result<(), Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"bar.txt\";\n# ///\n# /// do_some_io(filename)\n# /// .map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from_io_error(&e, filename.into())))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::IO(filename.into())))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from(&e)))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(minto_cherr!(ErrorKind))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! derive_err_kind {\n# ($e:ident, $k:ident) => {\n# pub struct $e($crate::ChainError<$k>);\n# # impl $e {\n# pub fn kind(&self) -> &$k {\n# self.0.kind()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From<$k> for $e {\n# fn from(e: $k) -> Self {\n# $e($crate::ChainError::new(e, None, None))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From> for $e {\n# fn from(e: $crate::ChainError<$k>) -> Self {\n# $e(e)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From<&$e> for $k\n# where\n# $k: Clone,\n# {\n# fn from(e: &$e) -> Self {\n# e.kind().clone()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl $crate::ChainErrorFrom<$e> for $k\n# where\n# $k: Clone,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(\n# t: $e,\n# line_filename: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> $crate::ChainError<$k> {\n# $crate::ChainError::new((*t.kind()).clone(), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::error::Error for $e {\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> {\n# self.0.source()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::fmt::Display for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::fmt::Debug for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.0, f)\n# }\n# }\n# };\n# }\n# } Note, that because we changed the output of the error in main() from Debug to Display, we don't see the error backtrace with filename and line number. To enable the Display backtrace, you have to enable the feature display-cause for chainerror.","breadcrumbs":"The source() of Errors","id":"8","title":"The source() of Errors"},"9":{"body":"std::error::Error comes with some helper methods to get to the original object of the &(dyn Error + 'static) returned by .source(). pub fn downcast_ref(&self) -> Option<&T>\npub fn downcast_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> This is how it looks like, when using those: use chainerror::*;\nuse std::error::Error;\nuse std::io;\nuse std::result::Result; fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(())\n} fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> { let filename = \"foo.txt\"; do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?; Ok(())\n} fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> { func2().map_err(mstrerr!(\"func1 error\"))?; Ok(())\n} fn main() -> Result<(), Box> { if let Err(e) = func1() { eprintln!(\"Error: {}\", e); let mut s: &(dyn Error) = e.as_ref(); while let Some(c) = s.source() { if let Some(ioerror) = c.downcast_ref::() { eprintln!(\"caused by: std::io::Error: {}\", ioerror); match ioerror.kind() { io::ErrorKind::NotFound => eprintln!(\"of kind: std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound\"), _ => {} } } else { eprintln!(\"caused by: {}\", c); } s = c; } } Ok(())\n}\n# #[allow(dead_code)]\n# mod chainerror {\n# //! `chainerror` provides an error backtrace without doing a real backtrace, so even after you `strip` your\n# //! binaries, you still have the error backtrace.\n# //!\n# //! `chainerror` has no dependencies!\n# //!\n# //! `chainerror` uses `.source()` of `std::error::Error` along with `line()!` and `file()!` to provide a nice debug error backtrace.\n# //! It encapsulates all types, which have `Display + Debug` and can store the error cause internally.\n# //!\n# //! Along with the `ChainError` struct, `chainerror` comes with some useful helper macros to save a lot of typing.\n# //!\n# //! ## Features\n# //!\n# //! `no-fileline`\n# //! : completely turn off storing filename and line\n# //!\n# //! `display-cause`\n# //! : turn on printing a backtrace of the errors in `Display`\n# //!\n# //! `no-debug-cause`\n# //! : turn off printing a backtrace of the errors in `Debug`\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! # Tutorial\n# //!\n# //! Read the [Tutorial](https://haraldh.github.io/chainerror/tutorial1.html)\n# //!\n# //! # Examples\n# //!\n# //! ```rust\n# //! use chainerror::*;\n# //! use std::error::Error;\n# //! use std::io;\n# //! use std::result::Result;\n# //!\n# //! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! func2().map_err(mstrerr!(\"func1 error\"))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn main() {\n# //! if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# //! #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# //! assert_eq!(\n# //! format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# //! src/lib.rs:20: func1 error\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! Kind(NotFound)\n# //! \"#\n# //! );\n# //! }\n# //! # else {\n# //! # unreachable!();\n# //! # }\n# //! }\n# //! ```\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! ```rust\n# //! use chainerror::*;\n# //! use std::error::Error;\n# //! use std::io;\n# //! use std::result::Result;\n# //!\n# //! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func3() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# //!\n# //! fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# //! func3().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"func2 error: calling func3\"))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! enum Func1Error {\n# //! Func2,\n# //! IO(String),\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1Error {\n# //! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# //! match self {\n# //! Func1Error::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"),\n# //! Func1Error::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Func1Error {\n# //! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# //! write!(f, \"{}\", self)\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1Error> {\n# //! func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::Func2))?;\n# //! let filename = String::from(\"bar.txt\");\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::IO(filename)))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn main() {\n# //! if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# //! assert!(\n# //! match e.kind() {\n# //! Func1Error::Func2 => {\n# //! eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2\");\n# //! true\n# //! }\n# //! Func1Error::IO(filename) => {\n# //! eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'\", filename);\n# //! false\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //! );\n# //!\n# //! assert!(e.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# //!\n# //! if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::() {\n# //! eprintln!(\"\\nError reported by Func2Error: {}\", e)\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! assert!(e.root_cause().is_some());\n# //!\n# //! if let Some(e) = e.root_cause() {\n# //! let io_error = e.downcast_ref::().unwrap();\n# //! eprintln!(\"\\nThe root cause was: std::io::Error: {:#?}\", io_error);\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# //! assert_eq!(\n# //! format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# //! src/lib.rs:47: func1 error calling func2\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:22: Func2Error(func2 error: calling func3)\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! Kind(NotFound)\n# //! \"#\n# //! );\n# //! }\n# //! # else {\n# //! # unreachable!();\n# //! # }\n# //! }\n# //! ```\n# # #![deny(\n# warnings,\n# absolute_paths_not_starting_with_crate,\n# deprecated_in_future,\n# keyword_idents,\n# macro_use_extern_crate,\n# missing_debug_implementations,\n# trivial_numeric_casts,\n# unused_extern_crates,\n# unused_import_braces,\n# unused_qualifications,\n# unused_results,\n# unused_labels,\n# unused_lifetimes,\n# unstable_features,\n# unreachable_pub,\n# future_incompatible,\n# missing_copy_implementations,\n# missing_doc_code_examples,\n# rust_2018_idioms,\n# rust_2018_compatibility\n# )]\n# # use std::any::TypeId;\n# use std::error::Error;\n# use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter, Result};\n# # /// chains an inner error kind `T` with a causing error\n# pub struct ChainError {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# }\n# # /// convenience type alias\n# pub type ChainResult = std::result::Result>;\n# # impl ChainError {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn new(\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> Self {\n# Self {\n# occurrence,\n# kind,\n# error_cause,\n# }\n# }\n# # #[cfg(feature = \"no-fileline\")]\n# /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn new(\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# _occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> Self {\n# Self { kind, error_cause }\n# }\n# # /// return the root cause of the error chain, if any exists\n# pub fn root_cause(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.iter().last()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type U, if any exists\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# /// use std::error::Error;\n# /// use std::io;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn main() {\n# /// if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# ///\n# /// assert!(f1err.find_cause::().is_some());\n# ///\n# /// assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_cause(&self) -> Option<&U> {\n# self.iter().filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::).next()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError`, if any exists\n# ///\n# /// Same as `find_cause`, but hides the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooError);\n# /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);\n# /// // Instead of writing\n# /// err.find_cause::>();\n# ///\n# /// // leave out the ChainError implementation detail\n# /// err.find_chain_cause::();\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_chain_cause(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.iter()\n# .filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::>)\n# .next()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError` or `U`, if any exists and return `U`\n# ///\n# /// Same as `find_cause` and `find_chain_cause`, but hides the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooErrorKind);\n# /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);\n# /// // Instead of writing\n# /// err.find_cause::>();\n# /// // and/or\n# /// err.find_chain_cause::();\n# /// // and/or\n# /// err.find_cause::();\n# ///\n# /// // leave out the ChainError implementation detail\n# /// err.find_kind_or_cause::();\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_kind_or_cause(&self) -> Option<&U> {\n# self.iter()\n# .filter_map(|e| {\n# e.downcast_ref::>()\n# .map(|e| e.kind())\n# .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::())\n# })\n# .next()\n# }\n# # /// Return a reference to T of `ChainError`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# /// use std::error::Error;\n# /// use std::io;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// enum Func1ErrorKind {\n# /// Func2,\n# /// IO(String),\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// /// impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {…}\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"),\n# /// # Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> {\n# /// func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::Func2))?;\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::IO(\"bar.txt\".into())))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn main() {\n# /// if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// match e.kind() {\n# /// Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => {}\n# /// Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => panic!(),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn kind(&self) -> &T {\n# &self.kind\n# }\n# # /// Returns an Iterator over all error causes/sources\n# ///\n# /// # Example\n# ///\n# ///\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator {\n# ErrorIter {\n# current: Some(self),\n# }\n# }\n# }\n# # struct ErrorIter<'a> {\n# current: Option<&'a (dyn Error + 'static)>,\n# }\n# # impl<'a> Iterator for ErrorIter<'a> {\n# type Item = &'a (dyn Error + 'static);\n# # #[inline]\n# fn next(&mut self) -> Option {\n# let current = self.current;\n# self.current = self.current.and_then(Error::source);\n# current\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::ops::Deref for ChainError {\n# type Target = T;\n# # #[inline]\n# fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {\n# &self.kind\n# }\n# }\n# # /// Convenience trait to hide the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# pub trait ChainErrorDown {\n# /// Test if of type `ChainError`\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool;\n# /// Downcast to a reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError>;\n# /// Downcast to a mutable reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError>;\n# /// Downcast to T of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T>;\n# /// Downcast to T mutable reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>;\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# TypeId::of::() == TypeId::of::()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError))\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&mut *(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError))\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&(*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError)).kind)\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&mut (*(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError)).kind)\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for &ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for &mut ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Display for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}\", self.kind)?;\n# # #[cfg(feature = \"display-cause\")]\n# {\n# if let Some(e) = self.source() {\n# writeln!(f, \"\\nCaused by:\")?;\n# Display::fmt(&e, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# Ok(())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Debug for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# {\n# if let Some(ref o) = self.occurrence {\n# Display::fmt(o, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# # if self.is_chain::() {\n# Display::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;\n# } else {\n# Debug::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;\n# }\n# # #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-debug-cause\"))]\n# {\n# if let Some(e) = self.source() {\n# writeln!(f, \"\\nCaused by:\")?;\n# Debug::fmt(&e, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# Ok(())\n# }\n# }\n# # /// `ChainErrorFrom` is similar to `From`\n# pub trait ChainErrorFrom: Sized {\n# /// similar to From::from()\n# fn chain_error_from(from: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError;\n# }\n# # /// `IntoChainError` is similar to `Into`\n# pub trait IntoChainError: Sized {\n# /// similar to Into::into()\n# fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError;\n# }\n# # impl IntoChainError for T\n# where\n# U: ChainErrorFrom,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# U::chain_error_from(self, line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorFrom for U\n# where\n# T: Into,\n# U: 'static + Display + Debug,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# let e: U = t.into();\n# ChainError::new(e, None, line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # /*\n# impl ChainErrorFrom for U\n# where\n# T: 'static + Error + Into> + Clone,\n# U: 'static + Display + Debug + From,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# ChainError::new(U::from(t.clone()), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# */\n# # /// map into `ChainError` with `T::from(err)`\n# ///\n# /// adds `line!()` and `file!()` information\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! minto_cherr {\n# ( $k:ident ) => (\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $k::from(&e))\n# );\n# ( $enum:ident $(:: $enum_path:ident)* ) => (\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $enum $(:: $enum_path)*::from(&e))\n# );\n# }\n# # /// Creates a new `ChainError`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// Create a new ChainError, where `FooError` must implement `Display` and `Debug`.\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// enum FooError {\n# /// Bar,\n# /// Baz(&'static str),\n# /// }\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, \"Bar Error\"),\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, \"Baz Error: '{}'\", s),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# ///\n# /// // impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_stuff() -> bool {\n# /// false\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> {\n# /// if ! do_some_stuff() {\n# /// Err(cherr!(FooError::Baz(\"Error\")))?;\n# /// }\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # pub fn main() {\n# /// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() {\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &\"Error\" => {}\n# /// # _ => panic!(),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# ///\n# /// Additionally an error cause can be added.\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// # enum FooError {\n# /// # Bar,\n# /// # Baz(&'static str),\n# /// # }\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, \"Bar Error\"),\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, \"Baz Error: '{}'\", s),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// fn do_some_stuff() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> {\n# /// do_some_stuff().map_err(\n# /// |e| cherr!(e, FooError::Baz(\"Error\"))\n# /// )?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # pub fn main() {\n# /// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() {\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &\"Error\" => {}\n# /// # _ => panic!(),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! cherr {\n# ( $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( None, $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# ( $e:path, $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, Some(Box::from($e)), Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( $e:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro for `|e| cherr!(e, format!(…))`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(\"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# /// # assert_eq!(\n# /// # format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# /// # src/lib.rs:18: func1 error\n# /// # Caused by:\n# /// # src/lib.rs:13: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# /// # Caused by:\n# /// # Kind(NotFound)\n# /// # \"#\n# /// # );\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# ///\n# /// `mstrerr!()` can also be used to map a new `ChainError`, where T was defined with\n# /// `derive_str_cherr!(T)`\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! mstrerr {\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )))\n# });\n# ($msg:expr) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($msg:expr, ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro for `cherr!(T(format!(…)))` where `T(String)`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// Err(strerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! strerr {\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )))\n# });\n# ($msg:expr) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($msg:expr, ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro to create a \"new type\" T(String) and implement Display + Debug for T\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! derive_str_cherr {\n# ($e:ident) => {\n# #[derive(Clone)]\n# pub struct $e(pub String);\n# impl ::std::fmt::Display for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}\", self.0)\n# }\n# }\n# impl ::std::fmt::Debug for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}({})\", stringify!($e), self.0)\n# }\n# }\n# impl ::std::error::Error for $e {}\n# };\n# }\n# # /// Derive an Error for an ErrorKind, which wraps a `ChainError` and implements a `kind()` method\n# ///\n# /// It basically hides `ChainError` to the outside and only exposes the `kind()`\n# /// method.\n# ///\n# /// Error::kind() returns the ErrorKind\n# /// Error::source() returns the parent error\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use std::io;\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io(_f: &str) -> std::result::Result<(), io::Error> {\n# /// return Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound));\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// #[derive(Debug, Clone)]\n# /// pub enum ErrorKind {\n# /// IO(String),\n# /// FatalError(String),\n# /// Unknown,\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind);\n# ///\n# /// impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind {\n# /// fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# /// match self {\n# /// ErrorKind::FatalError(e) => write!(f, \"fatal error {}\", e),\n# /// ErrorKind::Unknown => write!(f, \"unknown error\"),\n# /// ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// impl ErrorKind {\n# /// fn from_io_error(e: &io::Error, f: String) -> Self {\n# /// match e.kind() {\n# /// io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe => panic!(\"Should not happen\"),\n# /// io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset => {\n# /// ErrorKind::FatalError(format!(\"While reading `{}`: {}\", f, e))\n# /// }\n# /// _ => ErrorKind::IO(f),\n# /// }\n# 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-{"doc_urls":["index.html#chainerror","index.html#example","index.html#features","tutorial1.html#simple-string-errors","tutorial2.html#simple-chained-string-errors","tutorial2.html#what-did-we-do-here","tutorial3.html#mapping-errors","tutorial4.html#saving-coding-chars","tutorial5.html#the-source-of-errors","tutorial6.html#downcast-the-errors","tutorial7.html#the-root-cause-of-all-errors","tutorial8.html#finding-an-error-cause","tutorial9.html#selective-error-handling","tutorial10.html#errorkind-to-the-rescue","tutorial11.html#debug-for-the-errorkind","tutorial12.html#deref-for-the-errorkind","tutorial13.html#writing-a-library","tutorial14.html#going-back-to-std","end.html#the-end"],"index":{"documentStore":{"docInfo":{"0":{"body":60,"breadcrumbs":1,"title":1},"1":{"body":174,"breadcrumbs":1,"title":1},"10":{"body":137,"breadcrumbs":3,"title":3},"11":{"body":104,"breadcrumbs":3,"title":3},"12":{"body":120,"breadcrumbs":3,"title":3},"13":{"body":175,"breadcrumbs":2,"title":2},"14":{"body":179,"breadcrumbs":2,"title":2},"15":{"body":159,"breadcrumbs":2,"title":2},"16":{"body":175,"breadcrumbs":2,"title":2},"17":{"body":345,"breadcrumbs":3,"title":3},"18":{"body":18,"breadcrumbs":1,"title":1},"2":{"body":20,"breadcrumbs":1,"title":1},"3":{"body":102,"breadcrumbs":3,"title":3},"4":{"body":75,"breadcrumbs":4,"title":4},"5":{"body":46,"breadcrumbs":1,"title":1},"6":{"body":93,"breadcrumbs":2,"title":2},"7":{"body":79,"breadcrumbs":3,"title":3},"8":{"body":92,"breadcrumbs":2,"title":2},"9":{"body":104,"breadcrumbs":2,"title":2}},"docs":{"0":{"body":"Build Status Crate Rust Documentation chainerror provides an error backtrace like failure without doing a real backtrace, so even after you strip your binaries, you still have the error backtrace. chainerror has no dependencies! chainerror uses .source() of std::error::Error along with line()! and file()! to provide a nice debug error backtrace. It encapsulates all types, which have Display + Debug and can store the error cause internally. Along with the ChainError struct, chainerror comes with some useful helper macros to save a lot of typing. Debug information is worth it! Now continue reading the Tutorial","breadcrumbs":"chainerror","id":"0","title":"chainerror"},"1":{"body":"Output: $ cargo run -q --example example\nMain Error Report: func1 error calling func2 Error reported by Func2Error: func2 error: calling func3 The root cause was: std::io::Error: Kind( NotFound\n) Debug Error:\nexamples/example.rs:45: func1 error calling func2\nCaused by:\nexamples/example.rs:20: Func2Error(func2 error: calling func3)\nCaused by:\nexamples/example.rs:13: Error reading 'foo.txt'\nCaused by:\nKind(NotFound) use chainerror::*;\nuse std::error::Error;\nuse std::io;\nuse std::result::Result; fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(())\n} fn func3() -> Result<(), Box> { let filename = \"foo.txt\"; do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?; Ok(())\n} derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> { func3().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"func2 error: calling func3\"))?; Ok(())\n} enum Func1Error { Func2, IO(String),\n} impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1Error { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { match self { Func1Error::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"), Func1Error::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename), } }\n} impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Func1Error { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { write!(f, \"{}\", self) }\n} fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1Error> { func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::Func2))?; let filename = String::from(\"bar.txt\"); do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::IO(filename)))?; Ok(())\n} fn main() { if let Err(e) = func1() { match e.kind() { Func1Error::Func2 => eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2\"), Func1Error::IO(filename) => { eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'\", filename) } } if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::() { eprintln!(\"\\nError reported by Func2Error: {}\", e) } if let Some(e) = e.root_cause() { let ioerror = e.downcast_ref::().unwrap(); eprintln!(\"\\nThe root cause was: std::io::Error: {:#?}\", ioerror); } eprintln!(\"\\nDebug Error:\\n{:?}\", e); }\n}","breadcrumbs":"Example:","id":"1","title":"Example:"},"10":{"body":"chainerror also has some helper methods: fn is_chain(&self) -> bool\nfn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError>\nfn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError>\nfn root_cause(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)>\nfn find_cause(&self) -> Option<&U>\nfn find_chain_cause(&self) -> Option<&ChainError>\nfn kind<'a>(&'a self) -> &'a T Using downcast_chain_ref::() gives a ChainError, which can be used to call .find_cause::(). if let Some(s) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() { if let Some(ioerror) = s.find_cause::() { or to use .root_cause(), which of course can be of any type implementing std::error::Error. if let Some(e) = s.root_cause() { use chainerror::*;\nuse std::error::Error;\nuse std::io;\nuse std::result::Result; fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(())\n} fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> { let filename = \"foo.txt\"; do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?; Ok(())\n} fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> { func2().map_err(mstrerr!(\"func1 error\"))?; Ok(())\n} fn main() -> Result<(), Box> { if let Err(e) = func1() { eprintln!(\"Error: {}\", e); if let Some(s) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() { if let Some(ioerror) = s.find_cause::() { eprintln!(\"caused by: std::io::Error: {}\", ioerror); match ioerror.kind() { io::ErrorKind::NotFound => eprintln!(\"of kind: std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound\"), _ => {} } } if let Some(e) = s.root_cause() { let ioerror = e.downcast_ref::().unwrap(); eprintln!(\"The root cause was: std::io::Error: {:#?}\", ioerror); } } } Ok(())\n}\n# #[allow(dead_code)]\n# mod chainerror {\n{{#includecomment ../src/lib.rs}}\n# }","breadcrumbs":"The root cause of all Errors","id":"10","title":"The root cause of all Errors"},"11":{"body":"To distinguish the errors occuring in various places, we can define named string errors with the \"new type\" pattern. derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\nderive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); Instead of ChainError we now have struct Func1Error(String) and ChainError. In the main function you can see, how we can match the different errors. Also see: if let Some(f2err) = f1err.find_chain_cause::() { as a shortcut to if let Some(f2err) = f1err.find_cause::>() { hiding the ChainError implementation detail. use chainerror::*;\nuse std::error::Error;\nuse std::io;\nuse std::result::Result; fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(())\n} derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> { let filename = \"foo.txt\"; do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?; Ok(())\n} derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> { func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?; Ok(())\n} fn main() -> Result<(), Box> { if let Err(e) = func1() { if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() { eprintln!(\"Func1Error: {}\", f1err); if let Some(f2err) = f1err.find_cause::>() { eprintln!(\"Func2Error: {}\", f2err); } if let Some(f2err) = f1err.find_chain_cause::() { eprintln!(\"Debug Func2Error:\\n{:?}\", f2err); } } } Ok(())\n}\n# #[allow(dead_code)]\n# mod chainerror {\n{{#includecomment ../src/lib.rs}}\n# }","breadcrumbs":"Finding an Error cause","id":"11","title":"Finding an Error cause"},"12":{"body":"What about functions returning different Error types? In this example func1() can return either Func1ErrorFunc2 or Func1ErrorIO. We might want to match on func1() with something like: fn main() -> Result<(), Box> { match func1() { Err(e) if let Some(s) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() => eprintln!(\"Func1ErrorIO:\\n{:?}\", s), Err(e) if let Some(s) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() => eprintln!(\"Func1ErrorFunc2:\\n{:?}\", s), Ok(_) => {}, } Ok(())\n} but this is not valid rust code, so we end up doing it the hard way. In the next chapter, we will see, how to solve this more elegantly. use chainerror::*;\nuse std::error::Error;\nuse std::io;\nuse std::result::Result; fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(())\n} derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> { let filename = \"foo.txt\"; do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?; Ok(())\n} derive_str_cherr!(Func1ErrorFunc2);\nderive_str_cherr!(Func1ErrorIO); fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> { func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1ErrorFunc2, \"func1 error calling func2\"))?; let filename = \"bar.txt\"; do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1ErrorIO, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?; Ok(())\n} fn main() -> Result<(), Box> { if let Err(e) = func1() { if let Some(s) = e.downcast_ref::>() { eprintln!(\"Func1ErrorIO:\\n{:?}\", s); } if let Some(s) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() { eprintln!(\"Func1ErrorFunc2:\\n{:?}\", s); } } Ok(())\n}\n# #[allow(dead_code)]\n# mod chainerror {\n{{#includecomment ../src/lib.rs}}\n# }","breadcrumbs":"Selective Error Handling","id":"12","title":"Selective Error Handling"},"13":{"body":"To cope with different kind of errors, we introduce the kind of an error Func1ErrorKind with an enum. Because we derive Debug and implement Display our Func1ErrorKind enum, this enum can be used as a std::error::Error. Not using String errors anymore, the cherr!() macro seen in the beginning of the tutorial has to be used again. Only returning Func1ErrorKind in func1() now let us get rid of Result<(), Box> and we can use ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind>. In main we can now directly use the methods of ChainError without downcasting the error first. Also a nice match on ChainError.kind() is now possible, which returns &T, meaning &Func1ErrorKind here. use chainerror::*;\nuse std::error::Error;\nuse std::io;\nuse std::result::Result; fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(())\n} derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> { let filename = \"foo.txt\"; do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?; Ok(())\n} #[derive(Debug)]\nenum Func1ErrorKind { Func2, IO(String),\n} impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { match self { Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"), Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename), } }\n}\nimpl ::std::error::Error for Func1ErrorKind {} fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> { func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::Func2))?; let filename = String::from(\"bar.txt\"); do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename)))?; Ok(())\n} fn main() -> Result<(), Box> { if let Err(e) = func1() { match e.kind() { Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2\"), Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => { eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'\", filename) } } if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::() { eprintln!(\"\\nError reported by Func2Error: {}\", e) } eprintln!(\"\\nDebug Error:\\n{:?}\", e); } Ok(())\n}\n# #[allow(dead_code)]\n# mod chainerror {\n{{#includecomment ../src/lib.rs}}\n# }","breadcrumbs":"ErrorKind to the rescue","id":"13","title":"ErrorKind to the rescue"},"14":{"body":"One small improvement at the end of the tutorial is to fix the debug output of Func1ErrorKind. As you probably noticed, the output doesn't say much of the enum. Debug Error:\nsrc/main.rs:35: Func2\n[…] As a lazy shortcut, we implement Debug by calling Display and end up with Debug Error:\nsrc/main.rs:40: func1 error calling func2\n[…} which gives us a lot more detail. To create your own Errors, you might find crates which create enum Display+Debug via derive macros. Also noteworthy is custom_error to define your custom errors, which can then be used with chainerror. use chainerror::*;\nuse std::error::Error;\nuse std::io;\nuse std::result::Result; fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(())\n} derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> { let filename = \"foo.txt\"; do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?; Ok(())\n} enum Func1ErrorKind { Func2, IO(String),\n} impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { match self { Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"), Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename), } }\n} impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Func1ErrorKind { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { write!(f, \"{}\", self) }\n} impl ::std::error::Error for Func1ErrorKind {} fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> { func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::Func2))?; let filename = String::from(\"bar.txt\"); do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename)))?; Ok(())\n} fn main() -> Result<(), Box> { if let Err(e) = func1() { match e.kind() { Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2\"), Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => { eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'\", filename) } } if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::() { eprintln!(\"\\nError reported by Func2Error: {}\", e) } eprintln!(\"\\nDebug Error:\\n{:?}\", e); } Ok(())\n}\n# #[allow(dead_code)]\n# mod chainerror {\n{{#includecomment ../src/lib.rs}}\n# }","breadcrumbs":"Debug for the ErrorKind","id":"14","title":"Debug for the ErrorKind"},"15":{"body":"Because ChainError implements Deref to &T, we can also match on *e instead of e.kind() or call a function with &e use chainerror::*;\nuse std::error::Error;\nuse std::io;\nuse std::result::Result; fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(())\n} derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> { let filename = \"foo.txt\"; do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?; Ok(())\n} enum Func1ErrorKind { Func2, IO(String),\n} impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { match self { Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"), Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename), } }\n} impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Func1ErrorKind { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { write!(f, \"{}\", self) }\n} impl ::std::error::Error for Func1ErrorKind {} fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> { func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::Func2))?; let filename = String::from(\"bar.txt\"); do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename)))?; Ok(())\n} fn handle_func1errorkind(e: &Func1ErrorKind) { match e { Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2\"), Func1ErrorKind::IO(ref filename) => { eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'\", filename) } }\n} fn main() -> Result<(), Box> { if let Err(e) = func1() { match *e { Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2\"), Func1ErrorKind::IO(ref filename) => { eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'\", filename) } } handle_func1errorkind(&e); if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::() { eprintln!(\"\\nError reported by Func2Error: {}\", e) } eprintln!(\"\\nDebug Error:\\n{:?}\", e); } Ok(())\n}\n# #[allow(dead_code)]\n# mod chainerror {\n{{#includecomment ../src/lib.rs}}\n# }","breadcrumbs":"Deref for the ErrorKind","id":"15","title":"Deref for the ErrorKind"},"16":{"body":"I would advise to only expose an mycrate::ErrorKind and type alias mycrate::Error to ChainError so you can tell your library users to use the .kind() method as std::io::Error does. If you later decide to make your own Error implementation, your library users don't have to change much or anything. # #[allow(dead_code)]\n# #[macro_use]\n# pub mod chainerror {\n{{#includecomment ../src/lib.rs}}\n# }\npub mod mycrate { use crate::chainerror::*; // omit the `crate::` part use std::io; fn do_some_io() -> std::result::Result<(), Box> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(()) } derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); fn func2() -> std::result::Result<(), Box> { let filename = \"foo.txt\"; do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?; Ok(()) } #[derive(Debug, Clone)] pub enum ErrorKind { Func2, IO(String), } derive_err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind); pub type Result = std::result::Result; impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { match self { ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"), ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename), } } } pub fn func1() -> Result<()> { func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::Func2))?; let filename = String::from(\"bar.txt\"); do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::IO(filename)))?; Ok(()) }\n} fn main() -> Result<(), Box> { use mycrate::func1; use mycrate::ErrorKind; use std::error::Error; use std::io; if let Err(e) = func1() { match e.kind() { ErrorKind::Func2 => eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2\"), ErrorKind::IO(ref filename) => { eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'\", filename) } } eprintln!(); let mut s: &Error = &e; while let Some(c) = s.source() { if let Some(ioerror) = c.downcast_ref::() { eprintln!(\"caused by: std::io::Error: {}\", ioerror); match ioerror.kind() { io::ErrorKind::NotFound => eprintln!(\"of kind: std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound\"), _ => {} } } else { eprintln!(\"caused by: {}\", c); } s = c; } eprintln!(\"\\nDebug Error:\\n{:?}\", e); } Ok(())\n}","breadcrumbs":"Writing a library","id":"16","title":"Writing a library"},"17":{"body":"Not using chainerror and going full std would look like this: Btw, the code size is bigger than using chainerror :-) pub mod mycrate { use std::error::Error as StdError; use func2mod::{do_some_io, func2}; pub mod func2mod { use std::error::Error as StdError; use std::io; pub enum ErrorKind { IO(String), } impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { match self { ErrorKind::IO(s) => std::fmt::Display::fmt(s, f), } } } impl std::fmt::Debug for ErrorKind { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { match self { ErrorKind::IO(s) => std::fmt::Display::fmt(s, f), } } } macro_rules! mcherr { ( $k:expr ) => {{ |e| { Error( $k, Some(Box::from(e)), Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")), ) } }}; } pub struct Error( ErrorKind, Option>, Option<&'static str>, ); impl Error { pub fn kind(&self) -> &ErrorKind { &self.0 } } impl From for Error { fn from(e: ErrorKind) -> Self { Error(e, None, None) } } impl std::error::Error for Error { fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> { self.1.as_ref().map(|e| e.as_ref()) } } impl std::fmt::Display for Error { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f) } } impl std::fmt::Debug for Error { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { if let Some(ref o) = self.2 { std::fmt::Display::fmt(o, f)?; } std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.0, f)?; if let Some(e) = self.source() { std::fmt::Display::fmt(\"\\nCaused by:\\n\", f)?; std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&e, f)?; } Ok(()) } } pub fn do_some_io() -> std::result::Result<(), Box> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(()) } pub fn func2() -> std::result::Result<(), Error> { let filename = \"foo.txt\"; do_some_io().map_err(mcherr!(ErrorKind::IO(format!( \"Error reading '{}'\", filename ))))?; Ok(()) } } #[derive(Debug)] pub enum ErrorKind { Func2, IO(String), } impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { match self { ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"), ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename), } } } macro_rules! mcherr { ( $k:expr ) => {{ |e| { Error( $k, Some(Box::from(e)), Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")), ) } }}; } pub struct Error( ErrorKind, Option>, Option<&'static str>, ); impl Error { pub fn kind(&self) -> &ErrorKind { &self.0 } } impl From for Error { fn from(e: ErrorKind) -> Self { Error(e, None, None) } } impl std::error::Error for Error { fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> { self.1.as_ref().map(|e| e.as_ref()) } } impl std::fmt::Display for Error { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f) } } impl std::fmt::Debug for Error { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { if let Some(ref o) = self.2 { std::fmt::Display::fmt(o, f)?; } std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.0, f)?; if let Some(e) = self.source() { std::fmt::Display::fmt(\"\\nCaused by:\\n\", f)?; std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&e, f)?; } Ok(()) } } pub type Result = std::result::Result; pub fn func1() -> Result<()> { func2().map_err(mcherr!(ErrorKind::Func2))?; let filename = String::from(\"bar.txt\"); do_some_io().map_err(mcherr!(ErrorKind::IO(filename)))?; Ok(()) }\n} fn main() -> Result<(), Box> { use mycrate::func1; use mycrate::ErrorKind; use std::error::Error; use std::io; if let Err(e) = func1() { match e.kind() { ErrorKind::Func2 => eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2\"), ErrorKind::IO(ref filename) => { eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'\", filename) } } eprintln!(); let mut s: &Error = &e; while let Some(c) = s.source() { if let Some(ioerror) = c.downcast_ref::() { eprintln!(\"caused by: std::io::Error: {}\", ioerror); match ioerror.kind() { io::ErrorKind::NotFound => eprintln!(\"of kind: std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound\"), _ => {} } } else { eprintln!(\"caused by: {}\", c); } s = c; } eprintln!(\"\\nDebug Error:\\n{:?}\", e); } Ok(())\n}","breadcrumbs":"Going back to std","id":"17","title":"Going back to std"},"18":{"body":"That's it for now… Happy error handling! To report issues, submit pull request or for the source code, examples and the book source, visit the Git Repo .","breadcrumbs":"The End","id":"18","title":"The End"},"2":{"body":"no-fileline : completely turn off storing filename and line display-cause : turn on printing a backtrace of the errors in Display no-debug-cause : turn off printing a backtrace of the errors in Debug","breadcrumbs":"Features","id":"2","title":"Features"},"3":{"body":"An easy way of doing error handling in rust is by returning String as a Box. If the rust main function returns an Err(), this Err() will be displayed with std::fmt::Debug. As you can see by running the example (by pressing the \"Play\" button in upper right of the code block), this only prints out the last Error. Error: StringError(\"func1 error\") The next chapters of this tutorial show how chainerror adds more information and improves inspecting the sources of an error. You can also run the tutorial examples in the checked out chainerror git repo . $ cargo run -q --example tutorial1 use std::error::Error;\nuse std::io;\nuse std::result::Result; fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(())\n} fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> { if let Err(_) = do_some_io() { Err(\"func2 error\")?; } Ok(())\n} fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> { if let Err(_) = func2() { Err(\"func1 error\")?; } Ok(())\n} fn main() -> Result<(), Box> { func1()\n}","breadcrumbs":"Simple String Errors","id":"3","title":"Simple String Errors"},"4":{"body":"With relatively small changes and the help of the cherr! macro of the chainerror crate the String errors are now chained together. 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It encapsulates all types, which have Display + Debug and can store the error cause internally. Along with the ChainError struct, chainerror comes with some useful helper macros to save a lot of typing. Debug information is worth it! Now continue reading the Tutorial","breadcrumbs":"chainerror","id":"0","title":"chainerror"},"1":{"body":"Output: $ cargo run -q --example example\nMain Error Report: func1 error calling func2 Error reported by Func2Error: func2 error: calling func3 The root cause was: std::io::Error: Kind( NotFound\n) Debug Error:\nexamples/example.rs:45: func1 error calling func2\nCaused by:\nexamples/example.rs:20: Func2Error(func2 error: calling func3)\nCaused by:\nexamples/example.rs:13: Error reading 'foo.txt'\nCaused by:\nKind(NotFound) use chainerror::*;\nuse std::error::Error;\nuse std::io;\nuse std::result::Result; fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(())\n} fn func3() -> Result<(), Box> { let filename = \"foo.txt\"; do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?; Ok(())\n} derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> { func3().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"func2 error: calling func3\"))?; Ok(())\n} enum Func1Error { Func2, IO(String),\n} impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1Error { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { match self { Func1Error::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"), Func1Error::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename), } }\n} impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Func1Error { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { write!(f, \"{}\", self) }\n} fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1Error> { func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::Func2))?; let filename = String::from(\"bar.txt\"); do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::IO(filename)))?; Ok(())\n} fn main() { if let Err(e) = func1() { match e.kind() { Func1Error::Func2 => eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2\"), Func1Error::IO(filename) => { eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'\", filename) } } if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::() { eprintln!(\"\\nError reported by Func2Error: {}\", e) } if let Some(e) = e.root_cause() { let ioerror = e.downcast_ref::().unwrap(); eprintln!(\"\\nThe root cause was: std::io::Error: {:#?}\", ioerror); } eprintln!(\"\\nDebug Error:\\n{:?}\", e); }\n}","breadcrumbs":"Example:","id":"1","title":"Example:"},"10":{"body":"chainerror also has some helper methods: fn is_chain(&self) -> bool\nfn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError>\nfn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError>\nfn root_cause(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)>\nfn find_cause(&self) -> Option<&U>\nfn find_chain_cause(&self) -> Option<&ChainError>\nfn kind<'a>(&'a self) -> &'a T Using downcast_chain_ref::() gives a ChainError, which can be used to call .find_cause::(). if let Some(s) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() { if let Some(ioerror) = s.find_cause::() { or to use .root_cause(), which of course can be of any type implementing std::error::Error. if let Some(e) = s.root_cause() { use chainerror::*;\nuse std::error::Error;\nuse std::io;\nuse std::result::Result; fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(())\n} fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> { let filename = \"foo.txt\"; do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?; Ok(())\n} fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> { func2().map_err(mstrerr!(\"func1 error\"))?; Ok(())\n} fn main() -> Result<(), Box> { if let Err(e) = func1() { eprintln!(\"Error: {}\", e); if let Some(s) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() { if let Some(ioerror) = s.find_cause::() { eprintln!(\"caused by: std::io::Error: {}\", ioerror); match ioerror.kind() { io::ErrorKind::NotFound => eprintln!(\"of kind: std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound\"), _ => {} } } if let Some(e) = s.root_cause() { let ioerror = e.downcast_ref::().unwrap(); eprintln!(\"The root cause was: std::io::Error: {:#?}\", ioerror); } } } Ok(())\n}\n# #[allow(dead_code)]\n# mod chainerror {\n# //! `chainerror` provides an error backtrace without doing a real backtrace, so even after you `strip` your\n# //! binaries, you still have the error backtrace.\n# //!\n# //! `chainerror` has no dependencies!\n# //!\n# //! `chainerror` uses `.source()` of `std::error::Error` along with `line()!` and `file()!` to provide a nice debug error backtrace.\n# //! It encapsulates all types, which have `Display + Debug` and can store the error cause internally.\n# //!\n# //! Along with the `ChainError` struct, `chainerror` comes with some useful helper macros to save a lot of typing.\n# //!\n# //! ## Features\n# //!\n# //! `no-fileline`\n# //! : completely turn off storing filename and line\n# //!\n# //! `display-cause`\n# //! : turn on printing a backtrace of the errors in `Display`\n# //!\n# //! `no-debug-cause`\n# //! : turn off printing a backtrace of the errors in `Debug`\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! # Tutorial\n# //!\n# //! Read the [Tutorial](https://haraldh.github.io/chainerror/tutorial1.html)\n# //!\n# //! # Examples\n# //!\n# //! ```rust\n# //! use chainerror::*;\n# //! use std::error::Error;\n# //! use std::io;\n# //! use std::result::Result;\n# //!\n# //! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! func2().map_err(mstrerr!(\"func1 error\"))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn main() {\n# //! if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# //! #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# //! assert_eq!(\n# //! format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# //! src/lib.rs:20: func1 error\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! Kind(NotFound)\n# //! \"#\n# //! );\n# //! }\n# //! # else {\n# //! # unreachable!();\n# //! # }\n# //! }\n# //! ```\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! ```rust\n# //! use chainerror::*;\n# //! use std::error::Error;\n# //! use std::io;\n# //! use std::result::Result;\n# //!\n# //! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func3() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# //!\n# //! fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# //! func3().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"func2 error: calling func3\"))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! enum Func1Error {\n# //! Func2,\n# //! IO(String),\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1Error {\n# //! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# //! match self {\n# //! Func1Error::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"),\n# //! Func1Error::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Func1Error {\n# //! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# //! write!(f, \"{}\", self)\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1Error> {\n# //! func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::Func2))?;\n# //! let filename = String::from(\"bar.txt\");\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::IO(filename)))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn main() {\n# //! if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# //! assert!(\n# //! match e.kind() {\n# //! Func1Error::Func2 => {\n# //! eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2\");\n# //! true\n# //! }\n# //! Func1Error::IO(filename) => {\n# //! eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'\", filename);\n# //! false\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //! );\n# //!\n# //! assert!(e.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# //!\n# //! if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::() {\n# //! eprintln!(\"\\nError reported by Func2Error: {}\", e)\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! assert!(e.root_cause().is_some());\n# //!\n# //! if let Some(e) = e.root_cause() {\n# //! let io_error = e.downcast_ref::().unwrap();\n# //! eprintln!(\"\\nThe root cause was: std::io::Error: {:#?}\", io_error);\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# //! assert_eq!(\n# //! format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# //! src/lib.rs:47: func1 error calling func2\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:22: Func2Error(func2 error: calling func3)\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! Kind(NotFound)\n# //! \"#\n# //! );\n# //! }\n# //! # else {\n# //! # unreachable!();\n# //! # }\n# //! }\n# //! ```\n# # #![deny(\n# warnings,\n# absolute_paths_not_starting_with_crate,\n# deprecated_in_future,\n# keyword_idents,\n# macro_use_extern_crate,\n# missing_debug_implementations,\n# trivial_numeric_casts,\n# unused_extern_crates,\n# unused_import_braces,\n# unused_qualifications,\n# unused_results,\n# unused_labels,\n# unused_lifetimes,\n# unstable_features,\n# unreachable_pub,\n# future_incompatible,\n# missing_copy_implementations,\n# missing_doc_code_examples,\n# rust_2018_idioms,\n# rust_2018_compatibility\n# )]\n# # use std::any::TypeId;\n# use std::error::Error;\n# use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter, Result};\n# # /// chains an inner error kind `T` with a causing error\n# pub struct ChainError {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# }\n# # /// convenience type alias\n# pub type ChainResult = std::result::Result>;\n# # impl ChainError {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn new(\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> Self {\n# Self {\n# occurrence,\n# kind,\n# error_cause,\n# }\n# }\n# # #[cfg(feature = \"no-fileline\")]\n# /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn new(\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# _occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> Self {\n# Self { kind, error_cause }\n# }\n# # /// return the root cause of the error chain, if any exists\n# pub fn root_cause(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.iter().last()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type U, if any exists\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# /// use std::error::Error;\n# /// use std::io;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn main() {\n# /// if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# ///\n# /// assert!(f1err.find_cause::().is_some());\n# ///\n# /// assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_cause(&self) -> Option<&U> {\n# self.iter().filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::).next()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError`, if any exists\n# ///\n# /// Same as `find_cause`, but hides the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooError);\n# /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);\n# /// // Instead of writing\n# /// err.find_cause::>();\n# ///\n# /// // leave out the ChainError implementation detail\n# /// err.find_chain_cause::();\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_chain_cause(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.iter()\n# .filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::>)\n# .next()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError` or `U`, if any exists and return `U`\n# ///\n# /// Same as `find_cause` and `find_chain_cause`, but hides the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooErrorKind);\n# /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);\n# /// // Instead of writing\n# /// err.find_cause::>();\n# /// // and/or\n# /// err.find_chain_cause::();\n# /// // and/or\n# /// err.find_cause::();\n# ///\n# /// // leave out the ChainError implementation detail\n# /// err.find_kind_or_cause::();\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_kind_or_cause(&self) -> Option<&U> {\n# self.iter()\n# .filter_map(|e| {\n# e.downcast_ref::>()\n# .map(|e| e.kind())\n# .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::())\n# })\n# .next()\n# }\n# # /// Return a reference to T of `ChainError`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# /// use std::error::Error;\n# /// use std::io;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// enum Func1ErrorKind {\n# /// Func2,\n# /// IO(String),\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// /// impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {…}\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"),\n# /// # Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> {\n# /// func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::Func2))?;\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::IO(\"bar.txt\".into())))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn main() {\n# /// if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// match e.kind() {\n# /// Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => {}\n# /// Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => panic!(),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn kind(&self) -> &T {\n# &self.kind\n# }\n# # /// Returns an Iterator over all error causes/sources\n# ///\n# /// # Example\n# ///\n# ///\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator {\n# ErrorIter {\n# current: Some(self),\n# }\n# }\n# }\n# # struct ErrorIter<'a> {\n# current: Option<&'a (dyn Error + 'static)>,\n# }\n# # impl<'a> Iterator for ErrorIter<'a> {\n# type Item = &'a (dyn Error + 'static);\n# # #[inline]\n# fn next(&mut self) -> Option {\n# let current = self.current;\n# self.current = self.current.and_then(Error::source);\n# current\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::ops::Deref for ChainError {\n# type Target = T;\n# # #[inline]\n# fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {\n# &self.kind\n# }\n# }\n# # /// Convenience trait to hide the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# pub trait ChainErrorDown {\n# /// Test if of type `ChainError`\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool;\n# /// Downcast to a reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError>;\n# /// Downcast to a mutable reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError>;\n# /// Downcast to T of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T>;\n# /// Downcast to T mutable reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>;\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# TypeId::of::() == TypeId::of::()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError))\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&mut *(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError))\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&(*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError)).kind)\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&mut (*(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError)).kind)\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for &ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for &mut ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Display for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}\", self.kind)?;\n# # #[cfg(feature = \"display-cause\")]\n# {\n# if let Some(e) = self.source() {\n# writeln!(f, \"\\nCaused by:\")?;\n# Display::fmt(&e, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# Ok(())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Debug for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# {\n# if let Some(ref o) = self.occurrence {\n# Display::fmt(o, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# # if self.is_chain::() {\n# Display::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;\n# } else {\n# Debug::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;\n# }\n# # #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-debug-cause\"))]\n# {\n# if let Some(e) = self.source() {\n# writeln!(f, \"\\nCaused by:\")?;\n# Debug::fmt(&e, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# Ok(())\n# }\n# }\n# # /// `ChainErrorFrom` is similar to `From`\n# pub trait ChainErrorFrom: Sized {\n# /// similar to From::from()\n# fn chain_error_from(from: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError;\n# }\n# # /// `IntoChainError` is similar to `Into`\n# pub trait IntoChainError: Sized {\n# /// similar to Into::into()\n# fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError;\n# }\n# # impl IntoChainError for T\n# where\n# U: ChainErrorFrom,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# U::chain_error_from(self, line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorFrom for U\n# where\n# T: Into,\n# U: 'static + Display + Debug,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# let e: U = t.into();\n# ChainError::new(e, None, line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # /*\n# impl ChainErrorFrom for U\n# where\n# T: 'static + Error + Into> + Clone,\n# U: 'static + Display + Debug + From,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# ChainError::new(U::from(t.clone()), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# */\n# # /// map into `ChainError` with `T::from(err)`\n# ///\n# /// adds `line!()` and `file!()` information\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! minto_cherr {\n# ( $k:ident ) => (\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $k::from(&e))\n# );\n# ( $enum:ident $(:: $enum_path:ident)* ) => (\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $enum $(:: $enum_path)*::from(&e))\n# );\n# }\n# # /// Creates a new `ChainError`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// Create a new ChainError, where `FooError` must implement `Display` and `Debug`.\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// enum FooError {\n# /// Bar,\n# /// Baz(&'static str),\n# /// }\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, \"Bar Error\"),\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, \"Baz Error: '{}'\", s),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# ///\n# /// // impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_stuff() -> bool {\n# /// false\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> {\n# /// if ! do_some_stuff() {\n# /// Err(cherr!(FooError::Baz(\"Error\")))?;\n# /// }\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # pub fn main() {\n# /// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() {\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &\"Error\" => {}\n# /// # _ => panic!(),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# ///\n# /// Additionally an error cause can be added.\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// # enum FooError {\n# /// # Bar,\n# /// # Baz(&'static str),\n# /// # }\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, \"Bar Error\"),\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, \"Baz Error: '{}'\", s),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// fn do_some_stuff() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> {\n# /// do_some_stuff().map_err(\n# /// |e| cherr!(e, FooError::Baz(\"Error\"))\n# /// )?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # pub fn main() {\n# /// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() {\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &\"Error\" => {}\n# /// # _ => panic!(),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! cherr {\n# ( $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( None, $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# ( $e:path, $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, Some(Box::from($e)), Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( $e:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro for `|e| cherr!(e, format!(…))`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(\"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# /// # assert_eq!(\n# /// # format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# /// # src/lib.rs:18: func1 error\n# /// # Caused by:\n# /// # src/lib.rs:13: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# /// # Caused by:\n# /// # Kind(NotFound)\n# /// # \"#\n# /// # );\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# ///\n# /// `mstrerr!()` can also be used to map a new `ChainError`, where T was defined with\n# /// `derive_str_cherr!(T)`\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! mstrerr {\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )))\n# });\n# ($msg:expr) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($msg:expr, ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro for `cherr!(T(format!(…)))` where `T(String)`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// Err(strerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! strerr {\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )))\n# });\n# ($msg:expr) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($msg:expr, ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro to create a \"new type\" T(String) and implement Display + Debug for T\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! derive_str_cherr {\n# ($e:ident) => {\n# #[derive(Clone)]\n# pub struct $e(pub String);\n# impl ::std::fmt::Display for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}\", self.0)\n# }\n# }\n# impl ::std::fmt::Debug for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}({})\", stringify!($e), self.0)\n# }\n# }\n# impl ::std::error::Error for $e {}\n# };\n# }\n# # /// Derive an Error for an ErrorKind, which wraps a `ChainError` and implements a `kind()` method\n# ///\n# /// It basically hides `ChainError` to the outside and only exposes the `kind()`\n# /// method.\n# ///\n# /// Error::kind() returns the ErrorKind\n# /// Error::source() returns the parent error\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use std::io;\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io(_f: &str) -> std::result::Result<(), io::Error> {\n# /// return Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound));\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// #[derive(Debug, Clone)]\n# /// pub enum ErrorKind {\n# /// IO(String),\n# /// FatalError(String),\n# /// Unknown,\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind);\n# ///\n# /// impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind {\n# /// fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# /// match self {\n# /// ErrorKind::FatalError(e) => write!(f, \"fatal error {}\", e),\n# /// ErrorKind::Unknown => write!(f, \"unknown error\"),\n# /// ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// impl ErrorKind {\n# /// fn from_io_error(e: &io::Error, f: String) -> Self {\n# /// match e.kind() {\n# /// io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe => panic!(\"Should not happen\"),\n# /// io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset => {\n# /// ErrorKind::FatalError(format!(\"While reading `{}`: {}\", f, e))\n# /// }\n# /// _ => ErrorKind::IO(f),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// impl From<&io::Error> for ErrorKind {\n# /// fn from(e: &io::Error) -> Self {\n# /// ErrorKind::IO(format!(\"{}\", e))\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// pub fn func1() -> std::result::Result<(), Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"bar.txt\";\n# ///\n# /// do_some_io(filename)\n# /// .map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from_io_error(&e, filename.into())))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::IO(filename.into())))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from(&e)))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(minto_cherr!(ErrorKind))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! derive_err_kind {\n# ($e:ident, $k:ident) => {\n# pub struct $e($crate::ChainError<$k>);\n# # impl $e {\n# pub fn kind(&self) -> &$k {\n# self.0.kind()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From<$k> for $e {\n# fn from(e: $k) -> Self {\n# $e($crate::ChainError::new(e, None, None))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From> for $e {\n# fn from(e: $crate::ChainError<$k>) -> Self {\n# $e(e)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From<&$e> for $k\n# where\n# $k: Clone,\n# {\n# fn from(e: &$e) -> Self {\n# e.kind().clone()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl $crate::ChainErrorFrom<$e> for $k\n# where\n# $k: Clone,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(\n# t: $e,\n# line_filename: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> $crate::ChainError<$k> {\n# $crate::ChainError::new((*t.kind()).clone(), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::error::Error for $e {\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> {\n# self.0.source()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::fmt::Display for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::fmt::Debug for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.0, f)\n# }\n# }\n# };\n# }\n# }","breadcrumbs":"The root cause of all Errors","id":"10","title":"The root cause of all Errors"},"11":{"body":"To distinguish the errors occuring in various places, we can define named string errors with the \"new type\" pattern. derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\nderive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); Instead of ChainError we now have struct Func1Error(String) and ChainError. In the main function you can see, how we can match the different errors. Also see: if let Some(f2err) = f1err.find_chain_cause::() { as a shortcut to if let Some(f2err) = f1err.find_cause::>() { hiding the ChainError implementation detail. use chainerror::*;\nuse std::error::Error;\nuse std::io;\nuse std::result::Result; fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(())\n} derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> { let filename = \"foo.txt\"; do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?; Ok(())\n} derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> { func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?; Ok(())\n} fn main() -> Result<(), Box> { if let Err(e) = func1() { if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() { eprintln!(\"Func1Error: {}\", f1err); if let Some(f2err) = f1err.find_cause::>() { eprintln!(\"Func2Error: {}\", f2err); } if let Some(f2err) = f1err.find_chain_cause::() { eprintln!(\"Debug Func2Error:\\n{:?}\", f2err); } } } Ok(())\n}\n# #[allow(dead_code)]\n# mod chainerror {\n# //! `chainerror` provides an error backtrace without doing a real backtrace, so even after you `strip` your\n# //! binaries, you still have the error backtrace.\n# //!\n# //! `chainerror` has no dependencies!\n# //!\n# //! `chainerror` uses `.source()` of `std::error::Error` along with `line()!` and `file()!` to provide a nice debug error backtrace.\n# //! It encapsulates all types, which have `Display + Debug` and can store the error cause internally.\n# //!\n# //! Along with the `ChainError` struct, `chainerror` comes with some useful helper macros to save a lot of typing.\n# //!\n# //! ## Features\n# //!\n# //! `no-fileline`\n# //! : completely turn off storing filename and line\n# //!\n# //! `display-cause`\n# //! : turn on printing a backtrace of the errors in `Display`\n# //!\n# //! `no-debug-cause`\n# //! : turn off printing a backtrace of the errors in `Debug`\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! # Tutorial\n# //!\n# //! Read the [Tutorial](https://haraldh.github.io/chainerror/tutorial1.html)\n# //!\n# //! # Examples\n# //!\n# //! ```rust\n# //! use chainerror::*;\n# //! use std::error::Error;\n# //! use std::io;\n# //! use std::result::Result;\n# //!\n# //! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! func2().map_err(mstrerr!(\"func1 error\"))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn main() {\n# //! if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# //! #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# //! assert_eq!(\n# //! format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# //! src/lib.rs:20: func1 error\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! Kind(NotFound)\n# //! \"#\n# //! );\n# //! }\n# //! # else {\n# //! # unreachable!();\n# //! # }\n# //! }\n# //! ```\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! ```rust\n# //! use chainerror::*;\n# //! use std::error::Error;\n# //! use std::io;\n# //! use std::result::Result;\n# //!\n# //! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func3() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# //!\n# //! fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# //! func3().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"func2 error: calling func3\"))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! enum Func1Error {\n# //! Func2,\n# //! IO(String),\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1Error {\n# //! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# //! match self {\n# //! Func1Error::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"),\n# //! Func1Error::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Func1Error {\n# //! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# //! write!(f, \"{}\", self)\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1Error> {\n# //! func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::Func2))?;\n# //! let filename = String::from(\"bar.txt\");\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::IO(filename)))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn main() {\n# //! if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# //! assert!(\n# //! match e.kind() {\n# //! Func1Error::Func2 => {\n# //! eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2\");\n# //! true\n# //! }\n# //! Func1Error::IO(filename) => {\n# //! eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'\", filename);\n# //! false\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //! );\n# //!\n# //! assert!(e.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# //!\n# //! if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::() {\n# //! eprintln!(\"\\nError reported by Func2Error: {}\", e)\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! assert!(e.root_cause().is_some());\n# //!\n# //! if let Some(e) = e.root_cause() {\n# //! let io_error = e.downcast_ref::().unwrap();\n# //! eprintln!(\"\\nThe root cause was: std::io::Error: {:#?}\", io_error);\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# //! assert_eq!(\n# //! format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# //! src/lib.rs:47: func1 error calling func2\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:22: Func2Error(func2 error: calling func3)\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! Kind(NotFound)\n# //! \"#\n# //! );\n# //! }\n# //! # else {\n# //! # unreachable!();\n# //! # }\n# //! }\n# //! ```\n# # #![deny(\n# warnings,\n# absolute_paths_not_starting_with_crate,\n# deprecated_in_future,\n# keyword_idents,\n# macro_use_extern_crate,\n# missing_debug_implementations,\n# trivial_numeric_casts,\n# unused_extern_crates,\n# unused_import_braces,\n# unused_qualifications,\n# unused_results,\n# unused_labels,\n# unused_lifetimes,\n# unstable_features,\n# unreachable_pub,\n# future_incompatible,\n# missing_copy_implementations,\n# missing_doc_code_examples,\n# rust_2018_idioms,\n# rust_2018_compatibility\n# )]\n# # use std::any::TypeId;\n# use std::error::Error;\n# use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter, Result};\n# # /// chains an inner error kind `T` with a causing error\n# pub struct ChainError {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# }\n# # /// convenience type alias\n# pub type ChainResult = std::result::Result>;\n# # impl ChainError {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn new(\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> Self {\n# Self {\n# occurrence,\n# kind,\n# error_cause,\n# }\n# }\n# # #[cfg(feature = \"no-fileline\")]\n# /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn new(\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# _occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> Self {\n# Self { kind, error_cause }\n# }\n# # /// return the root cause of the error chain, if any exists\n# pub fn root_cause(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.iter().last()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type U, if any exists\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# /// use std::error::Error;\n# /// use std::io;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn main() {\n# /// if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# ///\n# /// assert!(f1err.find_cause::().is_some());\n# ///\n# /// assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_cause(&self) -> Option<&U> {\n# self.iter().filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::).next()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError`, if any exists\n# ///\n# /// Same as `find_cause`, but hides the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooError);\n# /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);\n# /// // Instead of writing\n# /// err.find_cause::>();\n# ///\n# /// // leave out the ChainError implementation detail\n# /// err.find_chain_cause::();\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_chain_cause(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.iter()\n# .filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::>)\n# .next()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError` or `U`, if any exists and return `U`\n# ///\n# /// Same as `find_cause` and `find_chain_cause`, but hides the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooErrorKind);\n# /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);\n# /// // Instead of writing\n# /// err.find_cause::>();\n# /// // and/or\n# /// err.find_chain_cause::();\n# /// // and/or\n# /// err.find_cause::();\n# ///\n# /// // leave out the ChainError implementation detail\n# /// err.find_kind_or_cause::();\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_kind_or_cause(&self) -> Option<&U> {\n# self.iter()\n# .filter_map(|e| {\n# e.downcast_ref::>()\n# .map(|e| e.kind())\n# .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::())\n# })\n# .next()\n# }\n# # /// Return a reference to T of `ChainError`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# /// use std::error::Error;\n# /// use std::io;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// enum Func1ErrorKind {\n# /// Func2,\n# /// IO(String),\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// /// impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {…}\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"),\n# /// # Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> {\n# /// func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::Func2))?;\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::IO(\"bar.txt\".into())))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn main() {\n# /// if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// match e.kind() {\n# /// Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => {}\n# /// Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => panic!(),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn kind(&self) -> &T {\n# &self.kind\n# }\n# # /// Returns an Iterator over all error causes/sources\n# ///\n# /// # Example\n# ///\n# ///\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator {\n# ErrorIter {\n# current: Some(self),\n# }\n# }\n# }\n# # struct ErrorIter<'a> {\n# current: Option<&'a (dyn Error + 'static)>,\n# }\n# # impl<'a> Iterator for ErrorIter<'a> {\n# type Item = &'a (dyn Error + 'static);\n# # #[inline]\n# fn next(&mut self) -> Option {\n# let current = self.current;\n# self.current = self.current.and_then(Error::source);\n# current\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::ops::Deref for ChainError {\n# type Target = T;\n# # #[inline]\n# fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {\n# &self.kind\n# }\n# }\n# # /// Convenience trait to hide the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# pub trait ChainErrorDown {\n# /// Test if of type `ChainError`\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool;\n# /// Downcast to a reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError>;\n# /// Downcast to a mutable reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError>;\n# /// Downcast to T of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T>;\n# /// Downcast to T mutable reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>;\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# TypeId::of::() == TypeId::of::()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError))\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&mut *(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError))\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&(*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError)).kind)\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&mut (*(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError)).kind)\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for &ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for &mut ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Display for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}\", self.kind)?;\n# # #[cfg(feature = \"display-cause\")]\n# {\n# if let Some(e) = self.source() {\n# writeln!(f, \"\\nCaused by:\")?;\n# Display::fmt(&e, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# Ok(())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Debug for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# {\n# if let Some(ref o) = self.occurrence {\n# Display::fmt(o, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# # if self.is_chain::() {\n# Display::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;\n# } else {\n# Debug::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;\n# }\n# # #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-debug-cause\"))]\n# {\n# if let Some(e) = self.source() {\n# writeln!(f, \"\\nCaused by:\")?;\n# Debug::fmt(&e, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# Ok(())\n# }\n# }\n# # /// `ChainErrorFrom` is similar to `From`\n# pub trait ChainErrorFrom: Sized {\n# /// similar to From::from()\n# fn chain_error_from(from: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError;\n# }\n# # /// `IntoChainError` is similar to `Into`\n# pub trait IntoChainError: Sized {\n# /// similar to Into::into()\n# fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError;\n# }\n# # impl IntoChainError for T\n# where\n# U: ChainErrorFrom,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# U::chain_error_from(self, line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorFrom for U\n# where\n# T: Into,\n# U: 'static + Display + Debug,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# let e: U = t.into();\n# ChainError::new(e, None, line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # /*\n# impl ChainErrorFrom for U\n# where\n# T: 'static + Error + Into> + Clone,\n# U: 'static + Display + Debug + From,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# ChainError::new(U::from(t.clone()), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# */\n# # /// map into `ChainError` with `T::from(err)`\n# ///\n# /// adds `line!()` and `file!()` information\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! minto_cherr {\n# ( $k:ident ) => (\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $k::from(&e))\n# );\n# ( $enum:ident $(:: $enum_path:ident)* ) => (\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $enum $(:: $enum_path)*::from(&e))\n# );\n# }\n# # /// Creates a new `ChainError`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// Create a new ChainError, where `FooError` must implement `Display` and `Debug`.\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// enum FooError {\n# /// Bar,\n# /// Baz(&'static str),\n# /// }\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, \"Bar Error\"),\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, \"Baz Error: '{}'\", s),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# ///\n# /// // impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_stuff() -> bool {\n# /// false\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> {\n# /// if ! do_some_stuff() {\n# /// Err(cherr!(FooError::Baz(\"Error\")))?;\n# /// }\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # pub fn main() {\n# /// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() {\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &\"Error\" => {}\n# /// # _ => panic!(),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# ///\n# /// Additionally an error cause can be added.\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// # enum FooError {\n# /// # Bar,\n# /// # Baz(&'static str),\n# /// # }\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, \"Bar Error\"),\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, \"Baz Error: '{}'\", s),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// fn do_some_stuff() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> {\n# /// do_some_stuff().map_err(\n# /// |e| cherr!(e, FooError::Baz(\"Error\"))\n# /// )?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # pub fn main() {\n# /// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() {\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &\"Error\" => {}\n# /// # _ => panic!(),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! cherr {\n# ( $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( None, $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# ( $e:path, $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, Some(Box::from($e)), Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( $e:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro for `|e| cherr!(e, format!(…))`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(\"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# /// # assert_eq!(\n# /// # format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# /// # src/lib.rs:18: func1 error\n# /// # Caused by:\n# /// # src/lib.rs:13: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# /// # Caused by:\n# /// # Kind(NotFound)\n# /// # \"#\n# /// # );\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# ///\n# /// `mstrerr!()` can also be used to map a new `ChainError`, where T was defined with\n# /// `derive_str_cherr!(T)`\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! mstrerr {\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )))\n# });\n# ($msg:expr) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($msg:expr, ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro for `cherr!(T(format!(…)))` where `T(String)`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// Err(strerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! strerr {\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )))\n# });\n# ($msg:expr) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($msg:expr, ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro to create a \"new type\" T(String) and implement Display + Debug for T\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! derive_str_cherr {\n# ($e:ident) => {\n# #[derive(Clone)]\n# pub struct $e(pub String);\n# impl ::std::fmt::Display for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}\", self.0)\n# }\n# }\n# impl ::std::fmt::Debug for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}({})\", stringify!($e), self.0)\n# }\n# }\n# impl ::std::error::Error for $e {}\n# };\n# }\n# # /// Derive an Error for an ErrorKind, which wraps a `ChainError` and implements a `kind()` method\n# ///\n# /// It basically hides `ChainError` to the outside and only exposes the `kind()`\n# /// method.\n# ///\n# /// Error::kind() returns the ErrorKind\n# /// Error::source() returns the parent error\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use std::io;\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io(_f: &str) -> std::result::Result<(), io::Error> {\n# /// return Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound));\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// #[derive(Debug, Clone)]\n# /// pub enum ErrorKind {\n# /// IO(String),\n# /// FatalError(String),\n# /// Unknown,\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind);\n# ///\n# /// impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind {\n# /// fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# /// match self {\n# /// ErrorKind::FatalError(e) => write!(f, \"fatal error {}\", e),\n# /// ErrorKind::Unknown => write!(f, \"unknown error\"),\n# /// ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// impl ErrorKind {\n# /// fn from_io_error(e: &io::Error, f: String) -> Self {\n# /// match e.kind() {\n# /// io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe => panic!(\"Should not happen\"),\n# /// io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset => {\n# /// ErrorKind::FatalError(format!(\"While reading `{}`: {}\", f, e))\n# /// }\n# /// _ => ErrorKind::IO(f),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// impl From<&io::Error> for ErrorKind {\n# /// fn from(e: &io::Error) -> Self {\n# /// ErrorKind::IO(format!(\"{}\", e))\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// pub fn func1() -> std::result::Result<(), Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"bar.txt\";\n# ///\n# /// do_some_io(filename)\n# /// .map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from_io_error(&e, filename.into())))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::IO(filename.into())))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from(&e)))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(minto_cherr!(ErrorKind))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! derive_err_kind {\n# ($e:ident, $k:ident) => {\n# pub struct $e($crate::ChainError<$k>);\n# # impl $e {\n# pub fn kind(&self) -> &$k {\n# self.0.kind()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From<$k> for $e {\n# fn from(e: $k) -> Self {\n# $e($crate::ChainError::new(e, None, None))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From> for $e {\n# fn from(e: $crate::ChainError<$k>) -> Self {\n# $e(e)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From<&$e> for $k\n# where\n# $k: Clone,\n# {\n# fn from(e: &$e) -> Self {\n# e.kind().clone()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl $crate::ChainErrorFrom<$e> for $k\n# where\n# $k: Clone,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(\n# t: $e,\n# line_filename: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> $crate::ChainError<$k> {\n# $crate::ChainError::new((*t.kind()).clone(), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::error::Error for $e {\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> {\n# self.0.source()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::fmt::Display for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::fmt::Debug for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.0, f)\n# }\n# }\n# };\n# }\n# }","breadcrumbs":"Finding an Error cause","id":"11","title":"Finding an Error cause"},"12":{"body":"What about functions returning different Error types? In this example func1() can return either Func1ErrorFunc2 or Func1ErrorIO. We might want to match on func1() with something like: fn main() -> Result<(), Box> { match func1() { Err(e) if let Some(s) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() => eprintln!(\"Func1ErrorIO:\\n{:?}\", s), Err(e) if let Some(s) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() => eprintln!(\"Func1ErrorFunc2:\\n{:?}\", s), Ok(_) => {}, } Ok(())\n} but this is not valid rust code, so we end up doing it the hard way. In the next chapter, we will see, how to solve this more elegantly. use chainerror::*;\nuse std::error::Error;\nuse std::io;\nuse std::result::Result; fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(())\n} derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> { let filename = \"foo.txt\"; do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?; Ok(())\n} derive_str_cherr!(Func1ErrorFunc2);\nderive_str_cherr!(Func1ErrorIO); fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> { func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1ErrorFunc2, \"func1 error calling func2\"))?; let filename = \"bar.txt\"; do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1ErrorIO, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?; Ok(())\n} fn main() -> Result<(), Box> { if let Err(e) = func1() { if let Some(s) = e.downcast_ref::>() { eprintln!(\"Func1ErrorIO:\\n{:?}\", s); } if let Some(s) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() { eprintln!(\"Func1ErrorFunc2:\\n{:?}\", s); } } Ok(())\n}\n# #[allow(dead_code)]\n# mod chainerror {\n# //! `chainerror` provides an error backtrace without doing a real backtrace, so even after you `strip` your\n# //! binaries, you still have the error backtrace.\n# //!\n# //! `chainerror` has no dependencies!\n# //!\n# //! `chainerror` uses `.source()` of `std::error::Error` along with `line()!` and `file()!` to provide a nice debug error backtrace.\n# //! It encapsulates all types, which have `Display + Debug` and can store the error cause internally.\n# //!\n# //! Along with the `ChainError` struct, `chainerror` comes with some useful helper macros to save a lot of typing.\n# //!\n# //! ## Features\n# //!\n# //! `no-fileline`\n# //! : completely turn off storing filename and line\n# //!\n# //! `display-cause`\n# //! : turn on printing a backtrace of the errors in `Display`\n# //!\n# //! `no-debug-cause`\n# //! : turn off printing a backtrace of the errors in `Debug`\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! # Tutorial\n# //!\n# //! Read the [Tutorial](https://haraldh.github.io/chainerror/tutorial1.html)\n# //!\n# //! # Examples\n# //!\n# //! ```rust\n# //! use chainerror::*;\n# //! use std::error::Error;\n# //! use std::io;\n# //! use std::result::Result;\n# //!\n# //! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! func2().map_err(mstrerr!(\"func1 error\"))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn main() {\n# //! if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# //! #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# //! assert_eq!(\n# //! format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# //! src/lib.rs:20: func1 error\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! Kind(NotFound)\n# //! \"#\n# //! );\n# //! }\n# //! # else {\n# //! # unreachable!();\n# //! # }\n# //! }\n# //! ```\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! ```rust\n# //! use chainerror::*;\n# //! use std::error::Error;\n# //! use std::io;\n# //! use std::result::Result;\n# //!\n# //! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func3() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# //!\n# //! fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# //! func3().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"func2 error: calling func3\"))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! enum Func1Error {\n# //! Func2,\n# //! IO(String),\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1Error {\n# //! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# //! match self {\n# //! Func1Error::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"),\n# //! Func1Error::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Func1Error {\n# //! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# //! write!(f, \"{}\", self)\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1Error> {\n# //! func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::Func2))?;\n# //! let filename = String::from(\"bar.txt\");\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::IO(filename)))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn main() {\n# //! if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# //! assert!(\n# //! match e.kind() {\n# //! Func1Error::Func2 => {\n# //! eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2\");\n# //! true\n# //! }\n# //! Func1Error::IO(filename) => {\n# //! eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'\", filename);\n# //! false\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //! );\n# //!\n# //! assert!(e.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# //!\n# //! if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::() {\n# //! eprintln!(\"\\nError reported by Func2Error: {}\", e)\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! assert!(e.root_cause().is_some());\n# //!\n# //! if let Some(e) = e.root_cause() {\n# //! let io_error = e.downcast_ref::().unwrap();\n# //! eprintln!(\"\\nThe root cause was: std::io::Error: {:#?}\", io_error);\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# //! assert_eq!(\n# //! format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# //! src/lib.rs:47: func1 error calling func2\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:22: Func2Error(func2 error: calling func3)\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! Kind(NotFound)\n# //! \"#\n# //! );\n# //! }\n# //! # else {\n# //! # unreachable!();\n# //! # }\n# //! }\n# //! ```\n# # #![deny(\n# warnings,\n# absolute_paths_not_starting_with_crate,\n# deprecated_in_future,\n# keyword_idents,\n# macro_use_extern_crate,\n# missing_debug_implementations,\n# trivial_numeric_casts,\n# unused_extern_crates,\n# unused_import_braces,\n# unused_qualifications,\n# unused_results,\n# unused_labels,\n# unused_lifetimes,\n# unstable_features,\n# unreachable_pub,\n# future_incompatible,\n# missing_copy_implementations,\n# missing_doc_code_examples,\n# rust_2018_idioms,\n# rust_2018_compatibility\n# )]\n# # use std::any::TypeId;\n# use std::error::Error;\n# use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter, Result};\n# # /// chains an inner error kind `T` with a causing error\n# pub struct ChainError {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# }\n# # /// convenience type alias\n# pub type ChainResult = std::result::Result>;\n# # impl ChainError {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn new(\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> Self {\n# Self {\n# occurrence,\n# kind,\n# error_cause,\n# }\n# }\n# # #[cfg(feature = \"no-fileline\")]\n# /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn new(\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# _occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> Self {\n# Self { kind, error_cause }\n# }\n# # /// return the root cause of the error chain, if any exists\n# pub fn root_cause(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.iter().last()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type U, if any exists\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# /// use std::error::Error;\n# /// use std::io;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn main() {\n# /// if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# ///\n# /// assert!(f1err.find_cause::().is_some());\n# ///\n# /// assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_cause(&self) -> Option<&U> {\n# self.iter().filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::).next()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError`, if any exists\n# ///\n# /// Same as `find_cause`, but hides the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooError);\n# /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);\n# /// // Instead of writing\n# /// err.find_cause::>();\n# ///\n# /// // leave out the ChainError implementation detail\n# /// err.find_chain_cause::();\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_chain_cause(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.iter()\n# .filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::>)\n# .next()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError` or `U`, if any exists and return `U`\n# ///\n# /// Same as `find_cause` and `find_chain_cause`, but hides the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooErrorKind);\n# /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);\n# /// // Instead of writing\n# /// err.find_cause::>();\n# /// // and/or\n# /// err.find_chain_cause::();\n# /// // and/or\n# /// err.find_cause::();\n# ///\n# /// // leave out the ChainError implementation detail\n# /// err.find_kind_or_cause::();\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_kind_or_cause(&self) -> Option<&U> {\n# self.iter()\n# .filter_map(|e| {\n# e.downcast_ref::>()\n# .map(|e| e.kind())\n# .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::())\n# })\n# .next()\n# }\n# # /// Return a reference to T of `ChainError`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# /// use std::error::Error;\n# /// use std::io;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// enum Func1ErrorKind {\n# /// Func2,\n# /// IO(String),\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// /// impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {…}\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"),\n# /// # Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> {\n# /// func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::Func2))?;\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::IO(\"bar.txt\".into())))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn main() {\n# /// if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// match e.kind() {\n# /// Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => {}\n# /// Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => panic!(),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn kind(&self) -> &T {\n# &self.kind\n# }\n# # /// Returns an Iterator over all error causes/sources\n# ///\n# /// # Example\n# ///\n# ///\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator {\n# ErrorIter {\n# current: Some(self),\n# }\n# }\n# }\n# # struct ErrorIter<'a> {\n# current: Option<&'a (dyn Error + 'static)>,\n# }\n# # impl<'a> Iterator for ErrorIter<'a> {\n# type Item = &'a (dyn Error + 'static);\n# # #[inline]\n# fn next(&mut self) -> Option {\n# let current = self.current;\n# self.current = self.current.and_then(Error::source);\n# current\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::ops::Deref for ChainError {\n# type Target = T;\n# # #[inline]\n# fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {\n# &self.kind\n# }\n# }\n# # /// Convenience trait to hide the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# pub trait ChainErrorDown {\n# /// Test if of type `ChainError`\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool;\n# /// Downcast to a reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError>;\n# /// Downcast to a mutable reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError>;\n# /// Downcast to T of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T>;\n# /// Downcast to T mutable reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>;\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# TypeId::of::() == TypeId::of::()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError))\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&mut *(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError))\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&(*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError)).kind)\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&mut (*(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError)).kind)\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for &ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for &mut ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Display for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}\", self.kind)?;\n# # #[cfg(feature = \"display-cause\")]\n# {\n# if let Some(e) = self.source() {\n# writeln!(f, \"\\nCaused by:\")?;\n# Display::fmt(&e, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# Ok(())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Debug for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# {\n# if let Some(ref o) = self.occurrence {\n# Display::fmt(o, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# # if self.is_chain::() {\n# Display::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;\n# } else {\n# Debug::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;\n# }\n# # #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-debug-cause\"))]\n# {\n# if let Some(e) = self.source() {\n# writeln!(f, \"\\nCaused by:\")?;\n# Debug::fmt(&e, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# Ok(())\n# }\n# }\n# # /// `ChainErrorFrom` is similar to `From`\n# pub trait ChainErrorFrom: Sized {\n# /// similar to From::from()\n# fn chain_error_from(from: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError;\n# }\n# # /// `IntoChainError` is similar to `Into`\n# pub trait IntoChainError: Sized {\n# /// similar to Into::into()\n# fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError;\n# }\n# # impl IntoChainError for T\n# where\n# U: ChainErrorFrom,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# U::chain_error_from(self, line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorFrom for U\n# where\n# T: Into,\n# U: 'static + Display + Debug,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# let e: U = t.into();\n# ChainError::new(e, None, line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # /*\n# impl ChainErrorFrom for U\n# where\n# T: 'static + Error + Into> + Clone,\n# U: 'static + Display + Debug + From,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# ChainError::new(U::from(t.clone()), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# */\n# # /// map into `ChainError` with `T::from(err)`\n# ///\n# /// adds `line!()` and `file!()` information\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! minto_cherr {\n# ( $k:ident ) => (\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $k::from(&e))\n# );\n# ( $enum:ident $(:: $enum_path:ident)* ) => (\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $enum $(:: $enum_path)*::from(&e))\n# );\n# }\n# # /// Creates a new `ChainError`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// Create a new ChainError, where `FooError` must implement `Display` and `Debug`.\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// enum FooError {\n# /// Bar,\n# /// Baz(&'static str),\n# /// }\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, \"Bar Error\"),\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, \"Baz Error: '{}'\", s),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# ///\n# /// // impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_stuff() -> bool {\n# /// false\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> {\n# /// if ! do_some_stuff() {\n# /// Err(cherr!(FooError::Baz(\"Error\")))?;\n# /// }\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # pub fn main() {\n# /// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() {\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &\"Error\" => {}\n# /// # _ => panic!(),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# ///\n# /// Additionally an error cause can be added.\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// # enum FooError {\n# /// # Bar,\n# /// # Baz(&'static str),\n# /// # }\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, \"Bar Error\"),\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, \"Baz Error: '{}'\", s),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// fn do_some_stuff() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> {\n# /// do_some_stuff().map_err(\n# /// |e| cherr!(e, FooError::Baz(\"Error\"))\n# /// )?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # pub fn main() {\n# /// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() {\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &\"Error\" => {}\n# /// # _ => panic!(),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! cherr {\n# ( $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( None, $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# ( $e:path, $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, Some(Box::from($e)), Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( $e:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro for `|e| cherr!(e, format!(…))`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(\"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# /// # assert_eq!(\n# /// # format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# /// # src/lib.rs:18: func1 error\n# /// # Caused by:\n# /// # src/lib.rs:13: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# /// # Caused by:\n# /// # Kind(NotFound)\n# /// # \"#\n# /// # );\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# ///\n# /// `mstrerr!()` can also be used to map a new `ChainError`, where T was defined with\n# /// `derive_str_cherr!(T)`\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! mstrerr {\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )))\n# });\n# ($msg:expr) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($msg:expr, ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro for `cherr!(T(format!(…)))` where `T(String)`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// Err(strerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! strerr {\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )))\n# });\n# ($msg:expr) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($msg:expr, ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro to create a \"new type\" T(String) and implement Display + Debug for T\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! derive_str_cherr {\n# ($e:ident) => {\n# #[derive(Clone)]\n# pub struct $e(pub String);\n# impl ::std::fmt::Display for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}\", self.0)\n# }\n# }\n# impl ::std::fmt::Debug for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}({})\", stringify!($e), self.0)\n# }\n# }\n# impl ::std::error::Error for $e {}\n# };\n# }\n# # /// Derive an Error for an ErrorKind, which wraps a `ChainError` and implements a `kind()` method\n# ///\n# /// It basically hides `ChainError` to the outside and only exposes the `kind()`\n# /// method.\n# ///\n# /// Error::kind() returns the ErrorKind\n# /// Error::source() returns the parent error\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use std::io;\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io(_f: &str) -> std::result::Result<(), io::Error> {\n# /// return Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound));\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// #[derive(Debug, Clone)]\n# /// pub enum ErrorKind {\n# /// IO(String),\n# /// FatalError(String),\n# /// Unknown,\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind);\n# ///\n# /// impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind {\n# /// fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# /// match self {\n# /// ErrorKind::FatalError(e) => write!(f, \"fatal error {}\", e),\n# /// ErrorKind::Unknown => write!(f, \"unknown error\"),\n# /// ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// impl ErrorKind {\n# /// fn from_io_error(e: &io::Error, f: String) -> Self {\n# /// match e.kind() {\n# /// io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe => panic!(\"Should not happen\"),\n# /// io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset => {\n# /// ErrorKind::FatalError(format!(\"While reading `{}`: {}\", f, e))\n# /// }\n# /// _ => ErrorKind::IO(f),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// impl From<&io::Error> for ErrorKind {\n# /// fn from(e: &io::Error) -> Self {\n# /// ErrorKind::IO(format!(\"{}\", e))\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// pub fn func1() -> std::result::Result<(), Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"bar.txt\";\n# ///\n# /// do_some_io(filename)\n# /// .map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from_io_error(&e, filename.into())))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::IO(filename.into())))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from(&e)))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(minto_cherr!(ErrorKind))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! derive_err_kind {\n# ($e:ident, $k:ident) => {\n# pub struct $e($crate::ChainError<$k>);\n# # impl $e {\n# pub fn kind(&self) -> &$k {\n# self.0.kind()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From<$k> for $e {\n# fn from(e: $k) -> Self {\n# $e($crate::ChainError::new(e, None, None))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From> for $e {\n# fn from(e: $crate::ChainError<$k>) -> Self {\n# $e(e)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From<&$e> for $k\n# where\n# $k: Clone,\n# {\n# fn from(e: &$e) -> Self {\n# e.kind().clone()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl $crate::ChainErrorFrom<$e> for $k\n# where\n# $k: Clone,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(\n# t: $e,\n# line_filename: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> $crate::ChainError<$k> {\n# $crate::ChainError::new((*t.kind()).clone(), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::error::Error for $e {\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> {\n# self.0.source()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::fmt::Display for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::fmt::Debug for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.0, f)\n# }\n# }\n# };\n# }\n# }","breadcrumbs":"Selective Error Handling","id":"12","title":"Selective Error Handling"},"13":{"body":"To cope with different kind of errors, we introduce the kind of an error Func1ErrorKind with an enum. Because we derive Debug and implement Display our Func1ErrorKind enum, this enum can be used as a std::error::Error. Not using String errors anymore, the cherr!() macro seen in the beginning of the tutorial has to be used again. Only returning Func1ErrorKind in func1() now let us get rid of Result<(), Box> and we can use ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind>. In main we can now directly use the methods of ChainError without downcasting the error first. Also a nice match on ChainError.kind() is now possible, which returns &T, meaning &Func1ErrorKind here. use chainerror::*;\nuse std::error::Error;\nuse std::io;\nuse std::result::Result; fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(())\n} derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> { let filename = \"foo.txt\"; do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?; Ok(())\n} #[derive(Debug)]\nenum Func1ErrorKind { Func2, IO(String),\n} impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { match self { Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"), Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename), } }\n}\nimpl ::std::error::Error for Func1ErrorKind {} fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> { func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::Func2))?; let filename = String::from(\"bar.txt\"); do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename)))?; Ok(())\n} fn main() -> Result<(), Box> { if let Err(e) = func1() { match e.kind() { Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2\"), Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => { eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'\", filename) } } if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::() { eprintln!(\"\\nError reported by Func2Error: {}\", e) } eprintln!(\"\\nDebug Error:\\n{:?}\", e); } Ok(())\n}\n# #[allow(dead_code)]\n# mod chainerror {\n# //! `chainerror` provides an error backtrace without doing a real backtrace, so even after you `strip` your\n# //! binaries, you still have the error backtrace.\n# //!\n# //! `chainerror` has no dependencies!\n# //!\n# //! `chainerror` uses `.source()` of `std::error::Error` along with `line()!` and `file()!` to provide a nice debug error backtrace.\n# //! It encapsulates all types, which have `Display + Debug` and can store the error cause internally.\n# //!\n# //! Along with the `ChainError` struct, `chainerror` comes with some useful helper macros to save a lot of typing.\n# //!\n# //! ## Features\n# //!\n# //! `no-fileline`\n# //! : completely turn off storing filename and line\n# //!\n# //! `display-cause`\n# //! : turn on printing a backtrace of the errors in `Display`\n# //!\n# //! `no-debug-cause`\n# //! : turn off printing a backtrace of the errors in `Debug`\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! # Tutorial\n# //!\n# //! Read the [Tutorial](https://haraldh.github.io/chainerror/tutorial1.html)\n# //!\n# //! # Examples\n# //!\n# //! ```rust\n# //! use chainerror::*;\n# //! use std::error::Error;\n# //! use std::io;\n# //! use std::result::Result;\n# //!\n# //! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! func2().map_err(mstrerr!(\"func1 error\"))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn main() {\n# //! if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# //! #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# //! assert_eq!(\n# //! format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# //! src/lib.rs:20: func1 error\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! Kind(NotFound)\n# //! \"#\n# //! );\n# //! }\n# //! # else {\n# //! # unreachable!();\n# //! # }\n# //! }\n# //! ```\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! ```rust\n# //! use chainerror::*;\n# //! use std::error::Error;\n# //! use std::io;\n# //! use std::result::Result;\n# //!\n# //! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func3() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# //!\n# //! fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# //! func3().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"func2 error: calling func3\"))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! enum Func1Error {\n# //! Func2,\n# //! IO(String),\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1Error {\n# //! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# //! match self {\n# //! Func1Error::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"),\n# //! Func1Error::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Func1Error {\n# //! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# //! write!(f, \"{}\", self)\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1Error> {\n# //! func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::Func2))?;\n# //! let filename = String::from(\"bar.txt\");\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::IO(filename)))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn main() {\n# //! if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# //! assert!(\n# //! match e.kind() {\n# //! Func1Error::Func2 => {\n# //! eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2\");\n# //! true\n# //! }\n# //! Func1Error::IO(filename) => {\n# //! eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'\", filename);\n# //! false\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //! );\n# //!\n# //! assert!(e.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# //!\n# //! if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::() {\n# //! eprintln!(\"\\nError reported by Func2Error: {}\", e)\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! assert!(e.root_cause().is_some());\n# //!\n# //! if let Some(e) = e.root_cause() {\n# //! let io_error = e.downcast_ref::().unwrap();\n# //! eprintln!(\"\\nThe root cause was: std::io::Error: {:#?}\", io_error);\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# //! assert_eq!(\n# //! format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# //! src/lib.rs:47: func1 error calling func2\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:22: Func2Error(func2 error: calling func3)\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! Kind(NotFound)\n# //! \"#\n# //! );\n# //! }\n# //! # else {\n# //! # unreachable!();\n# //! # }\n# //! }\n# //! ```\n# # #![deny(\n# warnings,\n# absolute_paths_not_starting_with_crate,\n# deprecated_in_future,\n# keyword_idents,\n# macro_use_extern_crate,\n# missing_debug_implementations,\n# trivial_numeric_casts,\n# unused_extern_crates,\n# unused_import_braces,\n# unused_qualifications,\n# unused_results,\n# unused_labels,\n# unused_lifetimes,\n# unstable_features,\n# unreachable_pub,\n# future_incompatible,\n# missing_copy_implementations,\n# missing_doc_code_examples,\n# rust_2018_idioms,\n# rust_2018_compatibility\n# )]\n# # use std::any::TypeId;\n# use std::error::Error;\n# use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter, Result};\n# # /// chains an inner error kind `T` with a causing error\n# pub struct ChainError {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# }\n# # /// convenience type alias\n# pub type ChainResult = std::result::Result>;\n# # impl ChainError {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn new(\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> Self {\n# Self {\n# occurrence,\n# kind,\n# error_cause,\n# }\n# }\n# # #[cfg(feature = \"no-fileline\")]\n# /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn new(\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# _occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> Self {\n# Self { kind, error_cause }\n# }\n# # /// return the root cause of the error chain, if any exists\n# pub fn root_cause(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.iter().last()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type U, if any exists\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# /// use std::error::Error;\n# /// use std::io;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn main() {\n# /// if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# ///\n# /// assert!(f1err.find_cause::().is_some());\n# ///\n# /// assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_cause(&self) -> Option<&U> {\n# self.iter().filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::).next()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError`, if any exists\n# ///\n# /// Same as `find_cause`, but hides the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooError);\n# /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);\n# /// // Instead of writing\n# /// err.find_cause::>();\n# ///\n# /// // leave out the ChainError implementation detail\n# /// err.find_chain_cause::();\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_chain_cause(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.iter()\n# .filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::>)\n# .next()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError` or `U`, if any exists and return `U`\n# ///\n# /// Same as `find_cause` and `find_chain_cause`, but hides the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooErrorKind);\n# /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);\n# /// // Instead of writing\n# /// err.find_cause::>();\n# /// // and/or\n# /// err.find_chain_cause::();\n# /// // and/or\n# /// err.find_cause::();\n# ///\n# /// // leave out the ChainError implementation detail\n# /// err.find_kind_or_cause::();\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_kind_or_cause(&self) -> Option<&U> {\n# self.iter()\n# .filter_map(|e| {\n# e.downcast_ref::>()\n# .map(|e| e.kind())\n# .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::())\n# })\n# .next()\n# }\n# # /// Return a reference to T of `ChainError`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# /// use std::error::Error;\n# /// use std::io;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// enum Func1ErrorKind {\n# /// Func2,\n# /// IO(String),\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// /// impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {…}\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"),\n# /// # Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> {\n# /// func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::Func2))?;\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::IO(\"bar.txt\".into())))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn main() {\n# /// if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// match e.kind() {\n# /// Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => {}\n# /// Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => panic!(),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn kind(&self) -> &T {\n# &self.kind\n# }\n# # /// Returns an Iterator over all error causes/sources\n# ///\n# /// # Example\n# ///\n# ///\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator {\n# ErrorIter {\n# current: Some(self),\n# }\n# }\n# }\n# # struct ErrorIter<'a> {\n# current: Option<&'a (dyn Error + 'static)>,\n# }\n# # impl<'a> Iterator for ErrorIter<'a> {\n# type Item = &'a (dyn Error + 'static);\n# # #[inline]\n# fn next(&mut self) -> Option {\n# let current = self.current;\n# self.current = self.current.and_then(Error::source);\n# current\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::ops::Deref for ChainError {\n# type Target = T;\n# # #[inline]\n# fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {\n# &self.kind\n# }\n# }\n# # /// Convenience trait to hide the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# pub trait ChainErrorDown {\n# /// Test if of type `ChainError`\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool;\n# /// Downcast to a reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError>;\n# /// Downcast to a mutable reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError>;\n# /// Downcast to T of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T>;\n# /// Downcast to T mutable reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>;\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# TypeId::of::() == TypeId::of::()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError))\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&mut *(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError))\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&(*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError)).kind)\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&mut (*(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError)).kind)\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for &ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for &mut ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Display for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}\", self.kind)?;\n# # #[cfg(feature = \"display-cause\")]\n# {\n# if let Some(e) = self.source() {\n# writeln!(f, \"\\nCaused by:\")?;\n# Display::fmt(&e, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# Ok(())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Debug for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# {\n# if let Some(ref o) = self.occurrence {\n# Display::fmt(o, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# # if self.is_chain::() {\n# Display::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;\n# } else {\n# Debug::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;\n# }\n# # #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-debug-cause\"))]\n# {\n# if let Some(e) = self.source() {\n# writeln!(f, \"\\nCaused by:\")?;\n# Debug::fmt(&e, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# Ok(())\n# }\n# }\n# # /// `ChainErrorFrom` is similar to `From`\n# pub trait ChainErrorFrom: Sized {\n# /// similar to From::from()\n# fn chain_error_from(from: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError;\n# }\n# # /// `IntoChainError` is similar to `Into`\n# pub trait IntoChainError: Sized {\n# /// similar to Into::into()\n# fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError;\n# }\n# # impl IntoChainError for T\n# where\n# U: ChainErrorFrom,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# U::chain_error_from(self, line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorFrom for U\n# where\n# T: Into,\n# U: 'static + Display + Debug,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# let e: U = t.into();\n# ChainError::new(e, None, line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # /*\n# impl ChainErrorFrom for U\n# where\n# T: 'static + Error + Into> + Clone,\n# U: 'static + Display + Debug + From,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# ChainError::new(U::from(t.clone()), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# */\n# # /// map into `ChainError` with `T::from(err)`\n# ///\n# /// adds `line!()` and `file!()` information\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! minto_cherr {\n# ( $k:ident ) => (\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $k::from(&e))\n# );\n# ( $enum:ident $(:: $enum_path:ident)* ) => (\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $enum $(:: $enum_path)*::from(&e))\n# );\n# }\n# # /// Creates a new `ChainError`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// Create a new ChainError, where `FooError` must implement `Display` and `Debug`.\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// enum FooError {\n# /// Bar,\n# /// Baz(&'static str),\n# /// }\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, \"Bar Error\"),\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, \"Baz Error: '{}'\", s),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# ///\n# /// // impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_stuff() -> bool {\n# /// false\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> {\n# /// if ! do_some_stuff() {\n# /// Err(cherr!(FooError::Baz(\"Error\")))?;\n# /// }\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # pub fn main() {\n# /// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() {\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &\"Error\" => {}\n# /// # _ => panic!(),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# ///\n# /// Additionally an error cause can be added.\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// # enum FooError {\n# /// # Bar,\n# /// # Baz(&'static str),\n# /// # }\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, \"Bar Error\"),\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, \"Baz Error: '{}'\", s),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// fn do_some_stuff() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> {\n# /// do_some_stuff().map_err(\n# /// |e| cherr!(e, FooError::Baz(\"Error\"))\n# /// )?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # pub fn main() {\n# /// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() {\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &\"Error\" => {}\n# /// # _ => panic!(),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! cherr {\n# ( $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( None, $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# ( $e:path, $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, Some(Box::from($e)), Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( $e:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro for `|e| cherr!(e, format!(…))`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(\"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# /// # assert_eq!(\n# /// # format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# /// # src/lib.rs:18: func1 error\n# /// # Caused by:\n# /// # src/lib.rs:13: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# /// # Caused by:\n# /// # Kind(NotFound)\n# /// # \"#\n# /// # );\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# ///\n# /// `mstrerr!()` can also be used to map a new `ChainError`, where T was defined with\n# /// `derive_str_cherr!(T)`\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! mstrerr {\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )))\n# });\n# ($msg:expr) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($msg:expr, ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro for `cherr!(T(format!(…)))` where `T(String)`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// Err(strerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! strerr {\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )))\n# });\n# ($msg:expr) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($msg:expr, ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro to create a \"new type\" T(String) and implement Display + Debug for T\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! derive_str_cherr {\n# ($e:ident) => {\n# #[derive(Clone)]\n# pub struct $e(pub String);\n# impl ::std::fmt::Display for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}\", self.0)\n# }\n# }\n# impl ::std::fmt::Debug for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}({})\", stringify!($e), self.0)\n# }\n# }\n# impl ::std::error::Error for $e {}\n# };\n# }\n# # /// Derive an Error for an ErrorKind, which wraps a `ChainError` and implements a `kind()` method\n# ///\n# /// It basically hides `ChainError` to the outside and only exposes the `kind()`\n# /// method.\n# ///\n# /// Error::kind() returns the ErrorKind\n# /// Error::source() returns the parent error\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use std::io;\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io(_f: &str) -> std::result::Result<(), io::Error> {\n# /// return Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound));\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// #[derive(Debug, Clone)]\n# /// pub enum ErrorKind {\n# /// IO(String),\n# /// FatalError(String),\n# /// Unknown,\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind);\n# ///\n# /// impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind {\n# /// fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# /// match self {\n# /// ErrorKind::FatalError(e) => write!(f, \"fatal error {}\", e),\n# /// ErrorKind::Unknown => write!(f, \"unknown error\"),\n# /// ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// impl ErrorKind {\n# /// fn from_io_error(e: &io::Error, f: String) -> Self {\n# /// match e.kind() {\n# /// io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe => panic!(\"Should not happen\"),\n# /// io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset => {\n# /// ErrorKind::FatalError(format!(\"While reading `{}`: {}\", f, e))\n# /// }\n# /// _ => ErrorKind::IO(f),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// impl From<&io::Error> for ErrorKind {\n# /// fn from(e: &io::Error) -> Self {\n# /// ErrorKind::IO(format!(\"{}\", e))\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// pub fn func1() -> std::result::Result<(), Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"bar.txt\";\n# ///\n# /// do_some_io(filename)\n# /// .map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from_io_error(&e, filename.into())))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::IO(filename.into())))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from(&e)))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(minto_cherr!(ErrorKind))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! derive_err_kind {\n# ($e:ident, $k:ident) => {\n# pub struct $e($crate::ChainError<$k>);\n# # impl $e {\n# pub fn kind(&self) -> &$k {\n# self.0.kind()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From<$k> for $e {\n# fn from(e: $k) -> Self {\n# $e($crate::ChainError::new(e, None, None))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From> for $e {\n# fn from(e: $crate::ChainError<$k>) -> Self {\n# $e(e)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From<&$e> for $k\n# where\n# $k: Clone,\n# {\n# fn from(e: &$e) -> Self {\n# e.kind().clone()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl $crate::ChainErrorFrom<$e> for $k\n# where\n# $k: Clone,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(\n# t: $e,\n# line_filename: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> $crate::ChainError<$k> {\n# $crate::ChainError::new((*t.kind()).clone(), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::error::Error for $e {\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> {\n# self.0.source()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::fmt::Display for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::fmt::Debug for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.0, f)\n# }\n# }\n# };\n# }\n# }","breadcrumbs":"ErrorKind to the rescue","id":"13","title":"ErrorKind to the rescue"},"14":{"body":"One small improvement at the end of the tutorial is to fix the debug output of Func1ErrorKind. As you probably noticed, the output doesn't say much of the enum. Debug Error:\nsrc/main.rs:35: Func2\n[…] As a lazy shortcut, we implement Debug by calling Display and end up with Debug Error:\nsrc/main.rs:40: func1 error calling func2\n[…} which gives us a lot more detail. To create your own Errors, you might find crates which create enum Display+Debug via derive macros. Also noteworthy is custom_error to define your custom errors, which can then be used with chainerror. use chainerror::*;\nuse std::error::Error;\nuse std::io;\nuse std::result::Result; fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(())\n} derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> { let filename = \"foo.txt\"; do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?; Ok(())\n} enum Func1ErrorKind { Func2, IO(String),\n} impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { match self { Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"), Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename), } }\n} impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Func1ErrorKind { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { write!(f, \"{}\", self) }\n} impl ::std::error::Error for Func1ErrorKind {} fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> { func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::Func2))?; let filename = String::from(\"bar.txt\"); do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename)))?; Ok(())\n} fn main() -> Result<(), Box> { if let Err(e) = func1() { match e.kind() { Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2\"), Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => { eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'\", filename) } } if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::() { eprintln!(\"\\nError reported by Func2Error: {}\", e) } eprintln!(\"\\nDebug Error:\\n{:?}\", e); } Ok(())\n}\n# #[allow(dead_code)]\n# mod chainerror {\n# //! `chainerror` provides an error backtrace without doing a real backtrace, so even after you `strip` your\n# //! binaries, you still have the error backtrace.\n# //!\n# //! `chainerror` has no dependencies!\n# //!\n# //! `chainerror` uses `.source()` of `std::error::Error` along with `line()!` and `file()!` to provide a nice debug error backtrace.\n# //! It encapsulates all types, which have `Display + Debug` and can store the error cause internally.\n# //!\n# //! Along with the `ChainError` struct, `chainerror` comes with some useful helper macros to save a lot of typing.\n# //!\n# //! ## Features\n# //!\n# //! `no-fileline`\n# //! : completely turn off storing filename and line\n# //!\n# //! `display-cause`\n# //! : turn on printing a backtrace of the errors in `Display`\n# //!\n# //! `no-debug-cause`\n# //! : turn off printing a backtrace of the errors in `Debug`\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! # Tutorial\n# //!\n# //! Read the [Tutorial](https://haraldh.github.io/chainerror/tutorial1.html)\n# //!\n# //! # Examples\n# //!\n# //! ```rust\n# //! use chainerror::*;\n# //! use std::error::Error;\n# //! use std::io;\n# //! use std::result::Result;\n# //!\n# //! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! func2().map_err(mstrerr!(\"func1 error\"))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn main() {\n# //! if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# //! #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# //! assert_eq!(\n# //! format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# //! src/lib.rs:20: func1 error\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! Kind(NotFound)\n# //! \"#\n# //! );\n# //! }\n# //! # else {\n# //! # unreachable!();\n# //! # }\n# //! }\n# //! ```\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! ```rust\n# //! use chainerror::*;\n# //! use std::error::Error;\n# //! use std::io;\n# //! use std::result::Result;\n# //!\n# //! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func3() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# //!\n# //! fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# //! func3().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"func2 error: calling func3\"))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! enum Func1Error {\n# //! Func2,\n# //! IO(String),\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1Error {\n# //! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# //! match self {\n# //! Func1Error::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"),\n# //! Func1Error::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Func1Error {\n# //! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# //! write!(f, \"{}\", self)\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1Error> {\n# //! func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::Func2))?;\n# //! let filename = String::from(\"bar.txt\");\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::IO(filename)))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn main() {\n# //! if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# //! assert!(\n# //! match e.kind() {\n# //! Func1Error::Func2 => {\n# //! eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2\");\n# //! true\n# //! }\n# //! Func1Error::IO(filename) => {\n# //! eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'\", filename);\n# //! false\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //! );\n# //!\n# //! assert!(e.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# //!\n# //! if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::() {\n# //! eprintln!(\"\\nError reported by Func2Error: {}\", e)\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! assert!(e.root_cause().is_some());\n# //!\n# //! if let Some(e) = e.root_cause() {\n# //! let io_error = e.downcast_ref::().unwrap();\n# //! eprintln!(\"\\nThe root cause was: std::io::Error: {:#?}\", io_error);\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# //! assert_eq!(\n# //! format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# //! src/lib.rs:47: func1 error calling func2\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:22: Func2Error(func2 error: calling func3)\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! Kind(NotFound)\n# //! \"#\n# //! );\n# //! }\n# //! # else {\n# //! # unreachable!();\n# //! # }\n# //! }\n# //! ```\n# # #![deny(\n# warnings,\n# absolute_paths_not_starting_with_crate,\n# deprecated_in_future,\n# keyword_idents,\n# macro_use_extern_crate,\n# missing_debug_implementations,\n# trivial_numeric_casts,\n# unused_extern_crates,\n# unused_import_braces,\n# unused_qualifications,\n# unused_results,\n# unused_labels,\n# unused_lifetimes,\n# unstable_features,\n# unreachable_pub,\n# future_incompatible,\n# missing_copy_implementations,\n# missing_doc_code_examples,\n# rust_2018_idioms,\n# rust_2018_compatibility\n# )]\n# # use std::any::TypeId;\n# use std::error::Error;\n# use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter, Result};\n# # /// chains an inner error kind `T` with a causing error\n# pub struct ChainError {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# }\n# # /// convenience type alias\n# pub type ChainResult = std::result::Result>;\n# # impl ChainError {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn new(\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> Self {\n# Self {\n# occurrence,\n# kind,\n# error_cause,\n# }\n# }\n# # #[cfg(feature = \"no-fileline\")]\n# /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn new(\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# _occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> Self {\n# Self { kind, error_cause }\n# }\n# # /// return the root cause of the error chain, if any exists\n# pub fn root_cause(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.iter().last()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type U, if any exists\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# /// use std::error::Error;\n# /// use std::io;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn main() {\n# /// if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# ///\n# /// assert!(f1err.find_cause::().is_some());\n# ///\n# /// assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_cause(&self) -> Option<&U> {\n# self.iter().filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::).next()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError`, if any exists\n# ///\n# /// Same as `find_cause`, but hides the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooError);\n# /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);\n# /// // Instead of writing\n# /// err.find_cause::>();\n# ///\n# /// // leave out the ChainError implementation detail\n# /// err.find_chain_cause::();\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_chain_cause(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.iter()\n# .filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::>)\n# .next()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError` or `U`, if any exists and return `U`\n# ///\n# /// Same as `find_cause` and `find_chain_cause`, but hides the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooErrorKind);\n# /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);\n# /// // Instead of writing\n# /// err.find_cause::>();\n# /// // and/or\n# /// err.find_chain_cause::();\n# /// // and/or\n# /// err.find_cause::();\n# ///\n# /// // leave out the ChainError implementation detail\n# /// err.find_kind_or_cause::();\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_kind_or_cause(&self) -> Option<&U> {\n# self.iter()\n# .filter_map(|e| {\n# e.downcast_ref::>()\n# .map(|e| e.kind())\n# .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::())\n# })\n# .next()\n# }\n# # /// Return a reference to T of `ChainError`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# /// use std::error::Error;\n# /// use std::io;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// enum Func1ErrorKind {\n# /// Func2,\n# /// IO(String),\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// /// impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {…}\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"),\n# /// # Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> {\n# /// func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::Func2))?;\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::IO(\"bar.txt\".into())))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn main() {\n# /// if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// match e.kind() {\n# /// Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => {}\n# /// Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => panic!(),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn kind(&self) -> &T {\n# &self.kind\n# }\n# # /// Returns an Iterator over all error causes/sources\n# ///\n# /// # Example\n# ///\n# ///\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator {\n# ErrorIter {\n# current: Some(self),\n# }\n# }\n# }\n# # struct ErrorIter<'a> {\n# current: Option<&'a (dyn Error + 'static)>,\n# }\n# # impl<'a> Iterator for ErrorIter<'a> {\n# type Item = &'a (dyn Error + 'static);\n# # #[inline]\n# fn next(&mut self) -> Option {\n# let current = self.current;\n# self.current = self.current.and_then(Error::source);\n# current\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::ops::Deref for ChainError {\n# type Target = T;\n# # #[inline]\n# fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {\n# &self.kind\n# }\n# }\n# # /// Convenience trait to hide the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# pub trait ChainErrorDown {\n# /// Test if of type `ChainError`\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool;\n# /// Downcast to a reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError>;\n# /// Downcast to a mutable reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError>;\n# /// Downcast to T of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T>;\n# /// Downcast to T mutable reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>;\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# TypeId::of::() == TypeId::of::()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError))\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&mut *(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError))\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&(*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError)).kind)\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&mut (*(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError)).kind)\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for &ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for &mut ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Display for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}\", self.kind)?;\n# # #[cfg(feature = \"display-cause\")]\n# {\n# if let Some(e) = self.source() {\n# writeln!(f, \"\\nCaused by:\")?;\n# Display::fmt(&e, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# Ok(())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Debug for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# {\n# if let Some(ref o) = self.occurrence {\n# Display::fmt(o, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# # if self.is_chain::() {\n# Display::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;\n# } else {\n# Debug::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;\n# }\n# # #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-debug-cause\"))]\n# {\n# if let Some(e) = self.source() {\n# writeln!(f, \"\\nCaused by:\")?;\n# Debug::fmt(&e, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# Ok(())\n# }\n# }\n# # /// `ChainErrorFrom` is similar to `From`\n# pub trait ChainErrorFrom: Sized {\n# /// similar to From::from()\n# fn chain_error_from(from: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError;\n# }\n# # /// `IntoChainError` is similar to `Into`\n# pub trait IntoChainError: Sized {\n# /// similar to Into::into()\n# fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError;\n# }\n# # impl IntoChainError for T\n# where\n# U: ChainErrorFrom,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# U::chain_error_from(self, line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorFrom for U\n# where\n# T: Into,\n# U: 'static + Display + Debug,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# let e: U = t.into();\n# ChainError::new(e, None, line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # /*\n# impl ChainErrorFrom for U\n# where\n# T: 'static + Error + Into> + Clone,\n# U: 'static + Display + Debug + From,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# ChainError::new(U::from(t.clone()), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# */\n# # /// map into `ChainError` with `T::from(err)`\n# ///\n# /// adds `line!()` and `file!()` information\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! minto_cherr {\n# ( $k:ident ) => (\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $k::from(&e))\n# );\n# ( $enum:ident $(:: $enum_path:ident)* ) => (\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $enum $(:: $enum_path)*::from(&e))\n# );\n# }\n# # /// Creates a new `ChainError`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// Create a new ChainError, where `FooError` must implement `Display` and `Debug`.\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// enum FooError {\n# /// Bar,\n# /// Baz(&'static str),\n# /// }\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, \"Bar Error\"),\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, \"Baz Error: '{}'\", s),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# ///\n# /// // impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_stuff() -> bool {\n# /// false\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> {\n# /// if ! do_some_stuff() {\n# /// Err(cherr!(FooError::Baz(\"Error\")))?;\n# /// }\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # pub fn main() {\n# /// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() {\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &\"Error\" => {}\n# /// # _ => panic!(),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# ///\n# /// Additionally an error cause can be added.\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// # enum FooError {\n# /// # Bar,\n# /// # Baz(&'static str),\n# /// # }\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, \"Bar Error\"),\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, \"Baz Error: '{}'\", s),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// fn do_some_stuff() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> {\n# /// do_some_stuff().map_err(\n# /// |e| cherr!(e, FooError::Baz(\"Error\"))\n# /// )?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # pub fn main() {\n# /// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() {\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &\"Error\" => {}\n# /// # _ => panic!(),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! cherr {\n# ( $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( None, $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# ( $e:path, $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, Some(Box::from($e)), Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( $e:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro for `|e| cherr!(e, format!(…))`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(\"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# /// # assert_eq!(\n# /// # format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# /// # src/lib.rs:18: func1 error\n# /// # Caused by:\n# /// # src/lib.rs:13: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# /// # Caused by:\n# /// # Kind(NotFound)\n# /// # \"#\n# /// # );\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# ///\n# /// `mstrerr!()` can also be used to map a new `ChainError`, where T was defined with\n# /// `derive_str_cherr!(T)`\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! mstrerr {\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )))\n# });\n# ($msg:expr) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($msg:expr, ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro for `cherr!(T(format!(…)))` where `T(String)`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// Err(strerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! strerr {\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )))\n# });\n# ($msg:expr) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($msg:expr, ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro to create a \"new type\" T(String) and implement Display + Debug for T\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! derive_str_cherr {\n# ($e:ident) => {\n# #[derive(Clone)]\n# pub struct $e(pub String);\n# impl ::std::fmt::Display for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}\", self.0)\n# }\n# }\n# impl ::std::fmt::Debug for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}({})\", stringify!($e), self.0)\n# }\n# }\n# impl ::std::error::Error for $e {}\n# };\n# }\n# # /// Derive an Error for an ErrorKind, which wraps a `ChainError` and implements a `kind()` method\n# ///\n# /// It basically hides `ChainError` to the outside and only exposes the `kind()`\n# /// method.\n# ///\n# /// Error::kind() returns the ErrorKind\n# /// Error::source() returns the parent error\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use std::io;\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io(_f: &str) -> std::result::Result<(), io::Error> {\n# /// return Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound));\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// #[derive(Debug, Clone)]\n# /// pub enum ErrorKind {\n# /// IO(String),\n# /// FatalError(String),\n# /// Unknown,\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind);\n# ///\n# /// impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind {\n# /// fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# /// match self {\n# /// ErrorKind::FatalError(e) => write!(f, \"fatal error {}\", e),\n# /// ErrorKind::Unknown => write!(f, \"unknown error\"),\n# /// ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// impl ErrorKind {\n# /// fn from_io_error(e: &io::Error, f: String) -> Self {\n# /// match e.kind() {\n# /// io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe => panic!(\"Should not happen\"),\n# /// io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset => {\n# /// ErrorKind::FatalError(format!(\"While reading `{}`: {}\", f, e))\n# /// }\n# /// _ => ErrorKind::IO(f),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// impl From<&io::Error> for ErrorKind {\n# /// fn from(e: &io::Error) -> Self {\n# /// ErrorKind::IO(format!(\"{}\", e))\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// pub fn func1() -> std::result::Result<(), Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"bar.txt\";\n# ///\n# /// do_some_io(filename)\n# /// .map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from_io_error(&e, filename.into())))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::IO(filename.into())))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from(&e)))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(minto_cherr!(ErrorKind))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! derive_err_kind {\n# ($e:ident, $k:ident) => {\n# pub struct $e($crate::ChainError<$k>);\n# # impl $e {\n# pub fn kind(&self) -> &$k {\n# self.0.kind()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From<$k> for $e {\n# fn from(e: $k) -> Self {\n# $e($crate::ChainError::new(e, None, None))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From> for $e {\n# fn from(e: $crate::ChainError<$k>) -> Self {\n# $e(e)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From<&$e> for $k\n# where\n# $k: Clone,\n# {\n# fn from(e: &$e) -> Self {\n# e.kind().clone()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl $crate::ChainErrorFrom<$e> for $k\n# where\n# $k: Clone,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(\n# t: $e,\n# line_filename: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> $crate::ChainError<$k> {\n# $crate::ChainError::new((*t.kind()).clone(), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::error::Error for $e {\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> {\n# self.0.source()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::fmt::Display for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::fmt::Debug for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.0, f)\n# }\n# }\n# };\n# }\n# }","breadcrumbs":"Debug for the ErrorKind","id":"14","title":"Debug for the ErrorKind"},"15":{"body":"Because ChainError implements Deref to &T, we can also match on *e instead of e.kind() or call a function with &e use chainerror::*;\nuse std::error::Error;\nuse std::io;\nuse std::result::Result; fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(())\n} derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> { let filename = \"foo.txt\"; do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?; Ok(())\n} enum Func1ErrorKind { Func2, IO(String),\n} impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { match self { Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"), Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename), } }\n} impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Func1ErrorKind { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { write!(f, \"{}\", self) }\n} impl ::std::error::Error for Func1ErrorKind {} fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> { func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::Func2))?; let filename = String::from(\"bar.txt\"); do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename)))?; Ok(())\n} fn handle_func1errorkind(e: &Func1ErrorKind) { match e { Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2\"), Func1ErrorKind::IO(ref filename) => { eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'\", filename) } }\n} fn main() -> Result<(), Box> { if let Err(e) = func1() { match *e { Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2\"), Func1ErrorKind::IO(ref filename) => { eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'\", filename) } } handle_func1errorkind(&e); if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::() { eprintln!(\"\\nError reported by Func2Error: {}\", e) } eprintln!(\"\\nDebug Error:\\n{:?}\", e); } Ok(())\n}\n# #[allow(dead_code)]\n# mod chainerror {\n# //! `chainerror` provides an error backtrace without doing a real backtrace, so even after you `strip` your\n# //! binaries, you still have the error backtrace.\n# //!\n# //! `chainerror` has no dependencies!\n# //!\n# //! `chainerror` uses `.source()` of `std::error::Error` along with `line()!` and `file()!` to provide a nice debug error backtrace.\n# //! It encapsulates all types, which have `Display + Debug` and can store the error cause internally.\n# //!\n# //! Along with the `ChainError` struct, `chainerror` comes with some useful helper macros to save a lot of typing.\n# //!\n# //! ## Features\n# //!\n# //! `no-fileline`\n# //! : completely turn off storing filename and line\n# //!\n# //! `display-cause`\n# //! : turn on printing a backtrace of the errors in `Display`\n# //!\n# //! `no-debug-cause`\n# //! : turn off printing a backtrace of the errors in `Debug`\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! # Tutorial\n# //!\n# //! Read the [Tutorial](https://haraldh.github.io/chainerror/tutorial1.html)\n# //!\n# //! # Examples\n# //!\n# //! ```rust\n# //! use chainerror::*;\n# //! use std::error::Error;\n# //! use std::io;\n# //! use std::result::Result;\n# //!\n# //! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! func2().map_err(mstrerr!(\"func1 error\"))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn main() {\n# //! if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# //! #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# //! assert_eq!(\n# //! format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# //! src/lib.rs:20: func1 error\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! Kind(NotFound)\n# //! \"#\n# //! );\n# //! }\n# //! # else {\n# //! # unreachable!();\n# //! # }\n# //! }\n# //! ```\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! ```rust\n# //! use chainerror::*;\n# //! use std::error::Error;\n# //! use std::io;\n# //! use std::result::Result;\n# //!\n# //! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func3() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# //!\n# //! fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# //! func3().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"func2 error: calling func3\"))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! enum Func1Error {\n# //! Func2,\n# //! IO(String),\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1Error {\n# //! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# //! match self {\n# //! Func1Error::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"),\n# //! Func1Error::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Func1Error {\n# //! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# //! write!(f, \"{}\", self)\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1Error> {\n# //! func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::Func2))?;\n# //! let filename = String::from(\"bar.txt\");\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::IO(filename)))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn main() {\n# //! if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# //! assert!(\n# //! match e.kind() {\n# //! Func1Error::Func2 => {\n# //! eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2\");\n# //! true\n# //! }\n# //! Func1Error::IO(filename) => {\n# //! eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'\", filename);\n# //! false\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //! );\n# //!\n# //! assert!(e.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# //!\n# //! if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::() {\n# //! eprintln!(\"\\nError reported by Func2Error: {}\", e)\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! assert!(e.root_cause().is_some());\n# //!\n# //! if let Some(e) = e.root_cause() {\n# //! let io_error = e.downcast_ref::().unwrap();\n# //! eprintln!(\"\\nThe root cause was: std::io::Error: {:#?}\", io_error);\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# //! assert_eq!(\n# //! format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# //! src/lib.rs:47: func1 error calling func2\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:22: Func2Error(func2 error: calling func3)\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! Kind(NotFound)\n# //! \"#\n# //! );\n# //! }\n# //! # else {\n# //! # unreachable!();\n# //! # }\n# //! }\n# //! ```\n# # #![deny(\n# warnings,\n# absolute_paths_not_starting_with_crate,\n# deprecated_in_future,\n# keyword_idents,\n# macro_use_extern_crate,\n# missing_debug_implementations,\n# trivial_numeric_casts,\n# unused_extern_crates,\n# unused_import_braces,\n# unused_qualifications,\n# unused_results,\n# unused_labels,\n# unused_lifetimes,\n# unstable_features,\n# unreachable_pub,\n# future_incompatible,\n# missing_copy_implementations,\n# missing_doc_code_examples,\n# rust_2018_idioms,\n# rust_2018_compatibility\n# )]\n# # use std::any::TypeId;\n# use std::error::Error;\n# use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter, Result};\n# # /// chains an inner error kind `T` with a causing error\n# pub struct ChainError {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# }\n# # /// convenience type alias\n# pub type ChainResult = std::result::Result>;\n# # impl ChainError {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn new(\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> Self {\n# Self {\n# occurrence,\n# kind,\n# error_cause,\n# }\n# }\n# # #[cfg(feature = \"no-fileline\")]\n# /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn new(\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# _occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> Self {\n# Self { kind, error_cause }\n# }\n# # /// return the root cause of the error chain, if any exists\n# pub fn root_cause(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.iter().last()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type U, if any exists\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# /// use std::error::Error;\n# /// use std::io;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn main() {\n# /// if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# ///\n# /// assert!(f1err.find_cause::().is_some());\n# ///\n# /// assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_cause(&self) -> Option<&U> {\n# self.iter().filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::).next()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError`, if any exists\n# ///\n# /// Same as `find_cause`, but hides the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooError);\n# /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);\n# /// // Instead of writing\n# /// err.find_cause::>();\n# ///\n# /// // leave out the ChainError implementation detail\n# /// err.find_chain_cause::();\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_chain_cause(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.iter()\n# .filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::>)\n# .next()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError` or `U`, if any exists and return `U`\n# ///\n# /// Same as `find_cause` and `find_chain_cause`, but hides the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooErrorKind);\n# /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);\n# /// // Instead of writing\n# /// err.find_cause::>();\n# /// // and/or\n# /// err.find_chain_cause::();\n# /// // and/or\n# /// err.find_cause::();\n# ///\n# /// // leave out the ChainError implementation detail\n# /// err.find_kind_or_cause::();\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_kind_or_cause(&self) -> Option<&U> {\n# self.iter()\n# .filter_map(|e| {\n# e.downcast_ref::>()\n# .map(|e| e.kind())\n# .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::())\n# })\n# .next()\n# }\n# # /// Return a reference to T of `ChainError`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# /// use std::error::Error;\n# /// use std::io;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// enum Func1ErrorKind {\n# /// Func2,\n# /// IO(String),\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// /// impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {…}\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"),\n# /// # Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> {\n# /// func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::Func2))?;\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::IO(\"bar.txt\".into())))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn main() {\n# /// if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// match e.kind() {\n# /// Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => {}\n# /// Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => panic!(),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn kind(&self) -> &T {\n# &self.kind\n# }\n# # /// Returns an Iterator over all error causes/sources\n# ///\n# /// # Example\n# ///\n# ///\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator {\n# ErrorIter {\n# current: Some(self),\n# }\n# }\n# }\n# # struct ErrorIter<'a> {\n# current: Option<&'a (dyn Error + 'static)>,\n# }\n# # impl<'a> Iterator for ErrorIter<'a> {\n# type Item = &'a (dyn Error + 'static);\n# # #[inline]\n# fn next(&mut self) -> Option {\n# let current = self.current;\n# self.current = self.current.and_then(Error::source);\n# current\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::ops::Deref for ChainError {\n# type Target = T;\n# # #[inline]\n# fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {\n# &self.kind\n# }\n# }\n# # /// Convenience trait to hide the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# pub trait ChainErrorDown {\n# /// Test if of type `ChainError`\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool;\n# /// Downcast to a reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError>;\n# /// Downcast to a mutable reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError>;\n# /// Downcast to T of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T>;\n# /// Downcast to T mutable reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>;\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# TypeId::of::() == TypeId::of::()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError))\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&mut *(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError))\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&(*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError)).kind)\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&mut (*(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError)).kind)\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for &ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for &mut ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Display for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}\", self.kind)?;\n# # #[cfg(feature = \"display-cause\")]\n# {\n# if let Some(e) = self.source() {\n# writeln!(f, \"\\nCaused by:\")?;\n# Display::fmt(&e, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# Ok(())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Debug for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# {\n# if let Some(ref o) = self.occurrence {\n# Display::fmt(o, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# # if self.is_chain::() {\n# Display::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;\n# } else {\n# Debug::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;\n# }\n# # #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-debug-cause\"))]\n# {\n# if let Some(e) = self.source() {\n# writeln!(f, \"\\nCaused by:\")?;\n# Debug::fmt(&e, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# Ok(())\n# }\n# }\n# # /// `ChainErrorFrom` is similar to `From`\n# pub trait ChainErrorFrom: Sized {\n# /// similar to From::from()\n# fn chain_error_from(from: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError;\n# }\n# # /// `IntoChainError` is similar to `Into`\n# pub trait IntoChainError: Sized {\n# /// similar to Into::into()\n# fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError;\n# }\n# # impl IntoChainError for T\n# where\n# U: ChainErrorFrom,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# U::chain_error_from(self, line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorFrom for U\n# where\n# T: Into,\n# U: 'static + Display + Debug,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# let e: U = t.into();\n# ChainError::new(e, None, line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # /*\n# impl ChainErrorFrom for U\n# where\n# T: 'static + Error + Into> + Clone,\n# U: 'static + Display + Debug + From,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# ChainError::new(U::from(t.clone()), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# */\n# # /// map into `ChainError` with `T::from(err)`\n# ///\n# /// adds `line!()` and `file!()` information\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! minto_cherr {\n# ( $k:ident ) => (\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $k::from(&e))\n# );\n# ( $enum:ident $(:: $enum_path:ident)* ) => (\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $enum $(:: $enum_path)*::from(&e))\n# );\n# }\n# # /// Creates a new `ChainError`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// Create a new ChainError, where `FooError` must implement `Display` and `Debug`.\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// enum FooError {\n# /// Bar,\n# /// Baz(&'static str),\n# /// }\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, \"Bar Error\"),\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, \"Baz Error: '{}'\", s),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# ///\n# /// // impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_stuff() -> bool {\n# /// false\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> {\n# /// if ! do_some_stuff() {\n# /// Err(cherr!(FooError::Baz(\"Error\")))?;\n# /// }\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # pub fn main() {\n# /// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() {\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &\"Error\" => {}\n# /// # _ => panic!(),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# ///\n# /// Additionally an error cause can be added.\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// # enum FooError {\n# /// # Bar,\n# /// # Baz(&'static str),\n# /// # }\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, \"Bar Error\"),\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, \"Baz Error: '{}'\", s),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// fn do_some_stuff() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> {\n# /// do_some_stuff().map_err(\n# /// |e| cherr!(e, FooError::Baz(\"Error\"))\n# /// )?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # pub fn main() {\n# /// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() {\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &\"Error\" => {}\n# /// # _ => panic!(),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! cherr {\n# ( $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( None, $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# ( $e:path, $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, Some(Box::from($e)), Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( $e:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro for `|e| cherr!(e, format!(…))`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(\"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# /// # assert_eq!(\n# /// # format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# /// # src/lib.rs:18: func1 error\n# /// # Caused by:\n# /// # src/lib.rs:13: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# /// # Caused by:\n# /// # Kind(NotFound)\n# /// # \"#\n# /// # );\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# ///\n# /// `mstrerr!()` can also be used to map a new `ChainError`, where T was defined with\n# /// `derive_str_cherr!(T)`\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! mstrerr {\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )))\n# });\n# ($msg:expr) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($msg:expr, ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro for `cherr!(T(format!(…)))` where `T(String)`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// Err(strerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! strerr {\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )))\n# });\n# ($msg:expr) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($msg:expr, ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro to create a \"new type\" T(String) and implement Display + Debug for T\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! derive_str_cherr {\n# ($e:ident) => {\n# #[derive(Clone)]\n# pub struct $e(pub String);\n# impl ::std::fmt::Display for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}\", self.0)\n# }\n# }\n# impl ::std::fmt::Debug for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}({})\", stringify!($e), self.0)\n# }\n# }\n# impl ::std::error::Error for $e {}\n# };\n# }\n# # /// Derive an Error for an ErrorKind, which wraps a `ChainError` and implements a `kind()` method\n# ///\n# /// It basically hides `ChainError` to the outside and only exposes the `kind()`\n# /// method.\n# ///\n# /// Error::kind() returns the ErrorKind\n# /// Error::source() returns the parent error\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use std::io;\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io(_f: &str) -> std::result::Result<(), io::Error> {\n# /// return Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound));\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// #[derive(Debug, Clone)]\n# /// pub enum ErrorKind {\n# /// IO(String),\n# /// FatalError(String),\n# /// Unknown,\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind);\n# ///\n# /// impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind {\n# /// fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# /// match self {\n# /// ErrorKind::FatalError(e) => write!(f, \"fatal error {}\", e),\n# /// ErrorKind::Unknown => write!(f, \"unknown error\"),\n# /// ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// impl ErrorKind {\n# /// fn from_io_error(e: &io::Error, f: String) -> Self {\n# /// match e.kind() {\n# /// io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe => panic!(\"Should not happen\"),\n# /// io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset => {\n# /// ErrorKind::FatalError(format!(\"While reading `{}`: {}\", f, e))\n# /// }\n# /// _ => ErrorKind::IO(f),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// impl From<&io::Error> for ErrorKind {\n# /// fn from(e: &io::Error) -> Self {\n# /// ErrorKind::IO(format!(\"{}\", e))\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// pub fn func1() -> std::result::Result<(), Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"bar.txt\";\n# ///\n# /// do_some_io(filename)\n# /// .map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from_io_error(&e, filename.into())))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::IO(filename.into())))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from(&e)))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(minto_cherr!(ErrorKind))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! derive_err_kind {\n# ($e:ident, $k:ident) => {\n# pub struct $e($crate::ChainError<$k>);\n# # impl $e {\n# pub fn kind(&self) -> &$k {\n# self.0.kind()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From<$k> for $e {\n# fn from(e: $k) -> Self {\n# $e($crate::ChainError::new(e, None, None))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From> for $e {\n# fn from(e: $crate::ChainError<$k>) -> Self {\n# $e(e)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From<&$e> for $k\n# where\n# $k: Clone,\n# {\n# fn from(e: &$e) -> Self {\n# e.kind().clone()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl $crate::ChainErrorFrom<$e> for $k\n# where\n# $k: Clone,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(\n# t: $e,\n# line_filename: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> $crate::ChainError<$k> {\n# $crate::ChainError::new((*t.kind()).clone(), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::error::Error for $e {\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> {\n# self.0.source()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::fmt::Display for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::fmt::Debug for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.0, f)\n# }\n# }\n# };\n# }\n# }","breadcrumbs":"Deref for the ErrorKind","id":"15","title":"Deref for the ErrorKind"},"16":{"body":"I would advise to only expose an mycrate::ErrorKind and type alias mycrate::Error to ChainError so you can tell your library users to use the .kind() method as std::io::Error does. If you later decide to make your own Error implementation, your library users don't have to change much or anything. # #[allow(dead_code)]\n# #[macro_use]\n# pub mod chainerror {\n# //! `chainerror` provides an error backtrace without doing a real backtrace, so even after you `strip` your\n# //! binaries, you still have the error backtrace.\n# //!\n# //! `chainerror` has no dependencies!\n# //!\n# //! `chainerror` uses `.source()` of `std::error::Error` along with `line()!` and `file()!` to provide a nice debug error backtrace.\n# //! It encapsulates all types, which have `Display + Debug` and can store the error cause internally.\n# //!\n# //! Along with the `ChainError` struct, `chainerror` comes with some useful helper macros to save a lot of typing.\n# //!\n# //! ## Features\n# //!\n# //! `no-fileline`\n# //! : completely turn off storing filename and line\n# //!\n# //! `display-cause`\n# //! : turn on printing a backtrace of the errors in `Display`\n# //!\n# //! `no-debug-cause`\n# //! : turn off printing a backtrace of the errors in `Debug`\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! # Tutorial\n# //!\n# //! Read the [Tutorial](https://haraldh.github.io/chainerror/tutorial1.html)\n# //!\n# //! # Examples\n# //!\n# //! ```rust\n# //! use chainerror::*;\n# //! use std::error::Error;\n# //! use std::io;\n# //! use std::result::Result;\n# //!\n# //! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! func2().map_err(mstrerr!(\"func1 error\"))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn main() {\n# //! if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# //! #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# //! assert_eq!(\n# //! format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# //! src/lib.rs:20: func1 error\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! Kind(NotFound)\n# //! \"#\n# //! );\n# //! }\n# //! # else {\n# //! # unreachable!();\n# //! # }\n# //! }\n# //! ```\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! ```rust\n# //! use chainerror::*;\n# //! use std::error::Error;\n# //! use std::io;\n# //! use std::result::Result;\n# //!\n# //! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func3() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# //!\n# //! fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# //! func3().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"func2 error: calling func3\"))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! enum Func1Error {\n# //! Func2,\n# //! IO(String),\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1Error {\n# //! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# //! match self {\n# //! Func1Error::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"),\n# //! Func1Error::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Func1Error {\n# //! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# //! write!(f, \"{}\", self)\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1Error> {\n# //! func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::Func2))?;\n# //! let filename = String::from(\"bar.txt\");\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::IO(filename)))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn main() {\n# //! if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# //! assert!(\n# //! match e.kind() {\n# //! Func1Error::Func2 => {\n# //! eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2\");\n# //! true\n# //! }\n# //! Func1Error::IO(filename) => {\n# //! eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'\", filename);\n# //! false\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //! );\n# //!\n# //! assert!(e.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# //!\n# //! if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::() {\n# //! eprintln!(\"\\nError reported by Func2Error: {}\", e)\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! assert!(e.root_cause().is_some());\n# //!\n# //! if let Some(e) = e.root_cause() {\n# //! let io_error = e.downcast_ref::().unwrap();\n# //! eprintln!(\"\\nThe root cause was: std::io::Error: {:#?}\", io_error);\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# //! assert_eq!(\n# //! format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# //! src/lib.rs:47: func1 error calling func2\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:22: Func2Error(func2 error: calling func3)\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! Kind(NotFound)\n# //! \"#\n# //! );\n# //! }\n# //! # else {\n# //! # unreachable!();\n# //! # }\n# //! }\n# //! ```\n# # #![deny(\n# warnings,\n# absolute_paths_not_starting_with_crate,\n# deprecated_in_future,\n# keyword_idents,\n# macro_use_extern_crate,\n# missing_debug_implementations,\n# trivial_numeric_casts,\n# unused_extern_crates,\n# unused_import_braces,\n# unused_qualifications,\n# unused_results,\n# unused_labels,\n# unused_lifetimes,\n# unstable_features,\n# unreachable_pub,\n# future_incompatible,\n# missing_copy_implementations,\n# missing_doc_code_examples,\n# rust_2018_idioms,\n# rust_2018_compatibility\n# )]\n# # use std::any::TypeId;\n# use std::error::Error;\n# use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter, Result};\n# # /// chains an inner error kind `T` with a causing error\n# pub struct ChainError {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# }\n# # /// convenience type alias\n# pub type ChainResult = std::result::Result>;\n# # impl ChainError {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn new(\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> Self {\n# Self {\n# occurrence,\n# kind,\n# error_cause,\n# }\n# }\n# # #[cfg(feature = \"no-fileline\")]\n# /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn new(\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# _occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> Self {\n# Self { kind, error_cause }\n# }\n# # /// return the root cause of the error chain, if any exists\n# pub fn root_cause(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.iter().last()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type U, if any exists\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# /// use std::error::Error;\n# /// use std::io;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn main() {\n# /// if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# ///\n# /// assert!(f1err.find_cause::().is_some());\n# ///\n# /// assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_cause(&self) -> Option<&U> {\n# self.iter().filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::).next()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError`, if any exists\n# ///\n# /// Same as `find_cause`, but hides the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooError);\n# /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);\n# /// // Instead of writing\n# /// err.find_cause::>();\n# ///\n# /// // leave out the ChainError implementation detail\n# /// err.find_chain_cause::();\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_chain_cause(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.iter()\n# .filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::>)\n# .next()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError` or `U`, if any exists and return `U`\n# ///\n# /// Same as `find_cause` and `find_chain_cause`, but hides the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooErrorKind);\n# /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);\n# /// // Instead of writing\n# /// err.find_cause::>();\n# /// // and/or\n# /// err.find_chain_cause::();\n# /// // and/or\n# /// err.find_cause::();\n# ///\n# /// // leave out the ChainError implementation detail\n# /// err.find_kind_or_cause::();\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_kind_or_cause(&self) -> Option<&U> {\n# self.iter()\n# .filter_map(|e| {\n# e.downcast_ref::>()\n# .map(|e| e.kind())\n# .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::())\n# })\n# .next()\n# }\n# # /// Return a reference to T of `ChainError`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# /// use std::error::Error;\n# /// use std::io;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// enum Func1ErrorKind {\n# /// Func2,\n# /// IO(String),\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// /// impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {…}\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"),\n# /// # Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> {\n# /// func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::Func2))?;\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::IO(\"bar.txt\".into())))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn main() {\n# /// if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// match e.kind() {\n# /// Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => {}\n# /// Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => panic!(),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn kind(&self) -> &T {\n# &self.kind\n# }\n# # /// Returns an Iterator over all error causes/sources\n# ///\n# /// # Example\n# ///\n# ///\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator {\n# ErrorIter {\n# current: Some(self),\n# }\n# }\n# }\n# # struct ErrorIter<'a> {\n# current: Option<&'a (dyn Error + 'static)>,\n# }\n# # impl<'a> Iterator for ErrorIter<'a> {\n# type Item = &'a (dyn Error + 'static);\n# # #[inline]\n# fn next(&mut self) -> Option {\n# let current = self.current;\n# self.current = self.current.and_then(Error::source);\n# current\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::ops::Deref for ChainError {\n# type Target = T;\n# # #[inline]\n# fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {\n# &self.kind\n# }\n# }\n# # /// Convenience trait to hide the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# pub trait ChainErrorDown {\n# /// Test if of type `ChainError`\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool;\n# /// Downcast to a reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError>;\n# /// Downcast to a mutable reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError>;\n# /// Downcast to T of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T>;\n# /// Downcast to T mutable reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>;\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# TypeId::of::() == TypeId::of::()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError))\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&mut *(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError))\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&(*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError)).kind)\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&mut (*(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError)).kind)\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for &ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for &mut ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Display for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}\", self.kind)?;\n# # #[cfg(feature = \"display-cause\")]\n# {\n# if let Some(e) = self.source() {\n# writeln!(f, \"\\nCaused by:\")?;\n# Display::fmt(&e, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# Ok(())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Debug for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# {\n# if let Some(ref o) = self.occurrence {\n# Display::fmt(o, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# # if self.is_chain::() {\n# Display::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;\n# } else {\n# Debug::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;\n# }\n# # #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-debug-cause\"))]\n# {\n# if let Some(e) = self.source() {\n# writeln!(f, \"\\nCaused by:\")?;\n# Debug::fmt(&e, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# Ok(())\n# }\n# }\n# # /// `ChainErrorFrom` is similar to `From`\n# pub trait ChainErrorFrom: Sized {\n# /// similar to From::from()\n# fn chain_error_from(from: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError;\n# }\n# # /// `IntoChainError` is similar to `Into`\n# pub trait IntoChainError: Sized {\n# /// similar to Into::into()\n# fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError;\n# }\n# # impl IntoChainError for T\n# where\n# U: ChainErrorFrom,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# U::chain_error_from(self, line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorFrom for U\n# where\n# T: Into,\n# U: 'static + Display + Debug,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# let e: U = t.into();\n# ChainError::new(e, None, line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # /*\n# impl ChainErrorFrom for U\n# where\n# T: 'static + Error + Into> + Clone,\n# U: 'static + Display + Debug + From,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# ChainError::new(U::from(t.clone()), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# */\n# # /// map into `ChainError` with `T::from(err)`\n# ///\n# /// adds `line!()` and `file!()` information\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! minto_cherr {\n# ( $k:ident ) => (\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $k::from(&e))\n# );\n# ( $enum:ident $(:: $enum_path:ident)* ) => (\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $enum $(:: $enum_path)*::from(&e))\n# );\n# }\n# # /// Creates a new `ChainError`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// Create a new ChainError, where `FooError` must implement `Display` and `Debug`.\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// enum FooError {\n# /// Bar,\n# /// Baz(&'static str),\n# /// }\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, \"Bar Error\"),\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, \"Baz Error: '{}'\", s),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# ///\n# /// // impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_stuff() -> bool {\n# /// false\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> {\n# /// if ! do_some_stuff() {\n# /// Err(cherr!(FooError::Baz(\"Error\")))?;\n# /// }\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # pub fn main() {\n# /// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() {\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &\"Error\" => {}\n# /// # _ => panic!(),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# ///\n# /// Additionally an error cause can be added.\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// # enum FooError {\n# /// # Bar,\n# /// # Baz(&'static str),\n# /// # }\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, \"Bar Error\"),\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, \"Baz Error: '{}'\", s),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// fn do_some_stuff() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> {\n# /// do_some_stuff().map_err(\n# /// |e| cherr!(e, FooError::Baz(\"Error\"))\n# /// )?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # pub fn main() {\n# /// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() {\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &\"Error\" => {}\n# /// # _ => panic!(),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! cherr {\n# ( $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( None, $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# ( $e:path, $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, Some(Box::from($e)), Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( $e:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro for `|e| cherr!(e, format!(…))`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(\"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# /// # assert_eq!(\n# /// # format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# /// # src/lib.rs:18: func1 error\n# /// # Caused by:\n# /// # src/lib.rs:13: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# /// # Caused by:\n# /// # Kind(NotFound)\n# /// # \"#\n# /// # );\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# ///\n# /// `mstrerr!()` can also be used to map a new `ChainError`, where T was defined with\n# /// `derive_str_cherr!(T)`\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! mstrerr {\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )))\n# });\n# ($msg:expr) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($msg:expr, ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro for `cherr!(T(format!(…)))` where `T(String)`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// Err(strerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! strerr {\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )))\n# });\n# ($msg:expr) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($msg:expr, ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro to create a \"new type\" T(String) and implement Display + Debug for T\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! derive_str_cherr {\n# ($e:ident) => {\n# #[derive(Clone)]\n# pub struct $e(pub String);\n# impl ::std::fmt::Display for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}\", self.0)\n# }\n# }\n# impl ::std::fmt::Debug for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}({})\", stringify!($e), self.0)\n# }\n# }\n# impl ::std::error::Error for $e {}\n# };\n# }\n# # /// Derive an Error for an ErrorKind, which wraps a `ChainError` and implements a `kind()` method\n# ///\n# /// It basically hides `ChainError` to the outside and only exposes the `kind()`\n# /// method.\n# ///\n# /// Error::kind() returns the ErrorKind\n# /// Error::source() returns the parent error\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use std::io;\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io(_f: &str) -> std::result::Result<(), io::Error> {\n# /// return Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound));\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// #[derive(Debug, Clone)]\n# /// pub enum ErrorKind {\n# /// IO(String),\n# /// FatalError(String),\n# /// Unknown,\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind);\n# ///\n# /// impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind {\n# /// fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# /// match self {\n# /// ErrorKind::FatalError(e) => write!(f, \"fatal error {}\", e),\n# /// ErrorKind::Unknown => write!(f, \"unknown error\"),\n# /// ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// impl ErrorKind {\n# /// fn from_io_error(e: &io::Error, f: String) -> Self {\n# /// match e.kind() {\n# /// io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe => panic!(\"Should not happen\"),\n# /// io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset => {\n# /// ErrorKind::FatalError(format!(\"While reading `{}`: {}\", f, e))\n# /// }\n# /// _ => ErrorKind::IO(f),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// impl From<&io::Error> for ErrorKind {\n# /// fn from(e: &io::Error) -> Self {\n# /// ErrorKind::IO(format!(\"{}\", e))\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// pub fn func1() -> std::result::Result<(), Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"bar.txt\";\n# ///\n# /// do_some_io(filename)\n# /// .map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from_io_error(&e, filename.into())))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::IO(filename.into())))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from(&e)))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(minto_cherr!(ErrorKind))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! derive_err_kind {\n# ($e:ident, $k:ident) => {\n# pub struct $e($crate::ChainError<$k>);\n# # impl $e {\n# pub fn kind(&self) -> &$k {\n# self.0.kind()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From<$k> for $e {\n# fn from(e: $k) -> Self {\n# $e($crate::ChainError::new(e, None, None))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From> for $e {\n# fn from(e: $crate::ChainError<$k>) -> Self {\n# $e(e)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From<&$e> for $k\n# where\n# $k: Clone,\n# {\n# fn from(e: &$e) -> Self {\n# e.kind().clone()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl $crate::ChainErrorFrom<$e> for $k\n# where\n# $k: Clone,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(\n# t: $e,\n# line_filename: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> $crate::ChainError<$k> {\n# $crate::ChainError::new((*t.kind()).clone(), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::error::Error for $e {\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> {\n# self.0.source()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::fmt::Display for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::fmt::Debug for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.0, f)\n# }\n# }\n# };\n# }\n# }\npub mod mycrate { use crate::chainerror::*; // omit the `crate::` part use std::io; fn do_some_io() -> std::result::Result<(), Box> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(()) } derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); fn func2() -> std::result::Result<(), Box> { let filename = \"foo.txt\"; do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?; Ok(()) } #[derive(Debug, Clone)] pub enum ErrorKind { Func2, IO(String), } derive_err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind); pub type Result = std::result::Result; impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { match self { ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"), ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename), } } } pub fn func1() -> Result<()> { func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::Func2))?; let filename = String::from(\"bar.txt\"); do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::IO(filename)))?; Ok(()) }\n} fn main() -> Result<(), Box> { use mycrate::func1; use mycrate::ErrorKind; use std::error::Error; use std::io; if let Err(e) = func1() { match e.kind() { ErrorKind::Func2 => eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2\"), ErrorKind::IO(ref filename) => { eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'\", filename) } } eprintln!(); let mut s: &dyn Error = &e; while let Some(c) = s.source() { if let Some(ioerror) = c.downcast_ref::() { eprintln!(\"caused by: std::io::Error: {}\", ioerror); match ioerror.kind() { io::ErrorKind::NotFound => eprintln!(\"of kind: std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound\"), _ => {} } } else { eprintln!(\"caused by: {}\", c); } s = c; } eprintln!(\"\\nDebug Error:\\n{:?}\", e); } Ok(())\n}","breadcrumbs":"Writing a library","id":"16","title":"Writing a library"},"17":{"body":"Not using chainerror and going full std would look like this: Btw, the code size is bigger than using chainerror :-) pub mod mycrate { use std::error::Error as StdError; use func2mod::{do_some_io, func2}; pub mod func2mod { use std::error::Error as StdError; use std::io; pub enum ErrorKind { IO(String), } impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { match self { ErrorKind::IO(s) => std::fmt::Display::fmt(s, f), } } } impl std::fmt::Debug for ErrorKind { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { match self { ErrorKind::IO(s) => std::fmt::Display::fmt(s, f), } } } macro_rules! mcherr { ( $k:expr ) => {{ |e| { Error( $k, Some(Box::from(e)), Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")), ) } }}; } pub struct Error( ErrorKind, Option>, Option<&'static str>, ); impl Error { pub fn kind(&self) -> &ErrorKind { &self.0 } } impl From for Error { fn from(e: ErrorKind) -> Self { Error(e, None, None) } } impl std::error::Error for Error { fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> { self.1.as_ref().map(|e| e.as_ref()) } } impl std::fmt::Display for Error { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f) } } impl std::fmt::Debug for Error { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { if let Some(ref o) = self.2 { std::fmt::Display::fmt(o, f)?; } std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.0, f)?; if let Some(e) = self.source() { std::fmt::Display::fmt(\"\\nCaused by:\\n\", f)?; std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&e, f)?; } Ok(()) } } pub fn do_some_io() -> std::result::Result<(), Box> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(()) } pub fn func2() -> std::result::Result<(), Error> { let filename = \"foo.txt\"; do_some_io().map_err(mcherr!(ErrorKind::IO(format!( \"Error reading '{}'\", filename ))))?; Ok(()) } } #[derive(Debug)] pub enum ErrorKind { Func2, IO(String), } impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { match self { ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"), ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename), } } } macro_rules! mcherr { ( $k:expr ) => {{ |e| { Error( $k, Some(Box::from(e)), Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")), ) } }}; } pub struct Error( ErrorKind, Option>, Option<&'static str>, ); impl Error { pub fn kind(&self) -> &ErrorKind { &self.0 } } impl From for Error { fn from(e: ErrorKind) -> Self { Error(e, None, None) } } impl std::error::Error for Error { fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> { self.1.as_ref().map(|e| e.as_ref()) } } impl std::fmt::Display for Error { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f) } } impl std::fmt::Debug for Error { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { if let Some(ref o) = self.2 { std::fmt::Display::fmt(o, f)?; } std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.0, f)?; if let Some(e) = self.source() { std::fmt::Display::fmt(\"\\nCaused by:\\n\", f)?; std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&e, f)?; } Ok(()) } } pub type Result = std::result::Result; pub fn func1() -> Result<()> { func2().map_err(mcherr!(ErrorKind::Func2))?; let filename = String::from(\"bar.txt\"); do_some_io().map_err(mcherr!(ErrorKind::IO(filename)))?; Ok(()) }\n} fn main() -> Result<(), Box> { use mycrate::func1; use mycrate::ErrorKind; use std::error::Error; use std::io; if let Err(e) = func1() { match e.kind() { ErrorKind::Func2 => eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2\"), ErrorKind::IO(ref filename) => { eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'\", filename) } } eprintln!(); let mut s: &dyn Error = &e; while let Some(c) = s.source() { if let Some(ioerror) = c.downcast_ref::() { eprintln!(\"caused by: std::io::Error: {}\", ioerror); match ioerror.kind() { io::ErrorKind::NotFound => eprintln!(\"of kind: std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound\"), _ => {} } } else { eprintln!(\"caused by: {}\", c); } s = c; } eprintln!(\"\\nDebug Error:\\n{:?}\", e); } Ok(())\n}","breadcrumbs":"Going back to std","id":"17","title":"Going back to std"},"18":{"body":"That's it for now… Happy error handling! To report issues, submit pull request or for the source code, examples and the book source, visit the Git Repo .","breadcrumbs":"The End","id":"18","title":"The End"},"2":{"body":"no-fileline : completely turn off storing filename and line display-cause : turn on printing a backtrace of the errors in Display no-debug-cause : turn off printing a backtrace of the errors in Debug","breadcrumbs":"Features","id":"2","title":"Features"},"3":{"body":"An easy way of doing error handling in rust is by returning String as a Box. If the rust main function returns an Err(), this Err() will be displayed with std::fmt::Debug. As you can see by running the example (by pressing the \"Play\" button in upper right of the code block), this only prints out the last Error. Error: StringError(\"func1 error\") The next chapters of this tutorial show how chainerror adds more information and improves inspecting the sources of an error. You can also run the tutorial examples in the checked out chainerror git repo . $ cargo run -q --example tutorial1 use std::error::Error;\nuse std::io;\nuse std::result::Result; fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(())\n} fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> { if let Err(_) = do_some_io() { Err(\"func2 error\")?; } Ok(())\n} fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> { if let Err(_) = func2() { Err(\"func1 error\")?; } Ok(())\n} fn main() -> Result<(), Box> { func1()\n}","breadcrumbs":"Simple String Errors","id":"3","title":"Simple String Errors"},"4":{"body":"With relatively small changes and the help of the cherr! macro of the chainerror crate the String errors are now chained together. Press the play button in the upper right corner and see the nice debug output. use chainerror::*; use std::error::Error;\nuse std::io;\nuse std::result::Result; fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(())\n} fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> { if let Err(e) = do_some_io() { Err(cherr!(e, \"func2 error\"))?; } Ok(())\n} fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> { if let Err(e) = func2() { Err(cherr!(e, \"func1 error\"))?; } Ok(())\n} fn main() -> Result<(), Box> { func1()\n}\n# #[allow(dead_code)]\n# mod chainerror {\n# //! `chainerror` provides an error backtrace without doing a real backtrace, so even after you `strip` your\n# //! binaries, you still have the error backtrace.\n# //!\n# //! `chainerror` has no dependencies!\n# //!\n# //! `chainerror` uses `.source()` of `std::error::Error` along with `line()!` and `file()!` to provide a nice debug error backtrace.\n# //! It encapsulates all types, which have `Display + Debug` and can store the error cause internally.\n# //!\n# //! Along with the `ChainError` struct, `chainerror` comes with some useful helper macros to save a lot of typing.\n# //!\n# //! ## Features\n# //!\n# //! `no-fileline`\n# //! : completely turn off storing filename and line\n# //!\n# //! `display-cause`\n# //! : turn on printing a backtrace of the errors in `Display`\n# //!\n# //! `no-debug-cause`\n# //! : turn off printing a backtrace of the errors in `Debug`\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! # Tutorial\n# //!\n# //! Read the [Tutorial](https://haraldh.github.io/chainerror/tutorial1.html)\n# //!\n# //! # Examples\n# //!\n# //! ```rust\n# //! use chainerror::*;\n# //! use std::error::Error;\n# //! use std::io;\n# //! use std::result::Result;\n# //!\n# //! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! func2().map_err(mstrerr!(\"func1 error\"))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn main() {\n# //! if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# //! #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# //! assert_eq!(\n# //! format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# //! src/lib.rs:20: func1 error\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! Kind(NotFound)\n# //! \"#\n# //! );\n# //! }\n# //! # else {\n# //! # unreachable!();\n# //! # }\n# //! }\n# //! ```\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! ```rust\n# //! use chainerror::*;\n# //! use std::error::Error;\n# //! use std::io;\n# //! use std::result::Result;\n# //!\n# //! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func3() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# //!\n# //! fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# //! func3().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"func2 error: calling func3\"))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! enum Func1Error {\n# //! Func2,\n# //! IO(String),\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1Error {\n# //! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# //! match self {\n# //! Func1Error::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"),\n# //! Func1Error::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Func1Error {\n# //! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# //! write!(f, \"{}\", self)\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1Error> {\n# //! func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::Func2))?;\n# //! let filename = String::from(\"bar.txt\");\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::IO(filename)))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn main() {\n# //! if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# //! assert!(\n# //! match e.kind() {\n# //! Func1Error::Func2 => {\n# //! eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2\");\n# //! true\n# //! }\n# //! Func1Error::IO(filename) => {\n# //! eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'\", filename);\n# //! false\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //! );\n# //!\n# //! assert!(e.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# //!\n# //! if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::() {\n# //! eprintln!(\"\\nError reported by Func2Error: {}\", e)\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! assert!(e.root_cause().is_some());\n# //!\n# //! if let Some(e) = e.root_cause() {\n# //! let io_error = e.downcast_ref::().unwrap();\n# //! eprintln!(\"\\nThe root cause was: std::io::Error: {:#?}\", io_error);\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# //! assert_eq!(\n# //! format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# //! src/lib.rs:47: func1 error calling func2\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:22: Func2Error(func2 error: calling func3)\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! Kind(NotFound)\n# //! \"#\n# //! );\n# //! }\n# //! # else {\n# //! # unreachable!();\n# //! # }\n# //! }\n# //! ```\n# # #![deny(\n# warnings,\n# absolute_paths_not_starting_with_crate,\n# deprecated_in_future,\n# keyword_idents,\n# macro_use_extern_crate,\n# missing_debug_implementations,\n# trivial_numeric_casts,\n# unused_extern_crates,\n# unused_import_braces,\n# unused_qualifications,\n# unused_results,\n# unused_labels,\n# unused_lifetimes,\n# unstable_features,\n# unreachable_pub,\n# future_incompatible,\n# missing_copy_implementations,\n# missing_doc_code_examples,\n# rust_2018_idioms,\n# rust_2018_compatibility\n# )]\n# # use std::any::TypeId;\n# use std::error::Error;\n# use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter, Result};\n# # /// chains an inner error kind `T` with a causing error\n# pub struct ChainError {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# }\n# # /// convenience type alias\n# pub type ChainResult = std::result::Result>;\n# # impl ChainError {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn new(\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> Self {\n# Self {\n# occurrence,\n# kind,\n# error_cause,\n# }\n# }\n# # #[cfg(feature = \"no-fileline\")]\n# /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn new(\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# _occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> Self {\n# Self { kind, error_cause }\n# }\n# # /// return the root cause of the error chain, if any exists\n# pub fn root_cause(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.iter().last()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type U, if any exists\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# /// use std::error::Error;\n# /// use std::io;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn main() {\n# /// if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# ///\n# /// assert!(f1err.find_cause::().is_some());\n# ///\n# /// assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_cause(&self) -> Option<&U> {\n# self.iter().filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::).next()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError`, if any exists\n# ///\n# /// Same as `find_cause`, but hides the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooError);\n# /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);\n# /// // Instead of writing\n# /// err.find_cause::>();\n# ///\n# /// // leave out the ChainError implementation detail\n# /// err.find_chain_cause::();\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_chain_cause(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.iter()\n# .filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::>)\n# .next()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError` or `U`, if any exists and return `U`\n# ///\n# /// Same as `find_cause` and `find_chain_cause`, but hides the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooErrorKind);\n# /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);\n# /// // Instead of writing\n# /// err.find_cause::>();\n# /// // and/or\n# /// err.find_chain_cause::();\n# /// // and/or\n# /// err.find_cause::();\n# ///\n# /// // leave out the ChainError implementation detail\n# /// err.find_kind_or_cause::();\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_kind_or_cause(&self) -> Option<&U> {\n# self.iter()\n# .filter_map(|e| {\n# e.downcast_ref::>()\n# .map(|e| e.kind())\n# .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::())\n# })\n# .next()\n# }\n# # /// Return a reference to T of `ChainError`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# /// use std::error::Error;\n# /// use std::io;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// enum Func1ErrorKind {\n# /// Func2,\n# /// IO(String),\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// /// impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {…}\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"),\n# /// # Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> {\n# /// func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::Func2))?;\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::IO(\"bar.txt\".into())))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn main() {\n# /// if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// match e.kind() {\n# /// Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => {}\n# /// Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => panic!(),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn kind(&self) -> &T {\n# &self.kind\n# }\n# # /// Returns an Iterator over all error causes/sources\n# ///\n# /// # Example\n# ///\n# ///\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator {\n# ErrorIter {\n# current: Some(self),\n# }\n# }\n# }\n# # struct ErrorIter<'a> {\n# current: Option<&'a (dyn Error + 'static)>,\n# }\n# # impl<'a> Iterator for ErrorIter<'a> {\n# type Item = &'a (dyn Error + 'static);\n# # #[inline]\n# fn next(&mut self) -> Option {\n# let current = self.current;\n# self.current = self.current.and_then(Error::source);\n# current\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::ops::Deref for ChainError {\n# type Target = T;\n# # #[inline]\n# fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {\n# &self.kind\n# }\n# }\n# # /// Convenience trait to hide the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# pub trait ChainErrorDown {\n# /// Test if of type `ChainError`\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool;\n# /// Downcast to a reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError>;\n# /// Downcast to a mutable reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError>;\n# /// Downcast to T of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T>;\n# /// Downcast to T mutable reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>;\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# TypeId::of::() == TypeId::of::()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError))\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&mut *(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError))\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&(*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError)).kind)\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&mut (*(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError)).kind)\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for &ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for &mut ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Display for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}\", self.kind)?;\n# # #[cfg(feature = \"display-cause\")]\n# {\n# if let Some(e) = self.source() {\n# writeln!(f, \"\\nCaused by:\")?;\n# Display::fmt(&e, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# Ok(())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Debug for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# {\n# if let Some(ref o) = self.occurrence {\n# Display::fmt(o, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# # if self.is_chain::() {\n# Display::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;\n# } else {\n# Debug::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;\n# }\n# # #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-debug-cause\"))]\n# {\n# if let Some(e) = self.source() {\n# writeln!(f, \"\\nCaused by:\")?;\n# Debug::fmt(&e, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# Ok(())\n# }\n# }\n# # /// `ChainErrorFrom` is similar to `From`\n# pub trait ChainErrorFrom: Sized {\n# /// similar to From::from()\n# fn chain_error_from(from: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError;\n# }\n# # /// `IntoChainError` is similar to `Into`\n# pub trait IntoChainError: Sized {\n# /// similar to Into::into()\n# fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError;\n# }\n# # impl IntoChainError for T\n# where\n# U: ChainErrorFrom,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# U::chain_error_from(self, line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorFrom for U\n# where\n# T: Into,\n# U: 'static + Display + Debug,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# let e: U = t.into();\n# ChainError::new(e, None, line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # /*\n# impl ChainErrorFrom for U\n# where\n# T: 'static + Error + Into> + Clone,\n# U: 'static + Display + Debug + From,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# ChainError::new(U::from(t.clone()), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# */\n# # /// map into `ChainError` with `T::from(err)`\n# ///\n# /// adds `line!()` and `file!()` information\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! minto_cherr {\n# ( $k:ident ) => (\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $k::from(&e))\n# );\n# ( $enum:ident $(:: $enum_path:ident)* ) => (\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $enum $(:: $enum_path)*::from(&e))\n# );\n# }\n# # /// Creates a new `ChainError`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// Create a new ChainError, where `FooError` must implement `Display` and `Debug`.\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// enum FooError {\n# /// Bar,\n# /// Baz(&'static str),\n# /// }\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, \"Bar Error\"),\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, \"Baz Error: '{}'\", s),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# ///\n# /// // impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_stuff() -> bool {\n# /// false\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> {\n# /// if ! do_some_stuff() {\n# /// Err(cherr!(FooError::Baz(\"Error\")))?;\n# /// }\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # pub fn main() {\n# /// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() {\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &\"Error\" => {}\n# /// # _ => panic!(),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# ///\n# /// Additionally an error cause can be added.\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// # enum FooError {\n# /// # Bar,\n# /// # Baz(&'static str),\n# /// # }\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, \"Bar Error\"),\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, \"Baz Error: '{}'\", s),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// fn do_some_stuff() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> {\n# /// do_some_stuff().map_err(\n# /// |e| cherr!(e, FooError::Baz(\"Error\"))\n# /// )?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # pub fn main() {\n# /// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() {\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &\"Error\" => {}\n# /// # _ => panic!(),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! cherr {\n# ( $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( None, $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# ( $e:path, $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, Some(Box::from($e)), Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( $e:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro for `|e| cherr!(e, format!(…))`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(\"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# /// # assert_eq!(\n# /// # format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# /// # src/lib.rs:18: func1 error\n# /// # Caused by:\n# /// # src/lib.rs:13: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# /// # Caused by:\n# /// # Kind(NotFound)\n# /// # \"#\n# /// # );\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# ///\n# /// `mstrerr!()` can also be used to map a new `ChainError`, where T was defined with\n# /// `derive_str_cherr!(T)`\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! mstrerr {\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )))\n# });\n# ($msg:expr) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($msg:expr, ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro for `cherr!(T(format!(…)))` where `T(String)`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// Err(strerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! strerr {\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )))\n# });\n# ($msg:expr) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($msg:expr, ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro to create a \"new type\" T(String) and implement Display + Debug for T\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! derive_str_cherr {\n# ($e:ident) => {\n# #[derive(Clone)]\n# pub struct $e(pub String);\n# impl ::std::fmt::Display for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}\", self.0)\n# }\n# }\n# impl ::std::fmt::Debug for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}({})\", stringify!($e), self.0)\n# }\n# }\n# impl ::std::error::Error for $e {}\n# };\n# }\n# # /// Derive an Error for an ErrorKind, which wraps a `ChainError` and implements a `kind()` method\n# ///\n# /// It basically hides `ChainError` to the outside and only exposes the `kind()`\n# /// method.\n# ///\n# /// Error::kind() returns the ErrorKind\n# /// Error::source() returns the parent error\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use std::io;\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io(_f: &str) -> std::result::Result<(), io::Error> {\n# /// return Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound));\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// #[derive(Debug, Clone)]\n# /// pub enum ErrorKind {\n# /// IO(String),\n# /// FatalError(String),\n# /// Unknown,\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind);\n# ///\n# /// impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind {\n# /// fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# /// match self {\n# /// ErrorKind::FatalError(e) => write!(f, \"fatal error {}\", e),\n# /// ErrorKind::Unknown => write!(f, \"unknown error\"),\n# /// ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// impl ErrorKind {\n# /// fn from_io_error(e: &io::Error, f: String) -> Self {\n# /// match e.kind() {\n# /// io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe => panic!(\"Should not happen\"),\n# /// io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset => {\n# /// ErrorKind::FatalError(format!(\"While reading `{}`: {}\", f, e))\n# /// }\n# /// _ => ErrorKind::IO(f),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// impl From<&io::Error> for ErrorKind {\n# /// fn from(e: &io::Error) -> Self {\n# /// ErrorKind::IO(format!(\"{}\", e))\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// pub fn func1() -> std::result::Result<(), Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"bar.txt\";\n# ///\n# /// do_some_io(filename)\n# /// .map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from_io_error(&e, filename.into())))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::IO(filename.into())))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from(&e)))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(minto_cherr!(ErrorKind))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! derive_err_kind {\n# ($e:ident, $k:ident) => {\n# pub struct $e($crate::ChainError<$k>);\n# # impl $e {\n# pub fn kind(&self) -> &$k {\n# self.0.kind()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From<$k> for $e {\n# fn from(e: $k) -> Self {\n# $e($crate::ChainError::new(e, None, None))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From> for $e {\n# fn from(e: $crate::ChainError<$k>) -> Self {\n# $e(e)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From<&$e> for $k\n# where\n# $k: Clone,\n# {\n# fn from(e: &$e) -> Self {\n# e.kind().clone()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl $crate::ChainErrorFrom<$e> for $k\n# where\n# $k: Clone,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(\n# t: $e,\n# line_filename: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> $crate::ChainError<$k> {\n# $crate::ChainError::new((*t.kind()).clone(), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::error::Error for $e {\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> {\n# self.0.source()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::fmt::Display for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::fmt::Debug for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.0, f)\n# }\n# }\n# };\n# }\n# }","breadcrumbs":"Simple Chained String Errors","id":"4","title":"Simple Chained String Errors"},"5":{"body":"if let Err(e) = do_some_io() { Err(cherr!(e, \"func2 error\"))?; } The macro cherr!(olderror, newerror) stores olderror as the source/cause of newerror along with the filename (file!()) and line number (line!()) and returns newerror. Err()? then returns the inner error applying .into(), so that we again have a Err(Box) as a result. The Debug implementation of ChainError (which is returned by cherr!()) prints the Debug of T prefixed with the stored filename and line number. ChainError in our case is ChainError.","breadcrumbs":"What did we do here?","id":"5","title":"What did we do here?"},"6":{"body":"Now let's get more rust idiomatic by using .map_err(). use chainerror::*; use std::error::Error;\nuse std::io;\nuse std::result::Result; fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(())\n} fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> { do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, \"func2 error\"))?; Ok(())\n} fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> { func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, \"func1 error\"))?; Ok(())\n} fn main() -> Result<(), Box> { if let Err(e) = func1() { eprintln!(\"{:?}\", e); } Ok(())\n}\n# #[allow(dead_code)]\n# mod chainerror {\n# //! `chainerror` provides an error backtrace without doing a real backtrace, so even after you `strip` your\n# //! binaries, you still have the error backtrace.\n# //!\n# //! `chainerror` has no dependencies!\n# //!\n# //! `chainerror` uses `.source()` of `std::error::Error` along with `line()!` and `file()!` to provide a nice debug error backtrace.\n# //! It encapsulates all types, which have `Display + Debug` and can store the error cause internally.\n# //!\n# //! Along with the `ChainError` struct, `chainerror` comes with some useful helper macros to save a lot of typing.\n# //!\n# //! ## Features\n# //!\n# //! `no-fileline`\n# //! : completely turn off storing filename and line\n# //!\n# //! `display-cause`\n# //! : turn on printing a backtrace of the errors in `Display`\n# //!\n# //! `no-debug-cause`\n# //! : turn off printing a backtrace of the errors in `Debug`\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! # Tutorial\n# //!\n# //! Read the [Tutorial](https://haraldh.github.io/chainerror/tutorial1.html)\n# //!\n# //! # Examples\n# //!\n# //! ```rust\n# //! use chainerror::*;\n# //! use std::error::Error;\n# //! use std::io;\n# //! use std::result::Result;\n# //!\n# //! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! func2().map_err(mstrerr!(\"func1 error\"))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn main() {\n# //! if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# //! #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# //! assert_eq!(\n# //! format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# //! src/lib.rs:20: func1 error\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! Kind(NotFound)\n# //! \"#\n# //! );\n# //! }\n# //! # else {\n# //! # unreachable!();\n# //! # }\n# //! }\n# //! ```\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! ```rust\n# //! use chainerror::*;\n# //! use std::error::Error;\n# //! use std::io;\n# //! use std::result::Result;\n# //!\n# //! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func3() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# //!\n# //! fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# //! func3().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"func2 error: calling func3\"))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! enum Func1Error {\n# //! Func2,\n# //! IO(String),\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1Error {\n# //! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# //! match self {\n# //! Func1Error::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"),\n# //! Func1Error::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Func1Error {\n# //! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# //! write!(f, \"{}\", self)\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1Error> {\n# //! func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::Func2))?;\n# //! let filename = String::from(\"bar.txt\");\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::IO(filename)))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn main() {\n# //! if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# //! assert!(\n# //! match e.kind() {\n# //! Func1Error::Func2 => {\n# //! eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2\");\n# //! true\n# //! }\n# //! Func1Error::IO(filename) => {\n# //! eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'\", filename);\n# //! false\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //! );\n# //!\n# //! assert!(e.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# //!\n# //! if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::() {\n# //! eprintln!(\"\\nError reported by Func2Error: {}\", e)\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! assert!(e.root_cause().is_some());\n# //!\n# //! if let Some(e) = e.root_cause() {\n# //! let io_error = e.downcast_ref::().unwrap();\n# //! eprintln!(\"\\nThe root cause was: std::io::Error: {:#?}\", io_error);\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# //! assert_eq!(\n# //! format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# //! src/lib.rs:47: func1 error calling func2\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:22: Func2Error(func2 error: calling func3)\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! Kind(NotFound)\n# //! \"#\n# //! );\n# //! }\n# //! # else {\n# //! # unreachable!();\n# //! # }\n# //! }\n# //! ```\n# # #![deny(\n# warnings,\n# absolute_paths_not_starting_with_crate,\n# deprecated_in_future,\n# keyword_idents,\n# macro_use_extern_crate,\n# missing_debug_implementations,\n# trivial_numeric_casts,\n# unused_extern_crates,\n# unused_import_braces,\n# unused_qualifications,\n# unused_results,\n# unused_labels,\n# unused_lifetimes,\n# unstable_features,\n# unreachable_pub,\n# future_incompatible,\n# missing_copy_implementations,\n# missing_doc_code_examples,\n# rust_2018_idioms,\n# rust_2018_compatibility\n# )]\n# # use std::any::TypeId;\n# use std::error::Error;\n# use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter, Result};\n# # /// chains an inner error kind `T` with a causing error\n# pub struct ChainError {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# }\n# # /// convenience type alias\n# pub type ChainResult = std::result::Result>;\n# # impl ChainError {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn new(\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> Self {\n# Self {\n# occurrence,\n# kind,\n# error_cause,\n# }\n# }\n# # #[cfg(feature = \"no-fileline\")]\n# /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn new(\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# _occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> Self {\n# Self { kind, error_cause }\n# }\n# # /// return the root cause of the error chain, if any exists\n# pub fn root_cause(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.iter().last()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type U, if any exists\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# /// use std::error::Error;\n# /// use std::io;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn main() {\n# /// if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# ///\n# /// assert!(f1err.find_cause::().is_some());\n# ///\n# /// assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_cause(&self) -> Option<&U> {\n# self.iter().filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::).next()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError`, if any exists\n# ///\n# /// Same as `find_cause`, but hides the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooError);\n# /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);\n# /// // Instead of writing\n# /// err.find_cause::>();\n# ///\n# /// // leave out the ChainError implementation detail\n# /// err.find_chain_cause::();\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_chain_cause(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.iter()\n# .filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::>)\n# .next()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError` or `U`, if any exists and return `U`\n# ///\n# /// Same as `find_cause` and `find_chain_cause`, but hides the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooErrorKind);\n# /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);\n# /// // Instead of writing\n# /// err.find_cause::>();\n# /// // and/or\n# /// err.find_chain_cause::();\n# /// // and/or\n# /// err.find_cause::();\n# ///\n# /// // leave out the ChainError implementation detail\n# /// err.find_kind_or_cause::();\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_kind_or_cause(&self) -> Option<&U> {\n# self.iter()\n# .filter_map(|e| {\n# e.downcast_ref::>()\n# .map(|e| e.kind())\n# .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::())\n# })\n# .next()\n# }\n# # /// Return a reference to T of `ChainError`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# /// use std::error::Error;\n# /// use std::io;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// enum Func1ErrorKind {\n# /// Func2,\n# /// IO(String),\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// /// impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {…}\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"),\n# /// # Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> {\n# /// func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::Func2))?;\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::IO(\"bar.txt\".into())))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn main() {\n# /// if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// match e.kind() {\n# /// Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => {}\n# /// Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => panic!(),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn kind(&self) -> &T {\n# &self.kind\n# }\n# # /// Returns an Iterator over all error causes/sources\n# ///\n# /// # Example\n# ///\n# ///\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator {\n# ErrorIter {\n# current: Some(self),\n# }\n# }\n# }\n# # struct ErrorIter<'a> {\n# current: Option<&'a (dyn Error + 'static)>,\n# }\n# # impl<'a> Iterator for ErrorIter<'a> {\n# type Item = &'a (dyn Error + 'static);\n# # #[inline]\n# fn next(&mut self) -> Option {\n# let current = self.current;\n# self.current = self.current.and_then(Error::source);\n# current\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::ops::Deref for ChainError {\n# type Target = T;\n# # #[inline]\n# fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {\n# &self.kind\n# }\n# }\n# # /// Convenience trait to hide the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# pub trait ChainErrorDown {\n# /// Test if of type `ChainError`\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool;\n# /// Downcast to a reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError>;\n# /// Downcast to a mutable reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError>;\n# /// Downcast to T of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T>;\n# /// Downcast to T mutable reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>;\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# TypeId::of::() == TypeId::of::()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError))\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&mut *(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError))\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&(*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError)).kind)\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&mut (*(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError)).kind)\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for &ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for &mut ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Display for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}\", self.kind)?;\n# # #[cfg(feature = \"display-cause\")]\n# {\n# if let Some(e) = self.source() {\n# writeln!(f, \"\\nCaused by:\")?;\n# Display::fmt(&e, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# Ok(())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Debug for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# {\n# if let Some(ref o) = self.occurrence {\n# Display::fmt(o, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# # if self.is_chain::() {\n# Display::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;\n# } else {\n# Debug::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;\n# }\n# # #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-debug-cause\"))]\n# {\n# if let Some(e) = self.source() {\n# writeln!(f, \"\\nCaused by:\")?;\n# Debug::fmt(&e, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# Ok(())\n# }\n# }\n# # /// `ChainErrorFrom` is similar to `From`\n# pub trait ChainErrorFrom: Sized {\n# /// similar to From::from()\n# fn chain_error_from(from: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError;\n# }\n# # /// `IntoChainError` is similar to `Into`\n# pub trait IntoChainError: Sized {\n# /// similar to Into::into()\n# fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError;\n# }\n# # impl IntoChainError for T\n# where\n# U: ChainErrorFrom,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# U::chain_error_from(self, line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorFrom for U\n# where\n# T: Into,\n# U: 'static + Display + Debug,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# let e: U = t.into();\n# ChainError::new(e, None, line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # /*\n# impl ChainErrorFrom for U\n# where\n# T: 'static + Error + Into> + Clone,\n# U: 'static + Display + Debug + From,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# ChainError::new(U::from(t.clone()), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# */\n# # /// map into `ChainError` with `T::from(err)`\n# ///\n# /// adds `line!()` and `file!()` information\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! minto_cherr {\n# ( $k:ident ) => (\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $k::from(&e))\n# );\n# ( $enum:ident $(:: $enum_path:ident)* ) => (\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $enum $(:: $enum_path)*::from(&e))\n# );\n# }\n# # /// Creates a new `ChainError`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// Create a new ChainError, where `FooError` must implement `Display` and `Debug`.\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// enum FooError {\n# /// Bar,\n# /// Baz(&'static str),\n# /// }\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, \"Bar Error\"),\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, \"Baz Error: '{}'\", s),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# ///\n# /// // impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_stuff() -> bool {\n# /// false\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> {\n# /// if ! do_some_stuff() {\n# /// Err(cherr!(FooError::Baz(\"Error\")))?;\n# /// }\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # pub fn main() {\n# /// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() {\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &\"Error\" => {}\n# /// # _ => panic!(),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# ///\n# /// Additionally an error cause can be added.\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// # enum FooError {\n# /// # Bar,\n# /// # Baz(&'static str),\n# /// # }\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, \"Bar Error\"),\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, \"Baz Error: '{}'\", s),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// fn do_some_stuff() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> {\n# /// do_some_stuff().map_err(\n# /// |e| cherr!(e, FooError::Baz(\"Error\"))\n# /// )?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # pub fn main() {\n# /// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() {\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &\"Error\" => {}\n# /// # _ => panic!(),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! cherr {\n# ( $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( None, $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# ( $e:path, $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, Some(Box::from($e)), Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( $e:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro for `|e| cherr!(e, format!(…))`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(\"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# /// # assert_eq!(\n# /// # format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# /// # src/lib.rs:18: func1 error\n# /// # Caused by:\n# /// # src/lib.rs:13: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# /// # Caused by:\n# /// # Kind(NotFound)\n# /// # \"#\n# /// # );\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# ///\n# /// `mstrerr!()` can also be used to map a new `ChainError`, where T was defined with\n# /// `derive_str_cherr!(T)`\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! mstrerr {\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )))\n# });\n# ($msg:expr) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($msg:expr, ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro for `cherr!(T(format!(…)))` where `T(String)`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// Err(strerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! strerr {\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )))\n# });\n# ($msg:expr) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($msg:expr, ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro to create a \"new type\" T(String) and implement Display + Debug for T\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! derive_str_cherr {\n# ($e:ident) => {\n# #[derive(Clone)]\n# pub struct $e(pub String);\n# impl ::std::fmt::Display for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}\", self.0)\n# }\n# }\n# impl ::std::fmt::Debug for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}({})\", stringify!($e), self.0)\n# }\n# }\n# impl ::std::error::Error for $e {}\n# };\n# }\n# # /// Derive an Error for an ErrorKind, which wraps a `ChainError` and implements a `kind()` method\n# ///\n# /// It basically hides `ChainError` to the outside and only exposes the `kind()`\n# /// method.\n# ///\n# /// Error::kind() returns the ErrorKind\n# /// Error::source() returns the parent error\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use std::io;\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io(_f: &str) -> std::result::Result<(), io::Error> {\n# /// return Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound));\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// #[derive(Debug, Clone)]\n# /// pub enum ErrorKind {\n# /// IO(String),\n# /// FatalError(String),\n# /// Unknown,\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind);\n# ///\n# /// impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind {\n# /// fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# /// match self {\n# /// ErrorKind::FatalError(e) => write!(f, \"fatal error {}\", e),\n# /// ErrorKind::Unknown => write!(f, \"unknown error\"),\n# /// ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// impl ErrorKind {\n# /// fn from_io_error(e: &io::Error, f: String) -> Self {\n# /// match e.kind() {\n# /// io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe => panic!(\"Should not happen\"),\n# /// io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset => {\n# /// ErrorKind::FatalError(format!(\"While reading `{}`: {}\", f, e))\n# /// }\n# /// _ => ErrorKind::IO(f),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// impl From<&io::Error> for ErrorKind {\n# /// fn from(e: &io::Error) -> Self {\n# /// ErrorKind::IO(format!(\"{}\", e))\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// pub fn func1() -> std::result::Result<(), Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"bar.txt\";\n# ///\n# /// do_some_io(filename)\n# /// .map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from_io_error(&e, filename.into())))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::IO(filename.into())))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from(&e)))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(minto_cherr!(ErrorKind))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! derive_err_kind {\n# ($e:ident, $k:ident) => {\n# pub struct $e($crate::ChainError<$k>);\n# # impl $e {\n# pub fn kind(&self) -> &$k {\n# self.0.kind()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From<$k> for $e {\n# fn from(e: $k) -> Self {\n# $e($crate::ChainError::new(e, None, None))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From> for $e {\n# fn from(e: $crate::ChainError<$k>) -> Self {\n# $e(e)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From<&$e> for $k\n# where\n# $k: Clone,\n# {\n# fn from(e: &$e) -> Self {\n# e.kind().clone()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl $crate::ChainErrorFrom<$e> for $k\n# where\n# $k: Clone,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(\n# t: $e,\n# line_filename: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> $crate::ChainError<$k> {\n# $crate::ChainError::new((*t.kind()).clone(), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::error::Error for $e {\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> {\n# self.0.source()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::fmt::Display for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::fmt::Debug for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.0, f)\n# }\n# }\n# };\n# }\n# } If you compare the output to the previous example, you will see, that: Error: src/main.rs:19: \"func1 error\" changed to just: src/main.rs:16: \"func1 error\" This is, because we caught the error of func1() in main() and print it out ourselves. We can now control, whether to output in Debug or Display mode. Maybe depending on --debug as a CLI argument.","breadcrumbs":"Mapping Errors","id":"6","title":"Mapping Errors"},"7":{"body":"Because decorating an error with more information should not let you jump through hoops, chainerror has a quick macro for that. mstrerror!() fits right into .map_err() letting you quickly add more debug strings. mstrerror!() even understands format!() syntax like println!(). use chainerror::*;\nuse std::error::Error;\nuse std::io;\nuse std::result::Result; fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(())\n} fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> { let filename = \"foo.txt\"; do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?; Ok(())\n} fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> { func2().map_err(mstrerr!(\"func1 error\"))?; Ok(())\n} fn main() -> Result<(), Box> { if let Err(e) = func1() { eprintln!(\"{:?}\", e); } Ok(())\n}\n# #[allow(dead_code)]\n# mod chainerror {\n# //! `chainerror` provides an error backtrace without doing a real backtrace, so even after you `strip` your\n# //! binaries, you still have the error backtrace.\n# //!\n# //! `chainerror` has no dependencies!\n# //!\n# //! `chainerror` uses `.source()` of `std::error::Error` along with `line()!` and `file()!` to provide a nice debug error backtrace.\n# //! It encapsulates all types, which have `Display + Debug` and can store the error cause internally.\n# //!\n# //! Along with the `ChainError` struct, `chainerror` comes with some useful helper macros to save a lot of typing.\n# //!\n# //! ## Features\n# //!\n# //! `no-fileline`\n# //! : completely turn off storing filename and line\n# //!\n# //! `display-cause`\n# //! : turn on printing a backtrace of the errors in `Display`\n# //!\n# //! `no-debug-cause`\n# //! : turn off printing a backtrace of the errors in `Debug`\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! # Tutorial\n# //!\n# //! Read the [Tutorial](https://haraldh.github.io/chainerror/tutorial1.html)\n# //!\n# //! # Examples\n# //!\n# //! ```rust\n# //! use chainerror::*;\n# //! use std::error::Error;\n# //! use std::io;\n# //! use std::result::Result;\n# //!\n# //! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! func2().map_err(mstrerr!(\"func1 error\"))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn main() {\n# //! if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# //! #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# //! assert_eq!(\n# //! format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# //! src/lib.rs:20: func1 error\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! Kind(NotFound)\n# //! \"#\n# //! );\n# //! }\n# //! # else {\n# //! # unreachable!();\n# //! # }\n# //! }\n# //! ```\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! ```rust\n# //! use chainerror::*;\n# //! use std::error::Error;\n# //! use std::io;\n# //! use std::result::Result;\n# //!\n# //! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func3() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# //!\n# //! fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# //! func3().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"func2 error: calling func3\"))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! enum Func1Error {\n# //! Func2,\n# //! IO(String),\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1Error {\n# //! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# //! match self {\n# //! Func1Error::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"),\n# //! Func1Error::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Func1Error {\n# //! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# //! write!(f, \"{}\", self)\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1Error> {\n# //! func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::Func2))?;\n# //! let filename = String::from(\"bar.txt\");\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::IO(filename)))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn main() {\n# //! if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# //! assert!(\n# //! match e.kind() {\n# //! Func1Error::Func2 => {\n# //! eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2\");\n# //! true\n# //! }\n# //! Func1Error::IO(filename) => {\n# //! eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'\", filename);\n# //! false\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //! );\n# //!\n# //! assert!(e.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# //!\n# //! if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::() {\n# //! eprintln!(\"\\nError reported by Func2Error: {}\", e)\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! assert!(e.root_cause().is_some());\n# //!\n# //! if let Some(e) = e.root_cause() {\n# //! let io_error = e.downcast_ref::().unwrap();\n# //! eprintln!(\"\\nThe root cause was: std::io::Error: {:#?}\", io_error);\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# //! assert_eq!(\n# //! format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# //! src/lib.rs:47: func1 error calling func2\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:22: Func2Error(func2 error: calling func3)\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! Kind(NotFound)\n# //! \"#\n# //! );\n# //! }\n# //! # else {\n# //! # unreachable!();\n# //! # }\n# //! }\n# //! ```\n# # #![deny(\n# warnings,\n# absolute_paths_not_starting_with_crate,\n# deprecated_in_future,\n# keyword_idents,\n# macro_use_extern_crate,\n# missing_debug_implementations,\n# trivial_numeric_casts,\n# unused_extern_crates,\n# unused_import_braces,\n# unused_qualifications,\n# unused_results,\n# unused_labels,\n# unused_lifetimes,\n# unstable_features,\n# unreachable_pub,\n# future_incompatible,\n# missing_copy_implementations,\n# missing_doc_code_examples,\n# rust_2018_idioms,\n# rust_2018_compatibility\n# )]\n# # use std::any::TypeId;\n# use std::error::Error;\n# use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter, Result};\n# # /// chains an inner error kind `T` with a causing error\n# pub struct ChainError {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# }\n# # /// convenience type alias\n# pub type ChainResult = std::result::Result>;\n# # impl ChainError {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn new(\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> Self {\n# Self {\n# occurrence,\n# kind,\n# error_cause,\n# }\n# }\n# # #[cfg(feature = \"no-fileline\")]\n# /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn new(\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# _occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> Self {\n# Self { kind, error_cause }\n# }\n# # /// return the root cause of the error chain, if any exists\n# pub fn root_cause(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.iter().last()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type U, if any exists\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# /// use std::error::Error;\n# /// use std::io;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn main() {\n# /// if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# ///\n# /// assert!(f1err.find_cause::().is_some());\n# ///\n# /// assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_cause(&self) -> Option<&U> {\n# self.iter().filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::).next()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError`, if any exists\n# ///\n# /// Same as `find_cause`, but hides the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooError);\n# /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);\n# /// // Instead of writing\n# /// err.find_cause::>();\n# ///\n# /// // leave out the ChainError implementation detail\n# /// err.find_chain_cause::();\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_chain_cause(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.iter()\n# .filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::>)\n# .next()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError` or `U`, if any exists and return `U`\n# ///\n# /// Same as `find_cause` and `find_chain_cause`, but hides the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooErrorKind);\n# /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);\n# /// // Instead of writing\n# /// err.find_cause::>();\n# /// // and/or\n# /// err.find_chain_cause::();\n# /// // and/or\n# /// err.find_cause::();\n# ///\n# /// // leave out the ChainError implementation detail\n# /// err.find_kind_or_cause::();\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_kind_or_cause(&self) -> Option<&U> {\n# self.iter()\n# .filter_map(|e| {\n# e.downcast_ref::>()\n# .map(|e| e.kind())\n# .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::())\n# })\n# .next()\n# }\n# # /// Return a reference to T of `ChainError`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# /// use std::error::Error;\n# /// use std::io;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// enum Func1ErrorKind {\n# /// Func2,\n# /// IO(String),\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// /// impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {…}\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"),\n# /// # Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> {\n# /// func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::Func2))?;\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::IO(\"bar.txt\".into())))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn main() {\n# /// if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// match e.kind() {\n# /// Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => {}\n# /// Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => panic!(),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn kind(&self) -> &T {\n# &self.kind\n# }\n# # /// Returns an Iterator over all error causes/sources\n# ///\n# /// # Example\n# ///\n# ///\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator {\n# ErrorIter {\n# current: Some(self),\n# }\n# }\n# }\n# # struct ErrorIter<'a> {\n# current: Option<&'a (dyn Error + 'static)>,\n# }\n# # impl<'a> Iterator for ErrorIter<'a> {\n# type Item = &'a (dyn Error + 'static);\n# # #[inline]\n# fn next(&mut self) -> Option {\n# let current = self.current;\n# self.current = self.current.and_then(Error::source);\n# current\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::ops::Deref for ChainError {\n# type Target = T;\n# # #[inline]\n# fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {\n# &self.kind\n# }\n# }\n# # /// Convenience trait to hide the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# pub trait ChainErrorDown {\n# /// Test if of type `ChainError`\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool;\n# /// Downcast to a reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError>;\n# /// Downcast to a mutable reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError>;\n# /// Downcast to T of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T>;\n# /// Downcast to T mutable reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>;\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# TypeId::of::() == TypeId::of::()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError))\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&mut *(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError))\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&(*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError)).kind)\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&mut (*(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError)).kind)\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for &ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for &mut ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Display for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}\", self.kind)?;\n# # #[cfg(feature = \"display-cause\")]\n# {\n# if let Some(e) = self.source() {\n# writeln!(f, \"\\nCaused by:\")?;\n# Display::fmt(&e, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# Ok(())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Debug for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# {\n# if let Some(ref o) = self.occurrence {\n# Display::fmt(o, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# # if self.is_chain::() {\n# Display::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;\n# } else {\n# Debug::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;\n# }\n# # #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-debug-cause\"))]\n# {\n# if let Some(e) = self.source() {\n# writeln!(f, \"\\nCaused by:\")?;\n# Debug::fmt(&e, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# Ok(())\n# }\n# }\n# # /// `ChainErrorFrom` is similar to `From`\n# pub trait ChainErrorFrom: Sized {\n# /// similar to From::from()\n# fn chain_error_from(from: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError;\n# }\n# # /// `IntoChainError` is similar to `Into`\n# pub trait IntoChainError: Sized {\n# /// similar to Into::into()\n# fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError;\n# }\n# # impl IntoChainError for T\n# where\n# U: ChainErrorFrom,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# U::chain_error_from(self, line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorFrom for U\n# where\n# T: Into,\n# U: 'static + Display + Debug,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# let e: U = t.into();\n# ChainError::new(e, None, line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # /*\n# impl ChainErrorFrom for U\n# where\n# T: 'static + Error + Into> + Clone,\n# U: 'static + Display + Debug + From,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# ChainError::new(U::from(t.clone()), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# */\n# # /// map into `ChainError` with `T::from(err)`\n# ///\n# /// adds `line!()` and `file!()` information\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! minto_cherr {\n# ( $k:ident ) => (\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $k::from(&e))\n# );\n# ( $enum:ident $(:: $enum_path:ident)* ) => (\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $enum $(:: $enum_path)*::from(&e))\n# );\n# }\n# # /// Creates a new `ChainError`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// Create a new ChainError, where `FooError` must implement `Display` and `Debug`.\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// enum FooError {\n# /// Bar,\n# /// Baz(&'static str),\n# /// }\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, \"Bar Error\"),\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, \"Baz Error: '{}'\", s),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# ///\n# /// // impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_stuff() -> bool {\n# /// false\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> {\n# /// if ! do_some_stuff() {\n# /// Err(cherr!(FooError::Baz(\"Error\")))?;\n# /// }\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # pub fn main() {\n# /// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() {\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &\"Error\" => {}\n# /// # _ => panic!(),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# ///\n# /// Additionally an error cause can be added.\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// # enum FooError {\n# /// # Bar,\n# /// # Baz(&'static str),\n# /// # }\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, \"Bar Error\"),\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, \"Baz Error: '{}'\", s),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// fn do_some_stuff() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> {\n# /// do_some_stuff().map_err(\n# /// |e| cherr!(e, FooError::Baz(\"Error\"))\n# /// )?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # pub fn main() {\n# /// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() {\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &\"Error\" => {}\n# /// # _ => panic!(),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! cherr {\n# ( $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( None, $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# ( $e:path, $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, Some(Box::from($e)), Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( $e:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro for `|e| cherr!(e, format!(…))`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(\"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# /// # assert_eq!(\n# /// # format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# /// # src/lib.rs:18: func1 error\n# /// # Caused by:\n# /// # src/lib.rs:13: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# /// # Caused by:\n# /// # Kind(NotFound)\n# /// # \"#\n# /// # );\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# ///\n# /// `mstrerr!()` can also be used to map a new `ChainError`, where T was defined with\n# /// `derive_str_cherr!(T)`\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! mstrerr {\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )))\n# });\n# ($msg:expr) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($msg:expr, ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro for `cherr!(T(format!(…)))` where `T(String)`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// Err(strerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! strerr {\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )))\n# });\n# ($msg:expr) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($msg:expr, ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro to create a \"new type\" T(String) and implement Display + Debug for T\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! derive_str_cherr {\n# ($e:ident) => {\n# #[derive(Clone)]\n# pub struct $e(pub String);\n# impl ::std::fmt::Display for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}\", self.0)\n# }\n# }\n# impl ::std::fmt::Debug for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}({})\", stringify!($e), self.0)\n# }\n# }\n# impl ::std::error::Error for $e {}\n# };\n# }\n# # /// Derive an Error for an ErrorKind, which wraps a `ChainError` and implements a `kind()` method\n# ///\n# /// It basically hides `ChainError` to the outside and only exposes the `kind()`\n# /// method.\n# ///\n# /// Error::kind() returns the ErrorKind\n# /// Error::source() returns the parent error\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use std::io;\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io(_f: &str) -> std::result::Result<(), io::Error> {\n# /// return Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound));\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// #[derive(Debug, Clone)]\n# /// pub enum ErrorKind {\n# /// IO(String),\n# /// FatalError(String),\n# /// Unknown,\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind);\n# ///\n# /// impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind {\n# /// fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# /// match self {\n# /// ErrorKind::FatalError(e) => write!(f, \"fatal error {}\", e),\n# /// ErrorKind::Unknown => write!(f, \"unknown error\"),\n# /// ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// impl ErrorKind {\n# /// fn from_io_error(e: &io::Error, f: String) -> Self {\n# /// match e.kind() {\n# /// io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe => panic!(\"Should not happen\"),\n# /// io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset => {\n# /// ErrorKind::FatalError(format!(\"While reading `{}`: {}\", f, e))\n# /// }\n# /// _ => ErrorKind::IO(f),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// impl From<&io::Error> for ErrorKind {\n# /// fn from(e: &io::Error) -> Self {\n# /// ErrorKind::IO(format!(\"{}\", e))\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// pub fn func1() -> std::result::Result<(), Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"bar.txt\";\n# ///\n# /// do_some_io(filename)\n# /// .map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from_io_error(&e, filename.into())))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::IO(filename.into())))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from(&e)))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(minto_cherr!(ErrorKind))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! derive_err_kind {\n# ($e:ident, $k:ident) => {\n# pub struct $e($crate::ChainError<$k>);\n# # impl $e {\n# pub fn kind(&self) -> &$k {\n# self.0.kind()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From<$k> for $e {\n# fn from(e: $k) -> Self {\n# $e($crate::ChainError::new(e, None, None))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From> for $e {\n# fn from(e: $crate::ChainError<$k>) -> Self {\n# $e(e)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From<&$e> for $k\n# where\n# $k: Clone,\n# {\n# fn from(e: &$e) -> Self {\n# e.kind().clone()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl $crate::ChainErrorFrom<$e> for $k\n# where\n# $k: Clone,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(\n# t: $e,\n# line_filename: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> $crate::ChainError<$k> {\n# $crate::ChainError::new((*t.kind()).clone(), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::error::Error for $e {\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> {\n# self.0.source()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::fmt::Display for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::fmt::Debug for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.0, f)\n# }\n# }\n# };\n# }\n# }","breadcrumbs":"Saving coding chars","id":"7","title":"Saving coding chars"},"8":{"body":"Sometimes you want to inspect the source() of an Error. chainerror implements std::error::Error::source(), so you can get the cause of an error. use chainerror::*;\nuse std::error::Error;\nuse std::io;\nuse std::result::Result; fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(())\n} fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> { let filename = \"foo.txt\"; do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?; Ok(())\n} fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> { if let Err(e) = func2() { if let Some(s) = e.source() { eprintln!(\"func2 failed because of '{}'\", s); Err(e).map_err(mstrerr!(\"func1 error\"))?; } } Ok(())\n} fn main() -> Result<(), Box> { if let Err(e) = func1() { eprintln!(\"{}\", e); } Ok(())\n}\n# #[allow(dead_code)]\n# mod chainerror {\n# //! `chainerror` provides an error backtrace without doing a real backtrace, so even after you `strip` your\n# //! binaries, you still have the error backtrace.\n# //!\n# //! `chainerror` has no dependencies!\n# //!\n# //! `chainerror` uses `.source()` of `std::error::Error` along with `line()!` and `file()!` to provide a nice debug error backtrace.\n# //! It encapsulates all types, which have `Display + Debug` and can store the error cause internally.\n# //!\n# //! Along with the `ChainError` struct, `chainerror` comes with some useful helper macros to save a lot of typing.\n# //!\n# //! ## Features\n# //!\n# //! `no-fileline`\n# //! : completely turn off storing filename and line\n# //!\n# //! `display-cause`\n# //! : turn on printing a backtrace of the errors in `Display`\n# //!\n# //! `no-debug-cause`\n# //! : turn off printing a backtrace of the errors in `Debug`\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! # Tutorial\n# //!\n# //! Read the [Tutorial](https://haraldh.github.io/chainerror/tutorial1.html)\n# //!\n# //! # Examples\n# //!\n# //! ```rust\n# //! use chainerror::*;\n# //! use std::error::Error;\n# //! use std::io;\n# //! use std::result::Result;\n# //!\n# //! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! func2().map_err(mstrerr!(\"func1 error\"))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn main() {\n# //! if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# //! #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# //! assert_eq!(\n# //! format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# //! src/lib.rs:20: func1 error\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! Kind(NotFound)\n# //! \"#\n# //! );\n# //! }\n# //! # else {\n# //! # unreachable!();\n# //! # }\n# //! }\n# //! ```\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! ```rust\n# //! use chainerror::*;\n# //! use std::error::Error;\n# //! use std::io;\n# //! use std::result::Result;\n# //!\n# //! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func3() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# //!\n# //! fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# //! func3().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"func2 error: calling func3\"))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! enum Func1Error {\n# //! Func2,\n# //! IO(String),\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1Error {\n# //! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# //! match self {\n# //! Func1Error::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"),\n# //! Func1Error::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Func1Error {\n# //! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# //! write!(f, \"{}\", self)\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1Error> {\n# //! func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::Func2))?;\n# //! let filename = String::from(\"bar.txt\");\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::IO(filename)))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn main() {\n# //! if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# //! assert!(\n# //! match e.kind() {\n# //! Func1Error::Func2 => {\n# //! eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2\");\n# //! true\n# //! }\n# //! Func1Error::IO(filename) => {\n# //! eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'\", filename);\n# //! false\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //! );\n# //!\n# //! assert!(e.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# //!\n# //! if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::() {\n# //! eprintln!(\"\\nError reported by Func2Error: {}\", e)\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! assert!(e.root_cause().is_some());\n# //!\n# //! if let Some(e) = e.root_cause() {\n# //! let io_error = e.downcast_ref::().unwrap();\n# //! eprintln!(\"\\nThe root cause was: std::io::Error: {:#?}\", io_error);\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# //! assert_eq!(\n# //! format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# //! src/lib.rs:47: func1 error calling func2\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:22: Func2Error(func2 error: calling func3)\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! Kind(NotFound)\n# //! \"#\n# //! );\n# //! }\n# //! # else {\n# //! # unreachable!();\n# //! # }\n# //! }\n# //! ```\n# # #![deny(\n# warnings,\n# absolute_paths_not_starting_with_crate,\n# deprecated_in_future,\n# keyword_idents,\n# macro_use_extern_crate,\n# missing_debug_implementations,\n# trivial_numeric_casts,\n# unused_extern_crates,\n# unused_import_braces,\n# unused_qualifications,\n# unused_results,\n# unused_labels,\n# unused_lifetimes,\n# unstable_features,\n# unreachable_pub,\n# future_incompatible,\n# missing_copy_implementations,\n# missing_doc_code_examples,\n# rust_2018_idioms,\n# rust_2018_compatibility\n# )]\n# # use std::any::TypeId;\n# use std::error::Error;\n# use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter, Result};\n# # /// chains an inner error kind `T` with a causing error\n# pub struct ChainError {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# }\n# # /// convenience type alias\n# pub type ChainResult = std::result::Result>;\n# # impl ChainError {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn new(\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> Self {\n# Self {\n# occurrence,\n# kind,\n# error_cause,\n# }\n# }\n# # #[cfg(feature = \"no-fileline\")]\n# /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn new(\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# _occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> Self {\n# Self { kind, error_cause }\n# }\n# # /// return the root cause of the error chain, if any exists\n# pub fn root_cause(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.iter().last()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type U, if any exists\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# /// use std::error::Error;\n# /// use std::io;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn main() {\n# /// if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# ///\n# /// assert!(f1err.find_cause::().is_some());\n# ///\n# /// assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_cause(&self) -> Option<&U> {\n# self.iter().filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::).next()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError`, if any exists\n# ///\n# /// Same as `find_cause`, but hides the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooError);\n# /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);\n# /// // Instead of writing\n# /// err.find_cause::>();\n# ///\n# /// // leave out the ChainError implementation detail\n# /// err.find_chain_cause::();\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_chain_cause(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.iter()\n# .filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::>)\n# .next()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError` or `U`, if any exists and return `U`\n# ///\n# /// Same as `find_cause` and `find_chain_cause`, but hides the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooErrorKind);\n# /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);\n# /// // Instead of writing\n# /// err.find_cause::>();\n# /// // and/or\n# /// err.find_chain_cause::();\n# /// // and/or\n# /// err.find_cause::();\n# ///\n# /// // leave out the ChainError implementation detail\n# /// err.find_kind_or_cause::();\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_kind_or_cause(&self) -> Option<&U> {\n# self.iter()\n# .filter_map(|e| {\n# e.downcast_ref::>()\n# .map(|e| e.kind())\n# .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::())\n# })\n# .next()\n# }\n# # /// Return a reference to T of `ChainError`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# /// use std::error::Error;\n# /// use std::io;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// enum Func1ErrorKind {\n# /// Func2,\n# /// IO(String),\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// /// impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {…}\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"),\n# /// # Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> {\n# /// func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::Func2))?;\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::IO(\"bar.txt\".into())))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn main() {\n# /// if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// match e.kind() {\n# /// Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => {}\n# /// Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => panic!(),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn kind(&self) -> &T {\n# &self.kind\n# }\n# # /// Returns an Iterator over all error causes/sources\n# ///\n# /// # Example\n# ///\n# ///\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator {\n# ErrorIter {\n# current: Some(self),\n# }\n# }\n# }\n# # struct ErrorIter<'a> {\n# current: Option<&'a (dyn Error + 'static)>,\n# }\n# # impl<'a> Iterator for ErrorIter<'a> {\n# type Item = &'a (dyn Error + 'static);\n# # #[inline]\n# fn next(&mut self) -> Option {\n# let current = self.current;\n# self.current = self.current.and_then(Error::source);\n# current\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::ops::Deref for ChainError {\n# type Target = T;\n# # #[inline]\n# fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {\n# &self.kind\n# }\n# }\n# # /// Convenience trait to hide the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# pub trait ChainErrorDown {\n# /// Test if of type `ChainError`\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool;\n# /// Downcast to a reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError>;\n# /// Downcast to a mutable reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError>;\n# /// Downcast to T of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T>;\n# /// Downcast to T mutable reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>;\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# TypeId::of::() == TypeId::of::()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError))\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&mut *(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError))\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&(*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError)).kind)\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&mut (*(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError)).kind)\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for &ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for &mut ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Display for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}\", self.kind)?;\n# # #[cfg(feature = \"display-cause\")]\n# {\n# if let Some(e) = self.source() {\n# writeln!(f, \"\\nCaused by:\")?;\n# Display::fmt(&e, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# Ok(())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Debug for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# {\n# if let Some(ref o) = self.occurrence {\n# Display::fmt(o, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# # if self.is_chain::() {\n# Display::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;\n# } else {\n# Debug::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;\n# }\n# # #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-debug-cause\"))]\n# {\n# if let Some(e) = self.source() {\n# writeln!(f, \"\\nCaused by:\")?;\n# Debug::fmt(&e, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# Ok(())\n# }\n# }\n# # /// `ChainErrorFrom` is similar to `From`\n# pub trait ChainErrorFrom: Sized {\n# /// similar to From::from()\n# fn chain_error_from(from: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError;\n# }\n# # /// `IntoChainError` is similar to `Into`\n# pub trait IntoChainError: Sized {\n# /// similar to Into::into()\n# fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError;\n# }\n# # impl IntoChainError for T\n# where\n# U: ChainErrorFrom,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# U::chain_error_from(self, line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorFrom for U\n# where\n# T: Into,\n# U: 'static + Display + Debug,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# let e: U = t.into();\n# ChainError::new(e, None, line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # /*\n# impl ChainErrorFrom for U\n# where\n# T: 'static + Error + Into> + Clone,\n# U: 'static + Display + Debug + From,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# ChainError::new(U::from(t.clone()), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# */\n# # /// map into `ChainError` with `T::from(err)`\n# ///\n# /// adds `line!()` and `file!()` information\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! minto_cherr {\n# ( $k:ident ) => (\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $k::from(&e))\n# );\n# ( $enum:ident $(:: $enum_path:ident)* ) => (\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $enum $(:: $enum_path)*::from(&e))\n# );\n# }\n# # /// Creates a new `ChainError`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// Create a new ChainError, where `FooError` must implement `Display` and `Debug`.\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// enum FooError {\n# /// Bar,\n# /// Baz(&'static str),\n# /// }\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, \"Bar Error\"),\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, \"Baz Error: '{}'\", s),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# ///\n# /// // impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_stuff() -> bool {\n# /// false\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> {\n# /// if ! do_some_stuff() {\n# /// Err(cherr!(FooError::Baz(\"Error\")))?;\n# /// }\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # pub fn main() {\n# /// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() {\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &\"Error\" => {}\n# /// # _ => panic!(),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# ///\n# /// Additionally an error cause can be added.\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// # enum FooError {\n# /// # Bar,\n# /// # Baz(&'static str),\n# /// # }\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, \"Bar Error\"),\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, \"Baz Error: '{}'\", s),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// fn do_some_stuff() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> {\n# /// do_some_stuff().map_err(\n# /// |e| cherr!(e, FooError::Baz(\"Error\"))\n# /// )?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # pub fn main() {\n# /// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() {\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &\"Error\" => {}\n# /// # _ => panic!(),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! cherr {\n# ( $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( None, $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# ( $e:path, $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, Some(Box::from($e)), Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( $e:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro for `|e| cherr!(e, format!(…))`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(\"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# /// # assert_eq!(\n# /// # format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# /// # src/lib.rs:18: func1 error\n# /// # Caused by:\n# /// # src/lib.rs:13: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# /// # Caused by:\n# /// # Kind(NotFound)\n# /// # \"#\n# /// # );\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# ///\n# /// `mstrerr!()` can also be used to map a new `ChainError`, where T was defined with\n# /// `derive_str_cherr!(T)`\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! mstrerr {\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )))\n# });\n# ($msg:expr) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($msg:expr, ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro for `cherr!(T(format!(…)))` where `T(String)`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// Err(strerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! strerr {\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )))\n# });\n# ($msg:expr) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($msg:expr, ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro to create a \"new type\" T(String) and implement Display + Debug for T\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! derive_str_cherr {\n# ($e:ident) => {\n# #[derive(Clone)]\n# pub struct $e(pub String);\n# impl ::std::fmt::Display for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}\", self.0)\n# }\n# }\n# impl ::std::fmt::Debug for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}({})\", stringify!($e), self.0)\n# }\n# }\n# impl ::std::error::Error for $e {}\n# };\n# }\n# # /// Derive an Error for an ErrorKind, which wraps a `ChainError` and implements a `kind()` method\n# ///\n# /// It basically hides `ChainError` to the outside and only exposes the `kind()`\n# /// method.\n# ///\n# /// Error::kind() returns the ErrorKind\n# /// Error::source() returns the parent error\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use std::io;\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io(_f: &str) -> std::result::Result<(), io::Error> {\n# /// return Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound));\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// #[derive(Debug, Clone)]\n# /// pub enum ErrorKind {\n# /// IO(String),\n# /// FatalError(String),\n# /// Unknown,\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind);\n# ///\n# /// impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind {\n# /// fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# /// match self {\n# /// ErrorKind::FatalError(e) => write!(f, \"fatal error {}\", e),\n# /// ErrorKind::Unknown => write!(f, \"unknown error\"),\n# /// ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// impl ErrorKind {\n# /// fn from_io_error(e: &io::Error, f: String) -> Self {\n# /// match e.kind() {\n# /// io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe => panic!(\"Should not happen\"),\n# /// io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset => {\n# /// ErrorKind::FatalError(format!(\"While reading `{}`: {}\", f, e))\n# /// }\n# /// _ => ErrorKind::IO(f),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// impl From<&io::Error> for ErrorKind {\n# /// fn from(e: &io::Error) -> Self {\n# /// ErrorKind::IO(format!(\"{}\", e))\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// pub fn func1() -> std::result::Result<(), Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"bar.txt\";\n# ///\n# /// do_some_io(filename)\n# /// .map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from_io_error(&e, filename.into())))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::IO(filename.into())))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from(&e)))?;\n# /// do_some_io(filename).map_err(minto_cherr!(ErrorKind))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! derive_err_kind {\n# ($e:ident, $k:ident) => {\n# pub struct $e($crate::ChainError<$k>);\n# # impl $e {\n# pub fn kind(&self) -> &$k {\n# self.0.kind()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From<$k> for $e {\n# fn from(e: $k) -> Self {\n# $e($crate::ChainError::new(e, None, None))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From> for $e {\n# fn from(e: $crate::ChainError<$k>) -> Self {\n# $e(e)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl From<&$e> for $k\n# where\n# $k: Clone,\n# {\n# fn from(e: &$e) -> Self {\n# e.kind().clone()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl $crate::ChainErrorFrom<$e> for $k\n# where\n# $k: Clone,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(\n# t: $e,\n# line_filename: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> $crate::ChainError<$k> {\n# $crate::ChainError::new((*t.kind()).clone(), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::error::Error for $e {\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> {\n# self.0.source()\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::fmt::Display for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::fmt::Debug for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.0, f)\n# }\n# }\n# };\n# }\n# } Note, that because we changed the output of the error in main() from Debug to Display, we don't see the error backtrace with filename and line number. To enable the Display backtrace, you have to enable the feature display-cause for chainerror.","breadcrumbs":"The source() of Errors","id":"8","title":"The source() of Errors"},"9":{"body":"std::error::Error comes with some helper methods to get to the original object of the &(dyn Error + 'static) returned by .source(). pub fn downcast_ref(&self) -> Option<&T>\npub fn downcast_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> This is how it looks like, when using those: use chainerror::*;\nuse std::error::Error;\nuse std::io;\nuse std::result::Result; fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(())\n} fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> { let filename = \"foo.txt\"; do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?; Ok(())\n} fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> { func2().map_err(mstrerr!(\"func1 error\"))?; Ok(())\n} fn main() -> Result<(), Box> { if let Err(e) = func1() { eprintln!(\"Error: {}\", e); let mut s: &(dyn Error) = e.as_ref(); while let Some(c) = s.source() { if let Some(ioerror) = c.downcast_ref::() { eprintln!(\"caused by: std::io::Error: {}\", ioerror); match ioerror.kind() { io::ErrorKind::NotFound => eprintln!(\"of kind: std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound\"), _ => {} } } else { eprintln!(\"caused by: {}\", c); } s = c; } } Ok(())\n}\n# #[allow(dead_code)]\n# mod chainerror {\n# //! `chainerror` provides an error backtrace without doing a real backtrace, so even after you `strip` your\n# //! binaries, you still have the error backtrace.\n# //!\n# //! `chainerror` has no dependencies!\n# //!\n# //! `chainerror` uses `.source()` of `std::error::Error` along with `line()!` and `file()!` to provide a nice debug error backtrace.\n# //! It encapsulates all types, which have `Display + Debug` and can store the error cause internally.\n# //!\n# //! Along with the `ChainError` struct, `chainerror` comes with some useful helper macros to save a lot of typing.\n# //!\n# //! ## Features\n# //!\n# //! `no-fileline`\n# //! : completely turn off storing filename and line\n# //!\n# //! `display-cause`\n# //! : turn on printing a backtrace of the errors in `Display`\n# //!\n# //! `no-debug-cause`\n# //! : turn off printing a backtrace of the errors in `Debug`\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! # Tutorial\n# //!\n# //! Read the [Tutorial](https://haraldh.github.io/chainerror/tutorial1.html)\n# //!\n# //! # Examples\n# //!\n# //! ```rust\n# //! use chainerror::*;\n# //! use std::error::Error;\n# //! use std::io;\n# //! use std::result::Result;\n# //!\n# //! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! func2().map_err(mstrerr!(\"func1 error\"))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn main() {\n# //! if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# //! #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# //! assert_eq!(\n# //! format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# //! src/lib.rs:20: func1 error\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! Kind(NotFound)\n# //! \"#\n# //! );\n# //! }\n# //! # else {\n# //! # unreachable!();\n# //! # }\n# //! }\n# //! ```\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! ```rust\n# //! use chainerror::*;\n# //! use std::error::Error;\n# //! use std::io;\n# //! use std::result::Result;\n# //!\n# //! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func3() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# //! let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# //!\n# //! fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# //! func3().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"func2 error: calling func3\"))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! enum Func1Error {\n# //! Func2,\n# //! IO(String),\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1Error {\n# //! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# //! match self {\n# //! Func1Error::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"),\n# //! Func1Error::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Func1Error {\n# //! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# //! write!(f, \"{}\", self)\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1Error> {\n# //! func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::Func2))?;\n# //! let filename = String::from(\"bar.txt\");\n# //! do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::IO(filename)))?;\n# //! Ok(())\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! fn main() {\n# //! if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# //! assert!(\n# //! match e.kind() {\n# //! Func1Error::Func2 => {\n# //! eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2\");\n# //! true\n# //! }\n# //! Func1Error::IO(filename) => {\n# //! eprintln!(\"Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'\", filename);\n# //! false\n# //! }\n# //! }\n# //! );\n# //!\n# //! assert!(e.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# //!\n# //! if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::() {\n# //! eprintln!(\"\\nError reported by Func2Error: {}\", e)\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //!\n# //! assert!(e.root_cause().is_some());\n# //!\n# //! if let Some(e) = e.root_cause() {\n# //! let io_error = e.downcast_ref::().unwrap();\n# //! eprintln!(\"\\nThe root cause was: std::io::Error: {:#?}\", io_error);\n# //! }\n# //!\n# //! #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# //! assert_eq!(\n# //! format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# //! src/lib.rs:47: func1 error calling func2\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:22: Func2Error(func2 error: calling func3)\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# //! Caused by:\n# //! Kind(NotFound)\n# //! \"#\n# //! );\n# //! }\n# //! # else {\n# //! # unreachable!();\n# //! # }\n# //! }\n# //! ```\n# # #![deny(\n# warnings,\n# absolute_paths_not_starting_with_crate,\n# deprecated_in_future,\n# keyword_idents,\n# macro_use_extern_crate,\n# missing_debug_implementations,\n# trivial_numeric_casts,\n# unused_extern_crates,\n# unused_import_braces,\n# unused_qualifications,\n# unused_results,\n# unused_labels,\n# unused_lifetimes,\n# unstable_features,\n# unreachable_pub,\n# future_incompatible,\n# missing_copy_implementations,\n# missing_doc_code_examples,\n# rust_2018_idioms,\n# rust_2018_compatibility\n# )]\n# # use std::any::TypeId;\n# use std::error::Error;\n# use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter, Result};\n# # /// chains an inner error kind `T` with a causing error\n# pub struct ChainError {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# }\n# # /// convenience type alias\n# pub type ChainResult = std::result::Result>;\n# # impl ChainError {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn new(\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> Self {\n# Self {\n# occurrence,\n# kind,\n# error_cause,\n# }\n# }\n# # #[cfg(feature = \"no-fileline\")]\n# /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn new(\n# kind: T,\n# error_cause: Option>,\n# _occurrence: Option<&'static str>,\n# ) -> Self {\n# Self { kind, error_cause }\n# }\n# # /// return the root cause of the error chain, if any exists\n# pub fn root_cause(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.iter().last()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type U, if any exists\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# /// use std::error::Error;\n# /// use std::io;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn main() {\n# /// if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# ///\n# /// assert!(f1err.find_cause::().is_some());\n# ///\n# /// assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_cause(&self) -> Option<&U> {\n# self.iter().filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::).next()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError`, if any exists\n# ///\n# /// Same as `find_cause`, but hides the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooError);\n# /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);\n# /// // Instead of writing\n# /// err.find_cause::>();\n# ///\n# /// // leave out the ChainError implementation detail\n# /// err.find_chain_cause::();\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_chain_cause(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.iter()\n# .filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::>)\n# .next()\n# }\n# # /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError` or `U`, if any exists and return `U`\n# ///\n# /// Same as `find_cause` and `find_chain_cause`, but hides the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooErrorKind);\n# /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);\n# /// // Instead of writing\n# /// err.find_cause::>();\n# /// // and/or\n# /// err.find_chain_cause::();\n# /// // and/or\n# /// err.find_cause::();\n# ///\n# /// // leave out the ChainError implementation detail\n# /// err.find_kind_or_cause::();\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn find_kind_or_cause(&self) -> Option<&U> {\n# self.iter()\n# .filter_map(|e| {\n# e.downcast_ref::>()\n# .map(|e| e.kind())\n# .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::())\n# })\n# .next()\n# }\n# # /// Return a reference to T of `ChainError`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# /// use std::error::Error;\n# /// use std::io;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// enum Func1ErrorKind {\n# /// Func2,\n# /// IO(String),\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// /// impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {…}\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, \"func1 error calling func2\"),\n# /// # Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> {\n# /// func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::Func2))?;\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::IO(\"bar.txt\".into())))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn main() {\n# /// if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// match e.kind() {\n# /// Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => {}\n# /// Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => panic!(),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// # else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// }\n# /// ```\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn kind(&self) -> &T {\n# &self.kind\n# }\n# # /// Returns an Iterator over all error causes/sources\n# ///\n# /// # Example\n# ///\n# ///\n# #[inline]\n# pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator {\n# ErrorIter {\n# current: Some(self),\n# }\n# }\n# }\n# # struct ErrorIter<'a> {\n# current: Option<&'a (dyn Error + 'static)>,\n# }\n# # impl<'a> Iterator for ErrorIter<'a> {\n# type Item = &'a (dyn Error + 'static);\n# # #[inline]\n# fn next(&mut self) -> Option {\n# let current = self.current;\n# self.current = self.current.and_then(Error::source);\n# current\n# }\n# }\n# # impl std::ops::Deref for ChainError {\n# type Target = T;\n# # #[inline]\n# fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {\n# &self.kind\n# }\n# }\n# # /// Convenience trait to hide the `ChainError` implementation internals\n# pub trait ChainErrorDown {\n# /// Test if of type `ChainError`\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool;\n# /// Downcast to a reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError>;\n# /// Downcast to a mutable reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError>;\n# /// Downcast to T of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T>;\n# /// Downcast to T mutable reference of `ChainError`\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>;\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# TypeId::of::() == TypeId::of::()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError))\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&mut *(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError))\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&(*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError)).kind)\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is_chain::() {\n# #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]\n# unsafe {\n# #[allow(trivial_casts)]\n# Some(&mut (*(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError)).kind)\n# }\n# } else {\n# None\n# }\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync {\n# #[inline]\n# fn is_chain(&self) -> bool {\n# self.is::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_ref(&self) -> Option<&ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_ref::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_chain_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError> {\n# self.downcast_mut::>()\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {\n# self.downcast_ref::()\n# .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::>().map(|e| e.kind()))\n# }\n# # #[inline]\n# fn downcast_inner_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {\n# if self.is::() {\n# return self.downcast_mut::();\n# }\n# # self.downcast_mut::>()\n# .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for &ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Error for &mut ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {\n# self.error_cause\n# .as_ref()\n# .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Display for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}\", self.kind)?;\n# # #[cfg(feature = \"display-cause\")]\n# {\n# if let Some(e) = self.source() {\n# writeln!(f, \"\\nCaused by:\")?;\n# Display::fmt(&e, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# Ok(())\n# }\n# }\n# # impl Debug for ChainError {\n# #[inline]\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {\n# #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-fileline\"))]\n# {\n# if let Some(ref o) = self.occurrence {\n# Display::fmt(o, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# # if self.is_chain::() {\n# Display::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;\n# } else {\n# Debug::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;\n# }\n# # #[cfg(not(feature = \"no-debug-cause\"))]\n# {\n# if let Some(e) = self.source() {\n# writeln!(f, \"\\nCaused by:\")?;\n# Debug::fmt(&e, f)?;\n# }\n# }\n# Ok(())\n# }\n# }\n# # /// `ChainErrorFrom` is similar to `From`\n# pub trait ChainErrorFrom: Sized {\n# /// similar to From::from()\n# fn chain_error_from(from: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError;\n# }\n# # /// `IntoChainError` is similar to `Into`\n# pub trait IntoChainError: Sized {\n# /// similar to Into::into()\n# fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError;\n# }\n# # impl IntoChainError for T\n# where\n# U: ChainErrorFrom,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# U::chain_error_from(self, line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # impl ChainErrorFrom for U\n# where\n# T: Into,\n# U: 'static + Display + Debug,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# let e: U = t.into();\n# ChainError::new(e, None, line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# # /*\n# impl ChainErrorFrom for U\n# where\n# T: 'static + Error + Into> + Clone,\n# U: 'static + Display + Debug + From,\n# {\n# #[inline]\n# fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError {\n# ChainError::new(U::from(t.clone()), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename)\n# }\n# }\n# */\n# # /// map into `ChainError` with `T::from(err)`\n# ///\n# /// adds `line!()` and `file!()` information\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! minto_cherr {\n# ( $k:ident ) => (\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $k::from(&e))\n# );\n# ( $enum:ident $(:: $enum_path:ident)* ) => (\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $enum $(:: $enum_path)*::from(&e))\n# );\n# }\n# # /// Creates a new `ChainError`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// Create a new ChainError, where `FooError` must implement `Display` and `Debug`.\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// enum FooError {\n# /// Bar,\n# /// Baz(&'static str),\n# /// }\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, \"Bar Error\"),\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, \"Baz Error: '{}'\", s),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# ///\n# /// // impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_stuff() -> bool {\n# /// false\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> {\n# /// if ! do_some_stuff() {\n# /// Err(cherr!(FooError::Baz(\"Error\")))?;\n# /// }\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # pub fn main() {\n# /// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() {\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &\"Error\" => {}\n# /// # _ => panic!(),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# ///\n# /// Additionally an error cause can be added.\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # #[derive(Debug)]\n# /// # enum FooError {\n# /// # Bar,\n# /// # Baz(&'static str),\n# /// # }\n# /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError {\n# /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# /// # match self {\n# /// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, \"Bar Error\"),\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, \"Baz Error: '{}'\", s),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// fn do_some_stuff() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> {\n# /// do_some_stuff().map_err(\n# /// |e| cherr!(e, FooError::Baz(\"Error\"))\n# /// )?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # pub fn main() {\n# /// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() {\n# /// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &\"Error\" => {}\n# /// # _ => panic!(),\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! cherr {\n# ( $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( None, $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# ( $e:path, $k:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::ChainError::new($k, Some(Box::from($e)), Some(concat!(file!(), \":\", line!(), \": \")))\n# });\n# ( $e:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro for `|e| cherr!(e, format!(…))`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(\"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(\"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # #[cfg(not(windows))]\n# /// # assert_eq!(\n# /// # format!(\"\\n{:?}\\n\", e), r#\"\n# /// # src/lib.rs:18: func1 error\n# /// # Caused by:\n# /// # src/lib.rs:13: Error reading 'foo.txt'\n# /// # Caused by:\n# /// # Kind(NotFound)\n# /// # \"#\n# /// # );\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# ///\n# /// `mstrerr!()` can also be used to map a new `ChainError`, where T was defined with\n# /// `derive_str_cherr!(T)`\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! mstrerr {\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )))\n# });\n# ($msg:expr) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($msg:expr, ) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({\n# |e| $crate::cherr!(e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro for `cherr!(T(format!(…)))` where `T(String)`\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// Err(strerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! strerr {\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string()))\n# });\n# ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )))\n# });\n# ($msg:expr) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($msg:expr, ) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string())\n# });\n# ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({\n# $crate::cherr!(format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))\n# });\n# }\n# # /// Convenience macro to create a \"new type\" T(String) and implement Display + Debug for T\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// # use crate::chainerror::*;\n# /// # use std::error::Error;\n# /// # use std::io;\n# /// # use std::result::Result;\n# /// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;\n# /// # Ok(())\n# /// # }\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {\n# /// let filename = \"foo.txt\";\n# /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);\n# ///\n# /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box> {\n# /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, \"func1 error\"))?;\n# /// Ok(())\n# /// }\n# /// # fn main() {\n# /// # if let Err(e) = func1() {\n# /// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::() {\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::>().is_some());\n# /// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::().is_some());\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # panic!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # } else {\n# /// # unreachable!();\n# /// # }\n# /// # }\n# /// ```\n# #[macro_export]\n# macro_rules! derive_str_cherr {\n# ($e:ident) => {\n# #[derive(Clone)]\n# pub struct $e(pub String);\n# impl ::std::fmt::Display for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}\", self.0)\n# }\n# }\n# impl ::std::fmt::Debug for $e {\n# fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {\n# write!(f, \"{}({})\", stringify!($e), self.0)\n# }\n# }\n# impl ::std::error::Error for $e {}\n# };\n# }\n# # /// Derive an Error for an ErrorKind, which wraps a `ChainError` and implements a `kind()` method\n# ///\n# /// It basically hides `ChainError` to the outside and only exposes the `kind()`\n# /// method.\n# ///\n# /// Error::kind() returns the ErrorKind\n# /// Error::source() returns the parent error\n# ///\n# /// # Examples\n# ///\n# /// ```rust\n# /// use std::io;\n# /// use chainerror::*;\n# ///\n# /// fn do_some_io(_f: &str) -> std::result::Result<(), io::Error> {\n# /// return Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound));\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// #[derive(Debug, Clone)]\n# /// pub enum ErrorKind {\n# /// IO(String),\n# /// FatalError(String),\n# /// Unknown,\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// derive_err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind);\n# ///\n# /// impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind {\n# /// fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {\n# /// match self {\n# /// ErrorKind::FatalError(e) => write!(f, \"fatal error {}\", e),\n# /// ErrorKind::Unknown => write!(f, \"unknown error\"),\n# /// ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, \"Error reading '{}'\", filename),\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# /// }\n# ///\n# /// impl ErrorKind {\n# /// fn from_io_error(e: &io::Error, f: String) -> Self {\n# /// match e.kind() {\n# /// io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe => panic!(\"Should not happen\"),\n# /// io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset => {\n# /// ErrorKind::FatalError(format!(\"While reading `{}`: {}\", f, e))\n# /// }\n# /// _ => ErrorKind::IO(f),\n# /// }\n# 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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tutorial1.html b/tutorial1.html
index e5a8629..2005579 100644
--- a/tutorial1.html
+++ b/tutorial1.html
@@ -160,32 +160,32 @@ prints out the last Error.

 and improves inspecting the sources of an error.

 
You can also run the tutorial examples in the checked out 
 chainerror git repo.

-
$ cargo run -q --example tutorial1
+
$ cargo run -q --example tutorial1
 

 
use std::error::Error;
 use std::io;
 use std::result::Result;
 
-fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> {
+fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> {
+fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
     if let Err(_) = do_some_io() {
         Err("func2 error")?;
     }
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> {
+fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
     if let Err(_) = func2() {
         Err("func1 error")?;
     }
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn main() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> {
+fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
     func1()
 }
 

diff --git a/tutorial10.html b/tutorial10.html
index 89e9aa2..2bd7d10 100644
--- a/tutorial10.html
+++ b/tutorial10.html
@@ -164,14 +164,14 @@ use std::error::Error;
 use std::io;
 use std::result::Result;
 
-fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> {
+fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
     Ok(())
 }
 
 derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);
 
-fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> {
+fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
     let filename = "foo.txt";
     do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?;
     Ok(())
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn main() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> {
+fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
     if let Err(e) = func1() {
         match e.kind() {
             Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => eprintln!("Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2"),
@@ -219,8 +219,1198 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> {
 }
 #[allow(dead_code)]
 mod chainerror {
-{{#includecomment ../src/lib.rs}}
-}
+//! `chainerror` provides an error backtrace without doing a real backtrace, so even after you `strip` your
+//! binaries, you still have the error backtrace.
+//!
+//! `chainerror` has no dependencies!
+//!
+//! `chainerror` uses `.source()` of `std::error::Error` along with `line()!` and `file()!` to provide a nice debug error backtrace.
+//! It encapsulates all types, which have `Display + Debug` and can store the error cause internally.
+//!
+//! Along with the `ChainError<T>` struct, `chainerror` comes with some useful helper macros to save a lot of typing.
+//!
+//! ## Features
+//!
+//! `no-fileline`
+//! : completely turn off storing filename and line
+//!
+//! `display-cause`
+//! : turn on printing a backtrace of the errors in `Display`
+//!
+//! `no-debug-cause`
+//! : turn off printing a backtrace of the errors in `Debug`
+//!
+//!
+//! # Tutorial
+//!
+//! Read the [Tutorial](https://haraldh.github.io/chainerror/tutorial1.html)
+//!
+//! # Examples
+//!
+//! ```rust
+//! use chainerror::*;
+//! use std::error::Error;
+//! use std::io;
+//! use std::result::Result;
+//!
+//! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+//!     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
+//!     Ok(())
+//! }
+//!
+//! fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+//!     let filename = "foo.txt";
+//!     do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?;
+//!     Ok(())
+//! }
+//!
+//! fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+//!     func2().map_err(mstrerr!("func1 error"))?;
+//!     Ok(())
+//! }
+//!
+//! fn main() {
+//!     if let Err(e) = func1() {
+//!         #[cfg(not(windows))]
+//!         assert_eq!(
+//!             format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#"
+//! src/lib.rs:20: func1 error
+//! Caused by:
+//! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt'
+//! Caused by:
+//! Kind(NotFound)
+//! "#
+//!         );
+//!     }
+//! #    else {
+//! #        unreachable!();
+//! #    }
+//! }
+//! ```
+//!
+//!
+//! ```rust
+//! use chainerror::*;
+//! use std::error::Error;
+//! use std::io;
+//! use std::result::Result;
+//!
+//! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+//!     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
+//!     Ok(())
+//! }
+//!
+//! fn func3() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+//!     let filename = "foo.txt";
+//!     do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?;
+//!     Ok(())
+//! }
+//!
+//! derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);
+//!
+//! fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {
+//!     func3().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "func2 error: calling func3"))?;
+//!     Ok(())
+//! }
+//!
+//! enum Func1Error {
+//!     Func2,
+//!     IO(String),
+//! }
+//!
+//! impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1Error {
+//!     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+//!         match self {
+//!             Func1Error::Func2 => write!(f, "func1 error calling func2"),
+//!             Func1Error::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename),
+//!         }
+//!     }
+//! }
+//!
+//! impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Func1Error {
+//!     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+//!         write!(f, "{}", self)
+//!     }
+//! }
+//!
+//! fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1Error> {
+//!     func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::Func2))?;
+//!     let filename = String::from("bar.txt");
+//!     do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::IO(filename)))?;
+//!     Ok(())
+//! }
+//!
+//! fn main() {
+//!     if let Err(e) = func1() {
+//!         assert!(
+//!             match e.kind() {
+//!                 Func1Error::Func2 => {
+//!                     eprintln!("Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2");
+//!                     true
+//!                 }
+//!                 Func1Error::IO(filename) => {
+//!                     eprintln!("Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'", filename);
+//!                     false
+//!                 }
+//!             }
+//!         );
+//!
+//!         assert!(e.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some());
+//!
+//!         if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>() {
+//!             eprintln!("\nError reported by Func2Error: {}", e)
+//!         }
+//!
+//!
+//!         assert!(e.root_cause().is_some());
+//!
+//!         if let Some(e) = e.root_cause() {
+//!             let io_error = e.downcast_ref::<io::Error>().unwrap();
+//!             eprintln!("\nThe root cause was: std::io::Error: {:#?}", io_error);
+//!         }
+//!
+//!         #[cfg(not(windows))]
+//!         assert_eq!(
+//!             format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#"
+//! src/lib.rs:47: func1 error calling func2
+//! Caused by:
+//! src/lib.rs:22: Func2Error(func2 error: calling func3)
+//! Caused by:
+//! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt'
+//! Caused by:
+//! Kind(NotFound)
+//! "#
+//!         );
+//!     }
+//! #    else {
+//! #        unreachable!();
+//! #    }
+//! }
+//! ```
+
+#![deny(
+    warnings,
+    absolute_paths_not_starting_with_crate,
+    deprecated_in_future,
+    keyword_idents,
+    macro_use_extern_crate,
+    missing_debug_implementations,
+    trivial_numeric_casts,
+    unused_extern_crates,
+    unused_import_braces,
+    unused_qualifications,
+    unused_results,
+    unused_labels,
+    unused_lifetimes,
+    unstable_features,
+    unreachable_pub,
+    future_incompatible,
+    missing_copy_implementations,
+    missing_doc_code_examples,
+    rust_2018_idioms,
+    rust_2018_compatibility
+)]
+
+use std::any::TypeId;
+use std::error::Error;
+use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter, Result};
+
+/// chains an inner error kind `T` with a causing error
+pub struct ChainError<T> {
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))]
+    occurrence: Option<&'static str>,
+    kind: T,
+    error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>,
+}
+
+/// convenience type alias
+pub type ChainResult<O, E> = std::result::Result<O, ChainError<E>>;
+
+impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> ChainError<T> {
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))]
+    /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn new(
+        kind: T,
+        error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>,
+        occurrence: Option<&'static str>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            occurrence,
+            kind,
+            error_cause,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "no-fileline")]
+    /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn new(
+        kind: T,
+        error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>,
+        _occurrence: Option<&'static str>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self { kind, error_cause }
+    }
+
+    /// return the root cause of the error chain, if any exists
+    pub fn root_cause(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
+        self.iter().last()
+    }
+
+    /// Find the first error cause of type U, if any exists
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// use chainerror::*;
+    /// use std::error::Error;
+    /// use std::io;
+    ///
+    /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+    ///     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
+    ///     Ok(())
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);
+    ///
+    /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+    ///     let filename = "foo.txt";
+    ///     do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?;
+    ///     Ok(())
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);
+    ///
+    /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+    ///     func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?;
+    ///     Ok(())
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// fn main() {
+    ///     if let Err(e) = func1() {
+    ///         if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() {
+    ///
+    ///             assert!(f1err.find_cause::<io::Error>().is_some());
+    ///
+    ///             assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some());
+    ///         }
+    /// #        else {
+    /// #            panic!();
+    /// #        }
+    ///     }
+    /// #    else {
+    /// #         unreachable!();
+    /// #    }
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn find_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&U> {
+        self.iter().filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::<U>).next()
+    }
+
+    /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError<U>`, if any exists
+    ///
+    /// Same as `find_cause`, but hides the `ChainError<U>` implementation internals
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use chainerror::*;
+    /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooError);
+    /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);
+    /// // Instead of writing
+    /// err.find_cause::<ChainError<FooError>>();
+    ///
+    /// // leave out the ChainError<FooError> implementation detail
+    /// err.find_chain_cause::<FooError>();
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn find_chain_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<U>> {
+        self.iter()
+            .filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::<ChainError<U>>)
+            .next()
+    }
+
+    /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError<U>` or `U`, if any exists and return `U`
+    ///
+    /// Same as `find_cause` and `find_chain_cause`, but hides the `ChainError<U>` implementation internals
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use chainerror::*;
+    /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooErrorKind);
+    /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);
+    /// // Instead of writing
+    /// err.find_cause::<ChainError<FooErrorKind>>();
+    /// // and/or
+    /// err.find_chain_cause::<FooErrorKind>();
+    /// // and/or
+    /// err.find_cause::<FooErrorKind>();
+    ///
+    /// // leave out the ChainError<FooErrorKind> implementation detail
+    /// err.find_kind_or_cause::<FooErrorKind>();
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn find_kind_or_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&U> {
+        self.iter()
+            .filter_map(|e| {
+                e.downcast_ref::<ChainError<U>>()
+                    .map(|e| e.kind())
+                    .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::<U>())
+            })
+            .next()
+    }
+
+    /// Return a reference to T of `ChainError<T>`
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// use chainerror::*;
+    /// use std::error::Error;
+    /// use std::io;
+    ///
+    /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+    ///     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
+    ///     Ok(())
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);
+    ///
+    /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+    ///     let filename = "foo.txt";
+    ///     do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?;
+    ///     Ok(())
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// #[derive(Debug)]
+    /// enum Func1ErrorKind {
+    ///     Func2,
+    ///     IO(String),
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// /// impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {…}
+    /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {
+    /// #     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+    /// #         match self {
+    /// #             Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, "func1 error calling func2"),
+    /// #             Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename),
+    /// #         }
+    /// #     }
+    /// # }
+    ///
+    /// fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> {
+    ///     func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::Func2))?;
+    ///     do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::IO("bar.txt".into())))?;
+    ///     Ok(())
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// fn main() {
+    ///     if let Err(e) = func1() {
+    ///         match e.kind() {
+    ///             Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => {}
+    ///             Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => panic!(),
+    ///         }
+    ///     }
+    /// #    else {
+    /// #         unreachable!();
+    /// #    }
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn kind(&self) -> &T {
+        &self.kind
+    }
+
+    /// Returns an Iterator over all error causes/sources
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    ///
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &(dyn Error + 'static)> {
+        ErrorIter {
+            current: Some(self),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+struct ErrorIter<'a> {
+    current: Option<&'a (dyn Error + 'static)>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Iterator for ErrorIter<'a> {
+    type Item = &'a (dyn Error + 'static);
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        let current = self.current;
+        self.current = self.current.and_then(Error::source);
+        current
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> std::ops::Deref for ChainError<T> {
+    type Target = T;
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        &self.kind
+    }
+}
+
+/// Convenience trait to hide the `ChainError<T>` implementation internals
+pub trait ChainErrorDown {
+    /// Test if of type `ChainError<T>`
+    fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool;
+    /// Downcast to a reference of `ChainError<T>`
+    fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>>;
+    /// Downcast to a mutable reference of `ChainError<T>`
+    fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>>;
+    /// Downcast to T of `ChainError<T>`
+    fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T>;
+    /// Downcast to T mutable reference of `ChainError<T>`
+    fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>;
+}
+
+impl<U: 'static + Display + Debug> ChainErrorDown for ChainError<U> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool {
+        TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<U>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> {
+        if self.is_chain::<T>() {
+            #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
+            unsafe {
+                #[allow(trivial_casts)]
+                Some(&*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError<T>))
+            }
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> {
+        if self.is_chain::<T>() {
+            #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
+            unsafe {
+                #[allow(trivial_casts)]
+                Some(&mut *(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError<T>))
+            }
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
+        if self.is_chain::<T>() {
+            #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
+            unsafe {
+                #[allow(trivial_casts)]
+                Some(&(*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError<T>)).kind)
+            }
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {
+        if self.is_chain::<T>() {
+            #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
+            unsafe {
+                #[allow(trivial_casts)]
+                Some(&mut (*(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError<T>)).kind)
+            }
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static {
+    #[inline]
+    fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> {
+        self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> {
+        self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
+        self.downcast_ref::<T>()
+            .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind()))
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {
+        if self.is::<T>() {
+            return self.downcast_mut::<T>();
+        }
+
+        self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>()
+            .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>())
+    }
+}
+
+impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send {
+    #[inline]
+    fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> {
+        self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> {
+        self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
+        self.downcast_ref::<T>()
+            .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind()))
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {
+        if self.is::<T>() {
+            return self.downcast_mut::<T>();
+        }
+
+        self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>()
+            .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>())
+    }
+}
+
+impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync {
+    #[inline]
+    fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> {
+        self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> {
+        self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
+        self.downcast_ref::<T>()
+            .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind()))
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {
+        if self.is::<T>() {
+            return self.downcast_mut::<T>();
+        }
+
+        self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>()
+            .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for ChainError<T> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
+        self.error_cause
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for &ChainError<T> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
+        self.error_cause
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for &mut ChainError<T> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
+        self.error_cause
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Display for ChainError<T> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {
+        write!(f, "{}", self.kind)?;
+
+        #[cfg(feature = "display-cause")]
+        {
+            if let Some(e) = self.source() {
+                writeln!(f, "\nCaused by:")?;
+                Display::fmt(&e, f)?;
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Debug for ChainError<T> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {
+        #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))]
+        {
+            if let Some(ref o) = self.occurrence {
+                Display::fmt(o, f)?;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if self.is_chain::<String>() {
+            Display::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;
+        } else {
+            Debug::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;
+        }
+
+        #[cfg(not(feature = "no-debug-cause"))]
+        {
+            if let Some(e) = self.source() {
+                writeln!(f, "\nCaused by:")?;
+                Debug::fmt(&e, f)?;
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+/// `ChainErrorFrom<T>` is similar to `From<T>`
+pub trait ChainErrorFrom<T>: Sized {
+    /// similar to From<T>::from()
+    fn chain_error_from(from: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self>;
+}
+
+/// `IntoChainError<T>` is similar to `Into<T>`
+pub trait IntoChainError<T>: Sized {
+    /// similar to Into<T>::into()
+    fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<T>;
+}
+
+impl<T, U> IntoChainError<U> for T
+where
+    U: ChainErrorFrom<T>,
+{
+    #[inline]
+    fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<U> {
+        U::chain_error_from(self, line_filename)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, U> ChainErrorFrom<T> for U
+where
+    T: Into<U>,
+    U: 'static + Display + Debug,
+{
+    #[inline]
+    fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self> {
+        let e: U = t.into();
+        ChainError::new(e, None, line_filename)
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+impl<T, U> ChainErrorFrom<T> for U
+    where
+        T: 'static + Error + Into<Box<T>> + Clone,
+        U: 'static + Display + Debug + From<T>,
+{
+    #[inline]
+    fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self> {
+        ChainError::new(U::from(t.clone()), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename)
+    }
+}
+*/
+
+/// map into `ChainError<T>` with `T::from(err)`
+///
+/// adds `line!()` and `file!()` information
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! minto_cherr {
+    ( $k:ident ) => (
+        |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $k::from(&e))
+    );
+    ( $enum:ident $(:: $enum_path:ident)* ) => (
+        |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $enum $(:: $enum_path)*::from(&e))
+    );
+}
+
+/// Creates a new `ChainError<T>`
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// Create a new ChainError<FooError>, where `FooError` must implement `Display` and `Debug`.
+/// ```rust
+/// # use chainerror::*;
+/// # #[derive(Debug)]
+/// enum FooError {
+///     Bar,
+///     Baz(&'static str),
+/// }
+/// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError {
+/// #     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+/// #         match self {
+/// #             FooError::Bar => write!(f, "Bar Error"),
+/// #             FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, "Baz Error: '{}'", s),
+/// #         }
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+///
+/// //  impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError
+///
+/// fn do_some_stuff() -> bool {
+///     false
+/// }
+///
+/// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> {
+///     if ! do_some_stuff() {
+///         Err(cherr!(FooError::Baz("Error")))?;
+///     }
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+/// # pub fn main() {
+/// #     match func().unwrap_err().kind() {
+/// #         FooError::Baz(s) if s == &"Error" => {}
+/// #         _ => panic!(),
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+/// ```
+///
+/// Additionally an error cause can be added.
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use chainerror::*;
+/// # use std::io;
+/// # use std::error::Error;
+/// # #[derive(Debug)]
+/// # enum FooError {
+/// #     Bar,
+/// #     Baz(&'static str),
+/// # }
+/// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError {
+/// #     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+/// #         match self {
+/// #             FooError::Bar => write!(f, "Bar Error"),
+/// #             FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, "Baz Error: '{}'", s),
+/// #         }
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+/// fn do_some_stuff() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+///     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+///
+/// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> {
+///     do_some_stuff().map_err(
+///         |e| cherr!(e, FooError::Baz("Error"))
+///     )?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+/// # pub fn main() {
+/// #     match func().unwrap_err().kind() {
+/// #         FooError::Baz(s) if s == &"Error" => {}
+/// #         _ => panic!(),
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+/// ```
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! cherr {
+    ( $k:expr ) => ({
+        $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": ")))
+    });
+    ( None, $k:expr ) => ({
+        $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": ")))
+    });
+    ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))
+    });
+    ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))
+    });
+    ( $e:path, $k:expr ) => ({
+        $crate::ChainError::new($k, Some(Box::from($e)), Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": ")))
+    });
+    ( $e:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!($e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))
+    });
+}
+
+/// Convenience macro for `|e| cherr!(e, format!(…))`
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use crate::chainerror::*;
+/// # use std::error::Error;
+/// # use std::io;
+/// # use std::result::Result;
+/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+/// #     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
+/// #     Ok(())
+/// # }
+/// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+///     let filename = "foo.txt";
+///     do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+///
+/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+///     func2().map_err(mstrerr!("func1 error"))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+///
+/// # fn main() {
+/// #     if let Err(e) = func1() {
+/// #         #[cfg(not(windows))]
+/// #         assert_eq!(
+/// #             format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#"
+/// # src/lib.rs:18: func1 error
+/// # Caused by:
+/// # src/lib.rs:13: Error reading 'foo.txt'
+/// # Caused by:
+/// # Kind(NotFound)
+/// # "#
+/// #         );
+/// #     } else {
+/// #         unreachable!();
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+/// ```
+///
+/// `mstrerr!()` can also be used to map a new `ChainError<T>`, where T was defined with
+/// `derive_str_cherr!(T)`
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use crate::chainerror::*;
+/// # use std::error::Error;
+/// # use std::io;
+/// # use std::result::Result;
+/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+/// #     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
+/// #     Ok(())
+/// # }
+/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);
+///
+/// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+///     let filename = "foo.txt";
+///     do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+///
+/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);
+///
+/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+///     func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+/// # fn main() {
+/// #     if let Err(e) = func1() {
+/// #         if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() {
+/// #             assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some());
+/// #             assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some());
+/// #         } else {
+/// #             panic!();
+/// #         }
+/// #     } else {
+/// #         unreachable!();
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+/// ```
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! mstrerr {
+    ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({
+        |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string()))
+    });
+    ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({
+        |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string()))
+    });
+    ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({
+        |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )))
+    });
+    ($msg:expr) => ({
+        |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string())
+    });
+    ($msg:expr, ) => ({
+        |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string())
+    });
+    ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({
+        |e| $crate::cherr!(e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))
+    });
+}
+
+/// Convenience macro for `cherr!(T(format!(…)))` where `T(String)`
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use crate::chainerror::*;
+/// # use std::error::Error;
+/// # use std::result::Result;
+/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);
+///
+/// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {
+///     let filename = "foo.txt";
+///     Err(strerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))
+/// }
+///
+/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);
+///
+/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+///     func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+/// # fn main() {
+/// #     if let Err(e) = func1() {
+/// #         if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() {
+/// #             assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some());
+/// #             assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some());
+/// #         } else {
+/// #             panic!();
+/// #         }
+/// #     } else {
+/// #         unreachable!();
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+/// ```
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! strerr {
+    ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string()))
+    });
+    ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string()))
+    });
+    ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!($t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )))
+    });
+    ($msg:expr) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string())
+    });
+    ($msg:expr, ) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string())
+    });
+    ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!(format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))
+    });
+}
+
+/// Convenience macro to create a "new type" T(String) and implement Display + Debug for T
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use crate::chainerror::*;
+/// # use std::error::Error;
+/// # use std::io;
+/// # use std::result::Result;
+/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+/// #     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
+/// #     Ok(())
+/// # }
+/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);
+///
+/// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {
+///     let filename = "foo.txt";
+///     do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+///
+/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);
+///
+/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+///     func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+/// # fn main() {
+/// #     if let Err(e) = func1() {
+/// #         if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() {
+/// #             assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some());
+/// #             assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some());
+/// #         } else {
+/// #             panic!();
+/// #         }
+/// #     } else {
+/// #         unreachable!();
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+/// ```
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! derive_str_cherr {
+    ($e:ident) => {
+        #[derive(Clone)]
+        pub struct $e(pub String);
+        impl ::std::fmt::Display for $e {
+            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+                write!(f, "{}", self.0)
+            }
+        }
+        impl ::std::fmt::Debug for $e {
+            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+                write!(f, "{}({})", stringify!($e), self.0)
+            }
+        }
+        impl ::std::error::Error for $e {}
+    };
+}
+
+/// Derive an Error for an ErrorKind, which wraps a `ChainError` and implements a `kind()` method
+///
+/// It basically hides `ChainError` to the outside and only exposes the `kind()`
+/// method.
+///
+/// Error::kind() returns the ErrorKind
+/// Error::source() returns the parent error
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// use std::io;
+/// use chainerror::*;
+///
+/// fn do_some_io(_f: &str) -> std::result::Result<(), io::Error> {
+///     return Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound));
+/// }
+///
+/// #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+/// pub enum ErrorKind {
+///     IO(String),
+///     FatalError(String),
+///     Unknown,
+/// }
+///
+/// derive_err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind);
+///
+/// impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind {
+///     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
+///         match self {
+///             ErrorKind::FatalError(e) => write!(f, "fatal error {}", e),
+///             ErrorKind::Unknown => write!(f, "unknown error"),
+///             ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename),
+///         }
+///     }
+/// }
+///
+/// impl ErrorKind {
+///     fn from_io_error(e: &io::Error, f: String) -> Self {
+///         match e.kind() {
+///             io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe => panic!("Should not happen"),
+///             io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset => {
+///                 ErrorKind::FatalError(format!("While reading `{}`: {}", f, e))
+///             }
+///             _ => ErrorKind::IO(f),
+///         }
+///     }
+/// }
+///
+/// impl From<&io::Error> for ErrorKind {
+///     fn from(e: &io::Error) -> Self {
+///         ErrorKind::IO(format!("{}", e))
+///     }
+/// }
+///
+/// pub fn func1() -> std::result::Result<(), Error> {
+///     let filename = "bar.txt";
+///
+///     do_some_io(filename)
+///         .map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from_io_error(&e, filename.into())))?;
+///     do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::IO(filename.into())))?;
+///     do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from(&e)))?;
+///     do_some_io(filename).map_err(minto_cherr!(ErrorKind))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+/// ```
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! derive_err_kind {
+    ($e:ident, $k:ident) => {
+        pub struct $e($crate::ChainError<$k>);
+
+        impl $e {
+            pub fn kind(&self) -> &$k {
+                self.0.kind()
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl From<$k> for $e {
+            fn from(e: $k) -> Self {
+                $e($crate::ChainError::new(e, None, None))
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl From<ChainError<$k>> for $e {
+            fn from(e: $crate::ChainError<$k>) -> Self {
+                $e(e)
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl From<&$e> for $k
+        where
+            $k: Clone,
+        {
+            fn from(e: &$e) -> Self {
+                e.kind().clone()
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl $crate::ChainErrorFrom<$e> for $k
+        where
+            $k: Clone,
+        {
+            #[inline]
+            fn chain_error_from(
+                t: $e,
+                line_filename: Option<&'static str>,
+            ) -> $crate::ChainError<$k> {
+                $crate::ChainError::new((*t.kind()).clone(), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename)
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl std::error::Error for $e {
+            fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> {
+                self.0.source()
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl std::fmt::Display for $e {
+            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
+                std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f)
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl std::fmt::Debug for $e {
+            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
+                std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.0, f)
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+}
 

 
                     
diff --git a/tutorial11.html b/tutorial11.html
index d49a6ac..fcfca21 100644
--- a/tutorial11.html
+++ b/tutorial11.html
@@ -169,14 +169,14 @@ use std::error::Error;
 use std::io;
 use std::result::Result;
 
-fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> {
+fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
     Ok(())
 }
 
 derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);
 
-fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> {
+fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
     let filename = "foo.txt";
     do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?;
     Ok(())
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn main() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> {
+fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
     if let Err(e) = func1() {
         match e.kind() {
             Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => eprintln!("Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2"),
@@ -230,8 +230,1198 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> {
 }
 #[allow(dead_code)]
 mod chainerror {
-{{#includecomment ../src/lib.rs}}
-}
+//! `chainerror` provides an error backtrace without doing a real backtrace, so even after you `strip` your
+//! binaries, you still have the error backtrace.
+//!
+//! `chainerror` has no dependencies!
+//!
+//! `chainerror` uses `.source()` of `std::error::Error` along with `line()!` and `file()!` to provide a nice debug error backtrace.
+//! It encapsulates all types, which have `Display + Debug` and can store the error cause internally.
+//!
+//! Along with the `ChainError<T>` struct, `chainerror` comes with some useful helper macros to save a lot of typing.
+//!
+//! ## Features
+//!
+//! `no-fileline`
+//! : completely turn off storing filename and line
+//!
+//! `display-cause`
+//! : turn on printing a backtrace of the errors in `Display`
+//!
+//! `no-debug-cause`
+//! : turn off printing a backtrace of the errors in `Debug`
+//!
+//!
+//! # Tutorial
+//!
+//! Read the [Tutorial](https://haraldh.github.io/chainerror/tutorial1.html)
+//!
+//! # Examples
+//!
+//! ```rust
+//! use chainerror::*;
+//! use std::error::Error;
+//! use std::io;
+//! use std::result::Result;
+//!
+//! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+//!     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
+//!     Ok(())
+//! }
+//!
+//! fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+//!     let filename = "foo.txt";
+//!     do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?;
+//!     Ok(())
+//! }
+//!
+//! fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+//!     func2().map_err(mstrerr!("func1 error"))?;
+//!     Ok(())
+//! }
+//!
+//! fn main() {
+//!     if let Err(e) = func1() {
+//!         #[cfg(not(windows))]
+//!         assert_eq!(
+//!             format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#"
+//! src/lib.rs:20: func1 error
+//! Caused by:
+//! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt'
+//! Caused by:
+//! Kind(NotFound)
+//! "#
+//!         );
+//!     }
+//! #    else {
+//! #        unreachable!();
+//! #    }
+//! }
+//! ```
+//!
+//!
+//! ```rust
+//! use chainerror::*;
+//! use std::error::Error;
+//! use std::io;
+//! use std::result::Result;
+//!
+//! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+//!     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
+//!     Ok(())
+//! }
+//!
+//! fn func3() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+//!     let filename = "foo.txt";
+//!     do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?;
+//!     Ok(())
+//! }
+//!
+//! derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);
+//!
+//! fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {
+//!     func3().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "func2 error: calling func3"))?;
+//!     Ok(())
+//! }
+//!
+//! enum Func1Error {
+//!     Func2,
+//!     IO(String),
+//! }
+//!
+//! impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1Error {
+//!     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+//!         match self {
+//!             Func1Error::Func2 => write!(f, "func1 error calling func2"),
+//!             Func1Error::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename),
+//!         }
+//!     }
+//! }
+//!
+//! impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Func1Error {
+//!     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+//!         write!(f, "{}", self)
+//!     }
+//! }
+//!
+//! fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1Error> {
+//!     func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::Func2))?;
+//!     let filename = String::from("bar.txt");
+//!     do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::IO(filename)))?;
+//!     Ok(())
+//! }
+//!
+//! fn main() {
+//!     if let Err(e) = func1() {
+//!         assert!(
+//!             match e.kind() {
+//!                 Func1Error::Func2 => {
+//!                     eprintln!("Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2");
+//!                     true
+//!                 }
+//!                 Func1Error::IO(filename) => {
+//!                     eprintln!("Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'", filename);
+//!                     false
+//!                 }
+//!             }
+//!         );
+//!
+//!         assert!(e.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some());
+//!
+//!         if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>() {
+//!             eprintln!("\nError reported by Func2Error: {}", e)
+//!         }
+//!
+//!
+//!         assert!(e.root_cause().is_some());
+//!
+//!         if let Some(e) = e.root_cause() {
+//!             let io_error = e.downcast_ref::<io::Error>().unwrap();
+//!             eprintln!("\nThe root cause was: std::io::Error: {:#?}", io_error);
+//!         }
+//!
+//!         #[cfg(not(windows))]
+//!         assert_eq!(
+//!             format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#"
+//! src/lib.rs:47: func1 error calling func2
+//! Caused by:
+//! src/lib.rs:22: Func2Error(func2 error: calling func3)
+//! Caused by:
+//! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt'
+//! Caused by:
+//! Kind(NotFound)
+//! "#
+//!         );
+//!     }
+//! #    else {
+//! #        unreachable!();
+//! #    }
+//! }
+//! ```
+
+#![deny(
+    warnings,
+    absolute_paths_not_starting_with_crate,
+    deprecated_in_future,
+    keyword_idents,
+    macro_use_extern_crate,
+    missing_debug_implementations,
+    trivial_numeric_casts,
+    unused_extern_crates,
+    unused_import_braces,
+    unused_qualifications,
+    unused_results,
+    unused_labels,
+    unused_lifetimes,
+    unstable_features,
+    unreachable_pub,
+    future_incompatible,
+    missing_copy_implementations,
+    missing_doc_code_examples,
+    rust_2018_idioms,
+    rust_2018_compatibility
+)]
+
+use std::any::TypeId;
+use std::error::Error;
+use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter, Result};
+
+/// chains an inner error kind `T` with a causing error
+pub struct ChainError<T> {
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))]
+    occurrence: Option<&'static str>,
+    kind: T,
+    error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>,
+}
+
+/// convenience type alias
+pub type ChainResult<O, E> = std::result::Result<O, ChainError<E>>;
+
+impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> ChainError<T> {
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))]
+    /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn new(
+        kind: T,
+        error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>,
+        occurrence: Option<&'static str>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            occurrence,
+            kind,
+            error_cause,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "no-fileline")]
+    /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn new(
+        kind: T,
+        error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>,
+        _occurrence: Option<&'static str>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self { kind, error_cause }
+    }
+
+    /// return the root cause of the error chain, if any exists
+    pub fn root_cause(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
+        self.iter().last()
+    }
+
+    /// Find the first error cause of type U, if any exists
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// use chainerror::*;
+    /// use std::error::Error;
+    /// use std::io;
+    ///
+    /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+    ///     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
+    ///     Ok(())
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);
+    ///
+    /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+    ///     let filename = "foo.txt";
+    ///     do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?;
+    ///     Ok(())
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);
+    ///
+    /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+    ///     func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?;
+    ///     Ok(())
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// fn main() {
+    ///     if let Err(e) = func1() {
+    ///         if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() {
+    ///
+    ///             assert!(f1err.find_cause::<io::Error>().is_some());
+    ///
+    ///             assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some());
+    ///         }
+    /// #        else {
+    /// #            panic!();
+    /// #        }
+    ///     }
+    /// #    else {
+    /// #         unreachable!();
+    /// #    }
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn find_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&U> {
+        self.iter().filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::<U>).next()
+    }
+
+    /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError<U>`, if any exists
+    ///
+    /// Same as `find_cause`, but hides the `ChainError<U>` implementation internals
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use chainerror::*;
+    /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooError);
+    /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);
+    /// // Instead of writing
+    /// err.find_cause::<ChainError<FooError>>();
+    ///
+    /// // leave out the ChainError<FooError> implementation detail
+    /// err.find_chain_cause::<FooError>();
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn find_chain_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<U>> {
+        self.iter()
+            .filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::<ChainError<U>>)
+            .next()
+    }
+
+    /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError<U>` or `U`, if any exists and return `U`
+    ///
+    /// Same as `find_cause` and `find_chain_cause`, but hides the `ChainError<U>` implementation internals
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use chainerror::*;
+    /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooErrorKind);
+    /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);
+    /// // Instead of writing
+    /// err.find_cause::<ChainError<FooErrorKind>>();
+    /// // and/or
+    /// err.find_chain_cause::<FooErrorKind>();
+    /// // and/or
+    /// err.find_cause::<FooErrorKind>();
+    ///
+    /// // leave out the ChainError<FooErrorKind> implementation detail
+    /// err.find_kind_or_cause::<FooErrorKind>();
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn find_kind_or_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&U> {
+        self.iter()
+            .filter_map(|e| {
+                e.downcast_ref::<ChainError<U>>()
+                    .map(|e| e.kind())
+                    .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::<U>())
+            })
+            .next()
+    }
+
+    /// Return a reference to T of `ChainError<T>`
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// use chainerror::*;
+    /// use std::error::Error;
+    /// use std::io;
+    ///
+    /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+    ///     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
+    ///     Ok(())
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);
+    ///
+    /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+    ///     let filename = "foo.txt";
+    ///     do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?;
+    ///     Ok(())
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// #[derive(Debug)]
+    /// enum Func1ErrorKind {
+    ///     Func2,
+    ///     IO(String),
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// /// impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {…}
+    /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {
+    /// #     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+    /// #         match self {
+    /// #             Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, "func1 error calling func2"),
+    /// #             Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename),
+    /// #         }
+    /// #     }
+    /// # }
+    ///
+    /// fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> {
+    ///     func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::Func2))?;
+    ///     do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::IO("bar.txt".into())))?;
+    ///     Ok(())
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// fn main() {
+    ///     if let Err(e) = func1() {
+    ///         match e.kind() {
+    ///             Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => {}
+    ///             Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => panic!(),
+    ///         }
+    ///     }
+    /// #    else {
+    /// #         unreachable!();
+    /// #    }
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn kind(&self) -> &T {
+        &self.kind
+    }
+
+    /// Returns an Iterator over all error causes/sources
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    ///
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &(dyn Error + 'static)> {
+        ErrorIter {
+            current: Some(self),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+struct ErrorIter<'a> {
+    current: Option<&'a (dyn Error + 'static)>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Iterator for ErrorIter<'a> {
+    type Item = &'a (dyn Error + 'static);
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        let current = self.current;
+        self.current = self.current.and_then(Error::source);
+        current
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> std::ops::Deref for ChainError<T> {
+    type Target = T;
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        &self.kind
+    }
+}
+
+/// Convenience trait to hide the `ChainError<T>` implementation internals
+pub trait ChainErrorDown {
+    /// Test if of type `ChainError<T>`
+    fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool;
+    /// Downcast to a reference of `ChainError<T>`
+    fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>>;
+    /// Downcast to a mutable reference of `ChainError<T>`
+    fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>>;
+    /// Downcast to T of `ChainError<T>`
+    fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T>;
+    /// Downcast to T mutable reference of `ChainError<T>`
+    fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>;
+}
+
+impl<U: 'static + Display + Debug> ChainErrorDown for ChainError<U> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool {
+        TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<U>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> {
+        if self.is_chain::<T>() {
+            #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
+            unsafe {
+                #[allow(trivial_casts)]
+                Some(&*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError<T>))
+            }
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> {
+        if self.is_chain::<T>() {
+            #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
+            unsafe {
+                #[allow(trivial_casts)]
+                Some(&mut *(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError<T>))
+            }
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
+        if self.is_chain::<T>() {
+            #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
+            unsafe {
+                #[allow(trivial_casts)]
+                Some(&(*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError<T>)).kind)
+            }
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {
+        if self.is_chain::<T>() {
+            #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
+            unsafe {
+                #[allow(trivial_casts)]
+                Some(&mut (*(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError<T>)).kind)
+            }
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static {
+    #[inline]
+    fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> {
+        self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> {
+        self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
+        self.downcast_ref::<T>()
+            .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind()))
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {
+        if self.is::<T>() {
+            return self.downcast_mut::<T>();
+        }
+
+        self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>()
+            .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>())
+    }
+}
+
+impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send {
+    #[inline]
+    fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> {
+        self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> {
+        self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
+        self.downcast_ref::<T>()
+            .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind()))
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {
+        if self.is::<T>() {
+            return self.downcast_mut::<T>();
+        }
+
+        self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>()
+            .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>())
+    }
+}
+
+impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync {
+    #[inline]
+    fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> {
+        self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> {
+        self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
+        self.downcast_ref::<T>()
+            .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind()))
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {
+        if self.is::<T>() {
+            return self.downcast_mut::<T>();
+        }
+
+        self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>()
+            .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for ChainError<T> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
+        self.error_cause
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for &ChainError<T> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
+        self.error_cause
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for &mut ChainError<T> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
+        self.error_cause
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Display for ChainError<T> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {
+        write!(f, "{}", self.kind)?;
+
+        #[cfg(feature = "display-cause")]
+        {
+            if let Some(e) = self.source() {
+                writeln!(f, "\nCaused by:")?;
+                Display::fmt(&e, f)?;
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Debug for ChainError<T> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {
+        #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))]
+        {
+            if let Some(ref o) = self.occurrence {
+                Display::fmt(o, f)?;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if self.is_chain::<String>() {
+            Display::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;
+        } else {
+            Debug::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;
+        }
+
+        #[cfg(not(feature = "no-debug-cause"))]
+        {
+            if let Some(e) = self.source() {
+                writeln!(f, "\nCaused by:")?;
+                Debug::fmt(&e, f)?;
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+/// `ChainErrorFrom<T>` is similar to `From<T>`
+pub trait ChainErrorFrom<T>: Sized {
+    /// similar to From<T>::from()
+    fn chain_error_from(from: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self>;
+}
+
+/// `IntoChainError<T>` is similar to `Into<T>`
+pub trait IntoChainError<T>: Sized {
+    /// similar to Into<T>::into()
+    fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<T>;
+}
+
+impl<T, U> IntoChainError<U> for T
+where
+    U: ChainErrorFrom<T>,
+{
+    #[inline]
+    fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<U> {
+        U::chain_error_from(self, line_filename)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, U> ChainErrorFrom<T> for U
+where
+    T: Into<U>,
+    U: 'static + Display + Debug,
+{
+    #[inline]
+    fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self> {
+        let e: U = t.into();
+        ChainError::new(e, None, line_filename)
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+impl<T, U> ChainErrorFrom<T> for U
+    where
+        T: 'static + Error + Into<Box<T>> + Clone,
+        U: 'static + Display + Debug + From<T>,
+{
+    #[inline]
+    fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self> {
+        ChainError::new(U::from(t.clone()), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename)
+    }
+}
+*/
+
+/// map into `ChainError<T>` with `T::from(err)`
+///
+/// adds `line!()` and `file!()` information
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! minto_cherr {
+    ( $k:ident ) => (
+        |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $k::from(&e))
+    );
+    ( $enum:ident $(:: $enum_path:ident)* ) => (
+        |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $enum $(:: $enum_path)*::from(&e))
+    );
+}
+
+/// Creates a new `ChainError<T>`
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// Create a new ChainError<FooError>, where `FooError` must implement `Display` and `Debug`.
+/// ```rust
+/// # use chainerror::*;
+/// # #[derive(Debug)]
+/// enum FooError {
+///     Bar,
+///     Baz(&'static str),
+/// }
+/// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError {
+/// #     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+/// #         match self {
+/// #             FooError::Bar => write!(f, "Bar Error"),
+/// #             FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, "Baz Error: '{}'", s),
+/// #         }
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+///
+/// //  impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError
+///
+/// fn do_some_stuff() -> bool {
+///     false
+/// }
+///
+/// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> {
+///     if ! do_some_stuff() {
+///         Err(cherr!(FooError::Baz("Error")))?;
+///     }
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+/// # pub fn main() {
+/// #     match func().unwrap_err().kind() {
+/// #         FooError::Baz(s) if s == &"Error" => {}
+/// #         _ => panic!(),
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+/// ```
+///
+/// Additionally an error cause can be added.
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use chainerror::*;
+/// # use std::io;
+/// # use std::error::Error;
+/// # #[derive(Debug)]
+/// # enum FooError {
+/// #     Bar,
+/// #     Baz(&'static str),
+/// # }
+/// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError {
+/// #     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+/// #         match self {
+/// #             FooError::Bar => write!(f, "Bar Error"),
+/// #             FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, "Baz Error: '{}'", s),
+/// #         }
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+/// fn do_some_stuff() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+///     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+///
+/// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> {
+///     do_some_stuff().map_err(
+///         |e| cherr!(e, FooError::Baz("Error"))
+///     )?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+/// # pub fn main() {
+/// #     match func().unwrap_err().kind() {
+/// #         FooError::Baz(s) if s == &"Error" => {}
+/// #         _ => panic!(),
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+/// ```
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! cherr {
+    ( $k:expr ) => ({
+        $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": ")))
+    });
+    ( None, $k:expr ) => ({
+        $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": ")))
+    });
+    ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))
+    });
+    ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))
+    });
+    ( $e:path, $k:expr ) => ({
+        $crate::ChainError::new($k, Some(Box::from($e)), Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": ")))
+    });
+    ( $e:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!($e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))
+    });
+}
+
+/// Convenience macro for `|e| cherr!(e, format!(…))`
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use crate::chainerror::*;
+/// # use std::error::Error;
+/// # use std::io;
+/// # use std::result::Result;
+/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+/// #     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
+/// #     Ok(())
+/// # }
+/// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+///     let filename = "foo.txt";
+///     do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+///
+/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+///     func2().map_err(mstrerr!("func1 error"))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+///
+/// # fn main() {
+/// #     if let Err(e) = func1() {
+/// #         #[cfg(not(windows))]
+/// #         assert_eq!(
+/// #             format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#"
+/// # src/lib.rs:18: func1 error
+/// # Caused by:
+/// # src/lib.rs:13: Error reading 'foo.txt'
+/// # Caused by:
+/// # Kind(NotFound)
+/// # "#
+/// #         );
+/// #     } else {
+/// #         unreachable!();
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+/// ```
+///
+/// `mstrerr!()` can also be used to map a new `ChainError<T>`, where T was defined with
+/// `derive_str_cherr!(T)`
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use crate::chainerror::*;
+/// # use std::error::Error;
+/// # use std::io;
+/// # use std::result::Result;
+/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+/// #     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
+/// #     Ok(())
+/// # }
+/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);
+///
+/// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+///     let filename = "foo.txt";
+///     do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+///
+/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);
+///
+/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+///     func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+/// # fn main() {
+/// #     if let Err(e) = func1() {
+/// #         if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() {
+/// #             assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some());
+/// #             assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some());
+/// #         } else {
+/// #             panic!();
+/// #         }
+/// #     } else {
+/// #         unreachable!();
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+/// ```
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! mstrerr {
+    ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({
+        |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string()))
+    });
+    ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({
+        |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string()))
+    });
+    ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({
+        |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )))
+    });
+    ($msg:expr) => ({
+        |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string())
+    });
+    ($msg:expr, ) => ({
+        |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string())
+    });
+    ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({
+        |e| $crate::cherr!(e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))
+    });
+}
+
+/// Convenience macro for `cherr!(T(format!(…)))` where `T(String)`
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use crate::chainerror::*;
+/// # use std::error::Error;
+/// # use std::result::Result;
+/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);
+///
+/// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {
+///     let filename = "foo.txt";
+///     Err(strerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))
+/// }
+///
+/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);
+///
+/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+///     func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+/// # fn main() {
+/// #     if let Err(e) = func1() {
+/// #         if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() {
+/// #             assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some());
+/// #             assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some());
+/// #         } else {
+/// #             panic!();
+/// #         }
+/// #     } else {
+/// #         unreachable!();
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+/// ```
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! strerr {
+    ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string()))
+    });
+    ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string()))
+    });
+    ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!($t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )))
+    });
+    ($msg:expr) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string())
+    });
+    ($msg:expr, ) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string())
+    });
+    ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!(format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))
+    });
+}
+
+/// Convenience macro to create a "new type" T(String) and implement Display + Debug for T
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use crate::chainerror::*;
+/// # use std::error::Error;
+/// # use std::io;
+/// # use std::result::Result;
+/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+/// #     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
+/// #     Ok(())
+/// # }
+/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);
+///
+/// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {
+///     let filename = "foo.txt";
+///     do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+///
+/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);
+///
+/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+///     func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+/// # fn main() {
+/// #     if let Err(e) = func1() {
+/// #         if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() {
+/// #             assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some());
+/// #             assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some());
+/// #         } else {
+/// #             panic!();
+/// #         }
+/// #     } else {
+/// #         unreachable!();
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+/// ```
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! derive_str_cherr {
+    ($e:ident) => {
+        #[derive(Clone)]
+        pub struct $e(pub String);
+        impl ::std::fmt::Display for $e {
+            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+                write!(f, "{}", self.0)
+            }
+        }
+        impl ::std::fmt::Debug for $e {
+            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+                write!(f, "{}({})", stringify!($e), self.0)
+            }
+        }
+        impl ::std::error::Error for $e {}
+    };
+}
+
+/// Derive an Error for an ErrorKind, which wraps a `ChainError` and implements a `kind()` method
+///
+/// It basically hides `ChainError` to the outside and only exposes the `kind()`
+/// method.
+///
+/// Error::kind() returns the ErrorKind
+/// Error::source() returns the parent error
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// use std::io;
+/// use chainerror::*;
+///
+/// fn do_some_io(_f: &str) -> std::result::Result<(), io::Error> {
+///     return Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound));
+/// }
+///
+/// #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+/// pub enum ErrorKind {
+///     IO(String),
+///     FatalError(String),
+///     Unknown,
+/// }
+///
+/// derive_err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind);
+///
+/// impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind {
+///     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
+///         match self {
+///             ErrorKind::FatalError(e) => write!(f, "fatal error {}", e),
+///             ErrorKind::Unknown => write!(f, "unknown error"),
+///             ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename),
+///         }
+///     }
+/// }
+///
+/// impl ErrorKind {
+///     fn from_io_error(e: &io::Error, f: String) -> Self {
+///         match e.kind() {
+///             io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe => panic!("Should not happen"),
+///             io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset => {
+///                 ErrorKind::FatalError(format!("While reading `{}`: {}", f, e))
+///             }
+///             _ => ErrorKind::IO(f),
+///         }
+///     }
+/// }
+///
+/// impl From<&io::Error> for ErrorKind {
+///     fn from(e: &io::Error) -> Self {
+///         ErrorKind::IO(format!("{}", e))
+///     }
+/// }
+///
+/// pub fn func1() -> std::result::Result<(), Error> {
+///     let filename = "bar.txt";
+///
+///     do_some_io(filename)
+///         .map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from_io_error(&e, filename.into())))?;
+///     do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::IO(filename.into())))?;
+///     do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from(&e)))?;
+///     do_some_io(filename).map_err(minto_cherr!(ErrorKind))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+/// ```
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! derive_err_kind {
+    ($e:ident, $k:ident) => {
+        pub struct $e($crate::ChainError<$k>);
+
+        impl $e {
+            pub fn kind(&self) -> &$k {
+                self.0.kind()
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl From<$k> for $e {
+            fn from(e: $k) -> Self {
+                $e($crate::ChainError::new(e, None, None))
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl From<ChainError<$k>> for $e {
+            fn from(e: $crate::ChainError<$k>) -> Self {
+                $e(e)
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl From<&$e> for $k
+        where
+            $k: Clone,
+        {
+            fn from(e: &$e) -> Self {
+                e.kind().clone()
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl $crate::ChainErrorFrom<$e> for $k
+        where
+            $k: Clone,
+        {
+            #[inline]
+            fn chain_error_from(
+                t: $e,
+                line_filename: Option<&'static str>,
+            ) -> $crate::ChainError<$k> {
+                $crate::ChainError::new((*t.kind()).clone(), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename)
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl std::error::Error for $e {
+            fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> {
+                self.0.source()
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl std::fmt::Display for $e {
+            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
+                std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f)
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl std::fmt::Debug for $e {
+            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
+                std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.0, f)
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+}
diff --git a/tutorial12.html b/tutorial12.html index 85bd9f1..80113d5 100644 --- a/tutorial12.html +++ b/tutorial12.html @@ -156,14 +156,14 @@ use std::error::Error; use std::io; use std::result::Result; -fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { +fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(()) } derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); -fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { +fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { let filename = "foo.txt"; do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; Ok(()) @@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ fn handle_func1errorkind(e: &Func1ErrorKind) { } } -fn main() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { +fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { if let Err(e) = func1() { match *e { Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => eprintln!("Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2"), @@ -228,8 +228,1198 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { } #[allow(dead_code)] mod chainerror { -{{#includecomment ../src/lib.rs}} -} +//! `chainerror` provides an error backtrace without doing a real backtrace, so even after you `strip` your +//! binaries, you still have the error backtrace. +//! +//! `chainerror` has no dependencies! +//! +//! `chainerror` uses `.source()` of `std::error::Error` along with `line()!` and `file()!` to provide a nice debug error backtrace. +//! It encapsulates all types, which have `Display + Debug` and can store the error cause internally. +//! +//! Along with the `ChainError<T>` struct, `chainerror` comes with some useful helper macros to save a lot of typing. +//! +//! ## Features +//! +//! `no-fileline` +//! : completely turn off storing filename and line +//! +//! `display-cause` +//! : turn on printing a backtrace of the errors in `Display` +//! +//! `no-debug-cause` +//! : turn off printing a backtrace of the errors in `Debug` +//! +//! +//! # Tutorial +//! +//! Read the [Tutorial](https://haraldh.github.io/chainerror/tutorial1.html) +//! +//! # Examples +//! +//! ```rust +//! use chainerror::*; +//! use std::error::Error; +//! use std::io; +//! use std::result::Result; +//! +//! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! let filename = "foo.txt"; +//! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! func2().map_err(mstrerr!("func1 error"))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn main() { +//! if let Err(e) = func1() { +//! #[cfg(not(windows))] +//! assert_eq!( +//! format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#" +//! src/lib.rs:20: func1 error +//! Caused by: +//! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt' +//! Caused by: +//! Kind(NotFound) +//! "# +//! ); +//! } +//! # else { +//! # unreachable!(); +//! # } +//! } +//! ``` +//! +//! +//! ```rust +//! use chainerror::*; +//! use std::error::Error; +//! use std::io; +//! use std::result::Result; +//! +//! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn func3() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! let filename = "foo.txt"; +//! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); +//! +//! fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> { +//! func3().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "func2 error: calling func3"))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! enum Func1Error { +//! Func2, +//! IO(String), +//! } +//! +//! impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1Error { +//! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { +//! match self { +//! Func1Error::Func2 => write!(f, "func1 error calling func2"), +//! Func1Error::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename), +//! } +//! } +//! } +//! +//! impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Func1Error { +//! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { +//! write!(f, "{}", self) +//! } +//! } +//! +//! fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1Error> { +//! func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::Func2))?; +//! let filename = String::from("bar.txt"); +//! do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::IO(filename)))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn main() { +//! if let Err(e) = func1() { +//! assert!( +//! match e.kind() { +//! Func1Error::Func2 => { +//! eprintln!("Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2"); +//! true +//! } +//! Func1Error::IO(filename) => { +//! eprintln!("Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'", filename); +//! false +//! } +//! } +//! ); +//! +//! assert!(e.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); +//! +//! if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>() { +//! eprintln!("\nError reported by Func2Error: {}", e) +//! } +//! +//! +//! assert!(e.root_cause().is_some()); +//! +//! if let Some(e) = e.root_cause() { +//! let io_error = e.downcast_ref::<io::Error>().unwrap(); +//! eprintln!("\nThe root cause was: std::io::Error: {:#?}", io_error); +//! } +//! +//! #[cfg(not(windows))] +//! assert_eq!( +//! format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#" +//! src/lib.rs:47: func1 error calling func2 +//! Caused by: +//! src/lib.rs:22: Func2Error(func2 error: calling func3) +//! Caused by: +//! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt' +//! Caused by: +//! Kind(NotFound) +//! "# +//! ); +//! } +//! # else { +//! # unreachable!(); +//! # } +//! } +//! ``` + +#![deny( + warnings, + absolute_paths_not_starting_with_crate, + deprecated_in_future, + keyword_idents, + macro_use_extern_crate, + missing_debug_implementations, + trivial_numeric_casts, + unused_extern_crates, + unused_import_braces, + unused_qualifications, + unused_results, + unused_labels, + unused_lifetimes, + unstable_features, + unreachable_pub, + future_incompatible, + missing_copy_implementations, + missing_doc_code_examples, + rust_2018_idioms, + rust_2018_compatibility +)] + +use std::any::TypeId; +use std::error::Error; +use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter, Result}; + +/// chains an inner error kind `T` with a causing error +pub struct ChainError<T> { + #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))] + occurrence: Option<&'static str>, + kind: T, + error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>, +} + +/// convenience type alias +pub type ChainResult<O, E> = std::result::Result<O, ChainError<E>>; + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> ChainError<T> { + #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))] + /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly + #[inline] + pub fn new( + kind: T, + error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>, + occurrence: Option<&'static str>, + ) -> Self { + Self { + occurrence, + kind, + error_cause, + } + } + + #[cfg(feature = "no-fileline")] + /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly + #[inline] + pub fn new( + kind: T, + error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>, + _occurrence: Option<&'static str>, + ) -> Self { + Self { kind, error_cause } + } + + /// return the root cause of the error chain, if any exists + pub fn root_cause(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { + self.iter().last() + } + + /// Find the first error cause of type U, if any exists + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ```rust + /// use chainerror::*; + /// use std::error::Error; + /// use std::io; + /// + /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); + /// + /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// let filename = "foo.txt"; + /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); + /// + /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// fn main() { + /// if let Err(e) = func1() { + /// if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { + /// + /// assert!(f1err.find_cause::<io::Error>().is_some()); + /// + /// assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); + /// } + /// # else { + /// # panic!(); + /// # } + /// } + /// # else { + /// # unreachable!(); + /// # } + /// } + /// ``` + #[inline] + pub fn find_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&U> { + self.iter().filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::<U>).next() + } + + /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError<U>`, if any exists + /// + /// Same as `find_cause`, but hides the `ChainError<U>` implementation internals + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ```rust + /// # use chainerror::*; + /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooError); + /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None); + /// // Instead of writing + /// err.find_cause::<ChainError<FooError>>(); + /// + /// // leave out the ChainError<FooError> implementation detail + /// err.find_chain_cause::<FooError>(); + /// ``` + #[inline] + pub fn find_chain_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<U>> { + self.iter() + .filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::<ChainError<U>>) + .next() + } + + /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError<U>` or `U`, if any exists and return `U` + /// + /// Same as `find_cause` and `find_chain_cause`, but hides the `ChainError<U>` implementation internals + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ```rust + /// # use chainerror::*; + /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooErrorKind); + /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None); + /// // Instead of writing + /// err.find_cause::<ChainError<FooErrorKind>>(); + /// // and/or + /// err.find_chain_cause::<FooErrorKind>(); + /// // and/or + /// err.find_cause::<FooErrorKind>(); + /// + /// // leave out the ChainError<FooErrorKind> implementation detail + /// err.find_kind_or_cause::<FooErrorKind>(); + /// ``` + #[inline] + pub fn find_kind_or_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&U> { + self.iter() + .filter_map(|e| { + e.downcast_ref::<ChainError<U>>() + .map(|e| e.kind()) + .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::<U>()) + }) + .next() + } + + /// Return a reference to T of `ChainError<T>` + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ```rust + /// use chainerror::*; + /// use std::error::Error; + /// use std::io; + /// + /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); + /// + /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// let filename = "foo.txt"; + /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// #[derive(Debug)] + /// enum Func1ErrorKind { + /// Func2, + /// IO(String), + /// } + /// + /// /// impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {…} + /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind { + /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { + /// # match self { + /// # Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, "func1 error calling func2"), + /// # Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename), + /// # } + /// # } + /// # } + /// + /// fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> { + /// func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::Func2))?; + /// do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::IO("bar.txt".into())))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// fn main() { + /// if let Err(e) = func1() { + /// match e.kind() { + /// Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => {} + /// Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => panic!(), + /// } + /// } + /// # else { + /// # unreachable!(); + /// # } + /// } + /// ``` + #[inline] + pub fn kind(&self) -> &T { + &self.kind + } + + /// Returns an Iterator over all error causes/sources + /// + /// # Example + /// + /// + #[inline] + pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &(dyn Error + 'static)> { + ErrorIter { + current: Some(self), + } + } +} + +struct ErrorIter<'a> { + current: Option<&'a (dyn Error + 'static)>, +} + +impl<'a> Iterator for ErrorIter<'a> { + type Item = &'a (dyn Error + 'static); + + #[inline] + fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> { + let current = self.current; + self.current = self.current.and_then(Error::source); + current + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> std::ops::Deref for ChainError<T> { + type Target = T; + + #[inline] + fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target { + &self.kind + } +} + +/// Convenience trait to hide the `ChainError<T>` implementation internals +pub trait ChainErrorDown { + /// Test if of type `ChainError<T>` + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool; + /// Downcast to a reference of `ChainError<T>` + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>>; + /// Downcast to a mutable reference of `ChainError<T>` + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>>; + /// Downcast to T of `ChainError<T>` + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T>; + /// Downcast to T mutable reference of `ChainError<T>` + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>; +} + +impl<U: 'static + Display + Debug> ChainErrorDown for ChainError<U> { + #[inline] + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool { + TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<U>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> { + if self.is_chain::<T>() { + #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)] + unsafe { + #[allow(trivial_casts)] + Some(&*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError<T>)) + } + } else { + None + } + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> { + if self.is_chain::<T>() { + #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)] + unsafe { + #[allow(trivial_casts)] + Some(&mut *(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError<T>)) + } + } else { + None + } + } + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> { + if self.is_chain::<T>() { + #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)] + unsafe { + #[allow(trivial_casts)] + Some(&(*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError<T>)).kind) + } + } else { + None + } + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { + if self.is_chain::<T>() { + #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)] + unsafe { + #[allow(trivial_casts)] + Some(&mut (*(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError<T>)).kind) + } + } else { + None + } + } +} + +impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static { + #[inline] + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool { + self.is::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> { + self.downcast_ref::<T>() + .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind())) + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { + if self.is::<T>() { + return self.downcast_mut::<T>(); + } + + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>()) + } +} + +impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send { + #[inline] + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool { + self.is::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> { + self.downcast_ref::<T>() + .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind())) + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { + if self.is::<T>() { + return self.downcast_mut::<T>(); + } + + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>()) + } +} + +impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync { + #[inline] + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool { + self.is::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> { + self.downcast_ref::<T>() + .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind())) + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { + if self.is::<T>() { + return self.downcast_mut::<T>(); + } + + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>()) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { + self.error_cause + .as_ref() + .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static)) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for &ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { + self.error_cause + .as_ref() + .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static)) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for &mut ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { + self.error_cause + .as_ref() + .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static)) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Display for ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result { + write!(f, "{}", self.kind)?; + + #[cfg(feature = "display-cause")] + { + if let Some(e) = self.source() { + writeln!(f, "\nCaused by:")?; + Display::fmt(&e, f)?; + } + } + Ok(()) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Debug for ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result { + #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))] + { + if let Some(ref o) = self.occurrence { + Display::fmt(o, f)?; + } + } + + if self.is_chain::<String>() { + Display::fmt(&self.kind, f)?; + } else { + Debug::fmt(&self.kind, f)?; + } + + #[cfg(not(feature = "no-debug-cause"))] + { + if let Some(e) = self.source() { + writeln!(f, "\nCaused by:")?; + Debug::fmt(&e, f)?; + } + } + Ok(()) + } +} + +/// `ChainErrorFrom<T>` is similar to `From<T>` +pub trait ChainErrorFrom<T>: Sized { + /// similar to From<T>::from() + fn chain_error_from(from: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self>; +} + +/// `IntoChainError<T>` is similar to `Into<T>` +pub trait IntoChainError<T>: Sized { + /// similar to Into<T>::into() + fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<T>; +} + +impl<T, U> IntoChainError<U> for T +where + U: ChainErrorFrom<T>, +{ + #[inline] + fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<U> { + U::chain_error_from(self, line_filename) + } +} + +impl<T, U> ChainErrorFrom<T> for U +where + T: Into<U>, + U: 'static + Display + Debug, +{ + #[inline] + fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self> { + let e: U = t.into(); + ChainError::new(e, None, line_filename) + } +} + +/* +impl<T, U> ChainErrorFrom<T> for U + where + T: 'static + Error + Into<Box<T>> + Clone, + U: 'static + Display + Debug + From<T>, +{ + #[inline] + fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self> { + ChainError::new(U::from(t.clone()), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename) + } +} +*/ + +/// map into `ChainError<T>` with `T::from(err)` +/// +/// adds `line!()` and `file!()` information +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! minto_cherr { + ( $k:ident ) => ( + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $k::from(&e)) + ); + ( $enum:ident $(:: $enum_path:ident)* ) => ( + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $enum $(:: $enum_path)*::from(&e)) + ); +} + +/// Creates a new `ChainError<T>` +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// Create a new ChainError<FooError>, where `FooError` must implement `Display` and `Debug`. +/// ```rust +/// # use chainerror::*; +/// # #[derive(Debug)] +/// enum FooError { +/// Bar, +/// Baz(&'static str), +/// } +/// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError { +/// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { +/// # match self { +/// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, "Bar Error"), +/// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, "Baz Error: '{}'", s), +/// # } +/// # } +/// # } +/// +/// // impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError +/// +/// fn do_some_stuff() -> bool { +/// false +/// } +/// +/// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> { +/// if ! do_some_stuff() { +/// Err(cherr!(FooError::Baz("Error")))?; +/// } +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # pub fn main() { +/// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() { +/// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &"Error" => {} +/// # _ => panic!(), +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +/// +/// Additionally an error cause can be added. +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use chainerror::*; +/// # use std::io; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # #[derive(Debug)] +/// # enum FooError { +/// # Bar, +/// # Baz(&'static str), +/// # } +/// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError { +/// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { +/// # match self { +/// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, "Bar Error"), +/// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, "Baz Error: '{}'", s), +/// # } +/// # } +/// # } +/// fn do_some_stuff() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> { +/// do_some_stuff().map_err( +/// |e| cherr!(e, FooError::Baz("Error")) +/// )?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # pub fn main() { +/// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() { +/// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &"Error" => {} +/// # _ => panic!(), +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! cherr { + ( $k:expr ) => ({ + $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": "))) + }); + ( None, $k:expr ) => ({ + $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": "))) + }); + ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); + ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); + ( $e:path, $k:expr ) => ({ + $crate::ChainError::new($k, Some(Box::from($e)), Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": "))) + }); + ( $e:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); +} + +/// Convenience macro for `|e| cherr!(e, format!(…))` +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use crate::chainerror::*; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # use std::io; +/// # use std::result::Result; +/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +/// # Ok(()) +/// # } +/// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// let filename = "foo.txt"; +/// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// func2().map_err(mstrerr!("func1 error"))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// # fn main() { +/// # if let Err(e) = func1() { +/// # #[cfg(not(windows))] +/// # assert_eq!( +/// # format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#" +/// # src/lib.rs:18: func1 error +/// # Caused by: +/// # src/lib.rs:13: Error reading 'foo.txt' +/// # Caused by: +/// # Kind(NotFound) +/// # "# +/// # ); +/// # } else { +/// # unreachable!(); +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +/// +/// `mstrerr!()` can also be used to map a new `ChainError<T>`, where T was defined with +/// `derive_str_cherr!(T)` +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use crate::chainerror::*; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # use std::io; +/// # use std::result::Result; +/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +/// # Ok(()) +/// # } +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); +/// +/// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// let filename = "foo.txt"; +/// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); +/// +/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # fn main() { +/// # if let Err(e) = func1() { +/// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { +/// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some()); +/// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); +/// # } else { +/// # panic!(); +/// # } +/// # } else { +/// # unreachable!(); +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! mstrerr { + ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string())) + }); + ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string())) + }); + ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))) + }); + ($msg:expr) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string()) + }); + ($msg:expr, ) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string()) + }); + ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); +} + +/// Convenience macro for `cherr!(T(format!(…)))` where `T(String)` +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use crate::chainerror::*; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # use std::result::Result; +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); +/// +/// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> { +/// let filename = "foo.txt"; +/// Err(strerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename)) +/// } +/// +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); +/// +/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> { +/// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # fn main() { +/// # if let Err(e) = func1() { +/// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { +/// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some()); +/// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); +/// # } else { +/// # panic!(); +/// # } +/// # } else { +/// # unreachable!(); +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! strerr { + ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string())) + }); + ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string())) + }); + ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))) + }); + ($msg:expr) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string()) + }); + ($msg:expr, ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string()) + }); + ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({ + $crate::cherr!(format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); +} + +/// Convenience macro to create a "new type" T(String) and implement Display + Debug for T +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use crate::chainerror::*; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # use std::io; +/// # use std::result::Result; +/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +/// # Ok(()) +/// # } +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); +/// +/// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> { +/// let filename = "foo.txt"; +/// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); +/// +/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> { +/// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # fn main() { +/// # if let Err(e) = func1() { +/// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { +/// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some()); +/// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); +/// # } else { +/// # panic!(); +/// # } +/// # } else { +/// # unreachable!(); +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! derive_str_cherr { + ($e:ident) => { + #[derive(Clone)] + pub struct $e(pub String); + impl ::std::fmt::Display for $e { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { + write!(f, "{}", self.0) + } + } + impl ::std::fmt::Debug for $e { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { + write!(f, "{}({})", stringify!($e), self.0) + } + } + impl ::std::error::Error for $e {} + }; +} + +/// Derive an Error for an ErrorKind, which wraps a `ChainError` and implements a `kind()` method +/// +/// It basically hides `ChainError` to the outside and only exposes the `kind()` +/// method. +/// +/// Error::kind() returns the ErrorKind +/// Error::source() returns the parent error +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ```rust +/// use std::io; +/// use chainerror::*; +/// +/// fn do_some_io(_f: &str) -> std::result::Result<(), io::Error> { +/// return Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound)); +/// } +/// +/// #[derive(Debug, Clone)] +/// pub enum ErrorKind { +/// IO(String), +/// FatalError(String), +/// Unknown, +/// } +/// +/// derive_err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind); +/// +/// impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind { +/// fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { +/// match self { +/// ErrorKind::FatalError(e) => write!(f, "fatal error {}", e), +/// ErrorKind::Unknown => write!(f, "unknown error"), +/// ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename), +/// } +/// } +/// } +/// +/// impl ErrorKind { +/// fn from_io_error(e: &io::Error, f: String) -> Self { +/// match e.kind() { +/// io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe => panic!("Should not happen"), +/// io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset => { +/// ErrorKind::FatalError(format!("While reading `{}`: {}", f, e)) +/// } +/// _ => ErrorKind::IO(f), +/// } +/// } +/// } +/// +/// impl From<&io::Error> for ErrorKind { +/// fn from(e: &io::Error) -> Self { +/// ErrorKind::IO(format!("{}", e)) +/// } +/// } +/// +/// pub fn func1() -> std::result::Result<(), Error> { +/// let filename = "bar.txt"; +/// +/// do_some_io(filename) +/// .map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from_io_error(&e, filename.into())))?; +/// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::IO(filename.into())))?; +/// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from(&e)))?; +/// do_some_io(filename).map_err(minto_cherr!(ErrorKind))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! derive_err_kind { + ($e:ident, $k:ident) => { + pub struct $e($crate::ChainError<$k>); + + impl $e { + pub fn kind(&self) -> &$k { + self.0.kind() + } + } + + impl From<$k> for $e { + fn from(e: $k) -> Self { + $e($crate::ChainError::new(e, None, None)) + } + } + + impl From<ChainError<$k>> for $e { + fn from(e: $crate::ChainError<$k>) -> Self { + $e(e) + } + } + + impl From<&$e> for $k + where + $k: Clone, + { + fn from(e: &$e) -> Self { + e.kind().clone() + } + } + + impl $crate::ChainErrorFrom<$e> for $k + where + $k: Clone, + { + #[inline] + fn chain_error_from( + t: $e, + line_filename: Option<&'static str>, + ) -> $crate::ChainError<$k> { + $crate::ChainError::new((*t.kind()).clone(), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename) + } + } + + impl std::error::Error for $e { + fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> { + self.0.source() + } + } + + impl std::fmt::Display for $e { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { + std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f) + } + } + + impl std::fmt::Debug for $e { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { + std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.0, f) + } + } + }; +} +} diff --git a/tutorial13.html b/tutorial13.html index 9e5f91a..af2062c 100644 --- a/tutorial13.html +++ b/tutorial13.html @@ -156,20 +156,1210 @@ have to change much or anything.

#[allow(dead_code)]
 #[macro_use]
 pub mod chainerror {
-{{#includecomment ../src/lib.rs}}
-}
+//! `chainerror` provides an error backtrace without doing a real backtrace, so even after you `strip` your
+//! binaries, you still have the error backtrace.
+//!
+//! `chainerror` has no dependencies!
+//!
+//! `chainerror` uses `.source()` of `std::error::Error` along with `line()!` and `file()!` to provide a nice debug error backtrace.
+//! It encapsulates all types, which have `Display + Debug` and can store the error cause internally.
+//!
+//! Along with the `ChainError<T>` struct, `chainerror` comes with some useful helper macros to save a lot of typing.
+//!
+//! ## Features
+//!
+//! `no-fileline`
+//! : completely turn off storing filename and line
+//!
+//! `display-cause`
+//! : turn on printing a backtrace of the errors in `Display`
+//!
+//! `no-debug-cause`
+//! : turn off printing a backtrace of the errors in `Debug`
+//!
+//!
+//! # Tutorial
+//!
+//! Read the [Tutorial](https://haraldh.github.io/chainerror/tutorial1.html)
+//!
+//! # Examples
+//!
+//! ```rust
+//! use chainerror::*;
+//! use std::error::Error;
+//! use std::io;
+//! use std::result::Result;
+//!
+//! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+//!     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
+//!     Ok(())
+//! }
+//!
+//! fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+//!     let filename = "foo.txt";
+//!     do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?;
+//!     Ok(())
+//! }
+//!
+//! fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+//!     func2().map_err(mstrerr!("func1 error"))?;
+//!     Ok(())
+//! }
+//!
+//! fn main() {
+//!     if let Err(e) = func1() {
+//!         #[cfg(not(windows))]
+//!         assert_eq!(
+//!             format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#"
+//! src/lib.rs:20: func1 error
+//! Caused by:
+//! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt'
+//! Caused by:
+//! Kind(NotFound)
+//! "#
+//!         );
+//!     }
+//! #    else {
+//! #        unreachable!();
+//! #    }
+//! }
+//! ```
+//!
+//!
+//! ```rust
+//! use chainerror::*;
+//! use std::error::Error;
+//! use std::io;
+//! use std::result::Result;
+//!
+//! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+//!     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
+//!     Ok(())
+//! }
+//!
+//! fn func3() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+//!     let filename = "foo.txt";
+//!     do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?;
+//!     Ok(())
+//! }
+//!
+//! derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);
+//!
+//! fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {
+//!     func3().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "func2 error: calling func3"))?;
+//!     Ok(())
+//! }
+//!
+//! enum Func1Error {
+//!     Func2,
+//!     IO(String),
+//! }
+//!
+//! impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1Error {
+//!     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+//!         match self {
+//!             Func1Error::Func2 => write!(f, "func1 error calling func2"),
+//!             Func1Error::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename),
+//!         }
+//!     }
+//! }
+//!
+//! impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Func1Error {
+//!     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+//!         write!(f, "{}", self)
+//!     }
+//! }
+//!
+//! fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1Error> {
+//!     func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::Func2))?;
+//!     let filename = String::from("bar.txt");
+//!     do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::IO(filename)))?;
+//!     Ok(())
+//! }
+//!
+//! fn main() {
+//!     if let Err(e) = func1() {
+//!         assert!(
+//!             match e.kind() {
+//!                 Func1Error::Func2 => {
+//!                     eprintln!("Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2");
+//!                     true
+//!                 }
+//!                 Func1Error::IO(filename) => {
+//!                     eprintln!("Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'", filename);
+//!                     false
+//!                 }
+//!             }
+//!         );
+//!
+//!         assert!(e.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some());
+//!
+//!         if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>() {
+//!             eprintln!("\nError reported by Func2Error: {}", e)
+//!         }
+//!
+//!
+//!         assert!(e.root_cause().is_some());
+//!
+//!         if let Some(e) = e.root_cause() {
+//!             let io_error = e.downcast_ref::<io::Error>().unwrap();
+//!             eprintln!("\nThe root cause was: std::io::Error: {:#?}", io_error);
+//!         }
+//!
+//!         #[cfg(not(windows))]
+//!         assert_eq!(
+//!             format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#"
+//! src/lib.rs:47: func1 error calling func2
+//! Caused by:
+//! src/lib.rs:22: Func2Error(func2 error: calling func3)
+//! Caused by:
+//! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt'
+//! Caused by:
+//! Kind(NotFound)
+//! "#
+//!         );
+//!     }
+//! #    else {
+//! #        unreachable!();
+//! #    }
+//! }
+//! ```
+
+#![deny(
+    warnings,
+    absolute_paths_not_starting_with_crate,
+    deprecated_in_future,
+    keyword_idents,
+    macro_use_extern_crate,
+    missing_debug_implementations,
+    trivial_numeric_casts,
+    unused_extern_crates,
+    unused_import_braces,
+    unused_qualifications,
+    unused_results,
+    unused_labels,
+    unused_lifetimes,
+    unstable_features,
+    unreachable_pub,
+    future_incompatible,
+    missing_copy_implementations,
+    missing_doc_code_examples,
+    rust_2018_idioms,
+    rust_2018_compatibility
+)]
+
+use std::any::TypeId;
+use std::error::Error;
+use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter, Result};
+
+/// chains an inner error kind `T` with a causing error
+pub struct ChainError<T> {
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))]
+    occurrence: Option<&'static str>,
+    kind: T,
+    error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>,
+}
+
+/// convenience type alias
+pub type ChainResult<O, E> = std::result::Result<O, ChainError<E>>;
+
+impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> ChainError<T> {
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))]
+    /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn new(
+        kind: T,
+        error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>,
+        occurrence: Option<&'static str>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            occurrence,
+            kind,
+            error_cause,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "no-fileline")]
+    /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn new(
+        kind: T,
+        error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>,
+        _occurrence: Option<&'static str>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self { kind, error_cause }
+    }
+
+    /// return the root cause of the error chain, if any exists
+    pub fn root_cause(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
+        self.iter().last()
+    }
+
+    /// Find the first error cause of type U, if any exists
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// use chainerror::*;
+    /// use std::error::Error;
+    /// use std::io;
+    ///
+    /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+    ///     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
+    ///     Ok(())
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);
+    ///
+    /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+    ///     let filename = "foo.txt";
+    ///     do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?;
+    ///     Ok(())
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);
+    ///
+    /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+    ///     func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?;
+    ///     Ok(())
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// fn main() {
+    ///     if let Err(e) = func1() {
+    ///         if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() {
+    ///
+    ///             assert!(f1err.find_cause::<io::Error>().is_some());
+    ///
+    ///             assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some());
+    ///         }
+    /// #        else {
+    /// #            panic!();
+    /// #        }
+    ///     }
+    /// #    else {
+    /// #         unreachable!();
+    /// #    }
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn find_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&U> {
+        self.iter().filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::<U>).next()
+    }
+
+    /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError<U>`, if any exists
+    ///
+    /// Same as `find_cause`, but hides the `ChainError<U>` implementation internals
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use chainerror::*;
+    /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooError);
+    /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);
+    /// // Instead of writing
+    /// err.find_cause::<ChainError<FooError>>();
+    ///
+    /// // leave out the ChainError<FooError> implementation detail
+    /// err.find_chain_cause::<FooError>();
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn find_chain_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<U>> {
+        self.iter()
+            .filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::<ChainError<U>>)
+            .next()
+    }
+
+    /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError<U>` or `U`, if any exists and return `U`
+    ///
+    /// Same as `find_cause` and `find_chain_cause`, but hides the `ChainError<U>` implementation internals
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use chainerror::*;
+    /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooErrorKind);
+    /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);
+    /// // Instead of writing
+    /// err.find_cause::<ChainError<FooErrorKind>>();
+    /// // and/or
+    /// err.find_chain_cause::<FooErrorKind>();
+    /// // and/or
+    /// err.find_cause::<FooErrorKind>();
+    ///
+    /// // leave out the ChainError<FooErrorKind> implementation detail
+    /// err.find_kind_or_cause::<FooErrorKind>();
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn find_kind_or_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&U> {
+        self.iter()
+            .filter_map(|e| {
+                e.downcast_ref::<ChainError<U>>()
+                    .map(|e| e.kind())
+                    .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::<U>())
+            })
+            .next()
+    }
+
+    /// Return a reference to T of `ChainError<T>`
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// use chainerror::*;
+    /// use std::error::Error;
+    /// use std::io;
+    ///
+    /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+    ///     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
+    ///     Ok(())
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);
+    ///
+    /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+    ///     let filename = "foo.txt";
+    ///     do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?;
+    ///     Ok(())
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// #[derive(Debug)]
+    /// enum Func1ErrorKind {
+    ///     Func2,
+    ///     IO(String),
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// /// impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {…}
+    /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {
+    /// #     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+    /// #         match self {
+    /// #             Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, "func1 error calling func2"),
+    /// #             Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename),
+    /// #         }
+    /// #     }
+    /// # }
+    ///
+    /// fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> {
+    ///     func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::Func2))?;
+    ///     do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::IO("bar.txt".into())))?;
+    ///     Ok(())
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// fn main() {
+    ///     if let Err(e) = func1() {
+    ///         match e.kind() {
+    ///             Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => {}
+    ///             Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => panic!(),
+    ///         }
+    ///     }
+    /// #    else {
+    /// #         unreachable!();
+    /// #    }
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn kind(&self) -> &T {
+        &self.kind
+    }
+
+    /// Returns an Iterator over all error causes/sources
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    ///
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &(dyn Error + 'static)> {
+        ErrorIter {
+            current: Some(self),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+struct ErrorIter<'a> {
+    current: Option<&'a (dyn Error + 'static)>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Iterator for ErrorIter<'a> {
+    type Item = &'a (dyn Error + 'static);
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        let current = self.current;
+        self.current = self.current.and_then(Error::source);
+        current
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> std::ops::Deref for ChainError<T> {
+    type Target = T;
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        &self.kind
+    }
+}
+
+/// Convenience trait to hide the `ChainError<T>` implementation internals
+pub trait ChainErrorDown {
+    /// Test if of type `ChainError<T>`
+    fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool;
+    /// Downcast to a reference of `ChainError<T>`
+    fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>>;
+    /// Downcast to a mutable reference of `ChainError<T>`
+    fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>>;
+    /// Downcast to T of `ChainError<T>`
+    fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T>;
+    /// Downcast to T mutable reference of `ChainError<T>`
+    fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>;
+}
+
+impl<U: 'static + Display + Debug> ChainErrorDown for ChainError<U> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool {
+        TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<U>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> {
+        if self.is_chain::<T>() {
+            #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
+            unsafe {
+                #[allow(trivial_casts)]
+                Some(&*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError<T>))
+            }
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> {
+        if self.is_chain::<T>() {
+            #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
+            unsafe {
+                #[allow(trivial_casts)]
+                Some(&mut *(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError<T>))
+            }
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
+        if self.is_chain::<T>() {
+            #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
+            unsafe {
+                #[allow(trivial_casts)]
+                Some(&(*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError<T>)).kind)
+            }
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {
+        if self.is_chain::<T>() {
+            #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
+            unsafe {
+                #[allow(trivial_casts)]
+                Some(&mut (*(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError<T>)).kind)
+            }
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static {
+    #[inline]
+    fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> {
+        self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> {
+        self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
+        self.downcast_ref::<T>()
+            .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind()))
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {
+        if self.is::<T>() {
+            return self.downcast_mut::<T>();
+        }
+
+        self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>()
+            .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>())
+    }
+}
+
+impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send {
+    #[inline]
+    fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> {
+        self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> {
+        self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
+        self.downcast_ref::<T>()
+            .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind()))
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {
+        if self.is::<T>() {
+            return self.downcast_mut::<T>();
+        }
+
+        self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>()
+            .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>())
+    }
+}
+
+impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync {
+    #[inline]
+    fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> {
+        self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> {
+        self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
+        self.downcast_ref::<T>()
+            .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind()))
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {
+        if self.is::<T>() {
+            return self.downcast_mut::<T>();
+        }
+
+        self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>()
+            .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for ChainError<T> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
+        self.error_cause
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for &ChainError<T> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
+        self.error_cause
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for &mut ChainError<T> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
+        self.error_cause
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Display for ChainError<T> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {
+        write!(f, "{}", self.kind)?;
+
+        #[cfg(feature = "display-cause")]
+        {
+            if let Some(e) = self.source() {
+                writeln!(f, "\nCaused by:")?;
+                Display::fmt(&e, f)?;
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Debug for ChainError<T> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {
+        #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))]
+        {
+            if let Some(ref o) = self.occurrence {
+                Display::fmt(o, f)?;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if self.is_chain::<String>() {
+            Display::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;
+        } else {
+            Debug::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;
+        }
+
+        #[cfg(not(feature = "no-debug-cause"))]
+        {
+            if let Some(e) = self.source() {
+                writeln!(f, "\nCaused by:")?;
+                Debug::fmt(&e, f)?;
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+/// `ChainErrorFrom<T>` is similar to `From<T>`
+pub trait ChainErrorFrom<T>: Sized {
+    /// similar to From<T>::from()
+    fn chain_error_from(from: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self>;
+}
+
+/// `IntoChainError<T>` is similar to `Into<T>`
+pub trait IntoChainError<T>: Sized {
+    /// similar to Into<T>::into()
+    fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<T>;
+}
+
+impl<T, U> IntoChainError<U> for T
+where
+    U: ChainErrorFrom<T>,
+{
+    #[inline]
+    fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<U> {
+        U::chain_error_from(self, line_filename)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, U> ChainErrorFrom<T> for U
+where
+    T: Into<U>,
+    U: 'static + Display + Debug,
+{
+    #[inline]
+    fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self> {
+        let e: U = t.into();
+        ChainError::new(e, None, line_filename)
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+impl<T, U> ChainErrorFrom<T> for U
+    where
+        T: 'static + Error + Into<Box<T>> + Clone,
+        U: 'static + Display + Debug + From<T>,
+{
+    #[inline]
+    fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self> {
+        ChainError::new(U::from(t.clone()), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename)
+    }
+}
+*/
+
+/// map into `ChainError<T>` with `T::from(err)`
+///
+/// adds `line!()` and `file!()` information
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! minto_cherr {
+    ( $k:ident ) => (
+        |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $k::from(&e))
+    );
+    ( $enum:ident $(:: $enum_path:ident)* ) => (
+        |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $enum $(:: $enum_path)*::from(&e))
+    );
+}
+
+/// Creates a new `ChainError<T>`
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// Create a new ChainError<FooError>, where `FooError` must implement `Display` and `Debug`.
+/// ```rust
+/// # use chainerror::*;
+/// # #[derive(Debug)]
+/// enum FooError {
+///     Bar,
+///     Baz(&'static str),
+/// }
+/// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError {
+/// #     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+/// #         match self {
+/// #             FooError::Bar => write!(f, "Bar Error"),
+/// #             FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, "Baz Error: '{}'", s),
+/// #         }
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+///
+/// //  impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError
+///
+/// fn do_some_stuff() -> bool {
+///     false
+/// }
+///
+/// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> {
+///     if ! do_some_stuff() {
+///         Err(cherr!(FooError::Baz("Error")))?;
+///     }
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+/// # pub fn main() {
+/// #     match func().unwrap_err().kind() {
+/// #         FooError::Baz(s) if s == &"Error" => {}
+/// #         _ => panic!(),
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+/// ```
+///
+/// Additionally an error cause can be added.
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use chainerror::*;
+/// # use std::io;
+/// # use std::error::Error;
+/// # #[derive(Debug)]
+/// # enum FooError {
+/// #     Bar,
+/// #     Baz(&'static str),
+/// # }
+/// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError {
+/// #     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+/// #         match self {
+/// #             FooError::Bar => write!(f, "Bar Error"),
+/// #             FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, "Baz Error: '{}'", s),
+/// #         }
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+/// fn do_some_stuff() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+///     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+///
+/// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> {
+///     do_some_stuff().map_err(
+///         |e| cherr!(e, FooError::Baz("Error"))
+///     )?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+/// # pub fn main() {
+/// #     match func().unwrap_err().kind() {
+/// #         FooError::Baz(s) if s == &"Error" => {}
+/// #         _ => panic!(),
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+/// ```
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! cherr {
+    ( $k:expr ) => ({
+        $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": ")))
+    });
+    ( None, $k:expr ) => ({
+        $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": ")))
+    });
+    ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))
+    });
+    ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))
+    });
+    ( $e:path, $k:expr ) => ({
+        $crate::ChainError::new($k, Some(Box::from($e)), Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": ")))
+    });
+    ( $e:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!($e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))
+    });
+}
+
+/// Convenience macro for `|e| cherr!(e, format!(…))`
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use crate::chainerror::*;
+/// # use std::error::Error;
+/// # use std::io;
+/// # use std::result::Result;
+/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+/// #     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
+/// #     Ok(())
+/// # }
+/// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+///     let filename = "foo.txt";
+///     do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+///
+/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+///     func2().map_err(mstrerr!("func1 error"))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+///
+/// # fn main() {
+/// #     if let Err(e) = func1() {
+/// #         #[cfg(not(windows))]
+/// #         assert_eq!(
+/// #             format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#"
+/// # src/lib.rs:18: func1 error
+/// # Caused by:
+/// # src/lib.rs:13: Error reading 'foo.txt'
+/// # Caused by:
+/// # Kind(NotFound)
+/// # "#
+/// #         );
+/// #     } else {
+/// #         unreachable!();
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+/// ```
+///
+/// `mstrerr!()` can also be used to map a new `ChainError<T>`, where T was defined with
+/// `derive_str_cherr!(T)`
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use crate::chainerror::*;
+/// # use std::error::Error;
+/// # use std::io;
+/// # use std::result::Result;
+/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+/// #     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
+/// #     Ok(())
+/// # }
+/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);
+///
+/// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+///     let filename = "foo.txt";
+///     do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+///
+/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);
+///
+/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+///     func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+/// # fn main() {
+/// #     if let Err(e) = func1() {
+/// #         if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() {
+/// #             assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some());
+/// #             assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some());
+/// #         } else {
+/// #             panic!();
+/// #         }
+/// #     } else {
+/// #         unreachable!();
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+/// ```
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! mstrerr {
+    ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({
+        |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string()))
+    });
+    ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({
+        |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string()))
+    });
+    ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({
+        |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )))
+    });
+    ($msg:expr) => ({
+        |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string())
+    });
+    ($msg:expr, ) => ({
+        |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string())
+    });
+    ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({
+        |e| $crate::cherr!(e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))
+    });
+}
+
+/// Convenience macro for `cherr!(T(format!(…)))` where `T(String)`
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use crate::chainerror::*;
+/// # use std::error::Error;
+/// # use std::result::Result;
+/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);
+///
+/// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {
+///     let filename = "foo.txt";
+///     Err(strerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))
+/// }
+///
+/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);
+///
+/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+///     func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+/// # fn main() {
+/// #     if let Err(e) = func1() {
+/// #         if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() {
+/// #             assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some());
+/// #             assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some());
+/// #         } else {
+/// #             panic!();
+/// #         }
+/// #     } else {
+/// #         unreachable!();
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+/// ```
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! strerr {
+    ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string()))
+    });
+    ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string()))
+    });
+    ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!($t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )))
+    });
+    ($msg:expr) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string())
+    });
+    ($msg:expr, ) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string())
+    });
+    ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!(format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))
+    });
+}
+
+/// Convenience macro to create a "new type" T(String) and implement Display + Debug for T
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use crate::chainerror::*;
+/// # use std::error::Error;
+/// # use std::io;
+/// # use std::result::Result;
+/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+/// #     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
+/// #     Ok(())
+/// # }
+/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);
+///
+/// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {
+///     let filename = "foo.txt";
+///     do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+///
+/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);
+///
+/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+///     func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+/// # fn main() {
+/// #     if let Err(e) = func1() {
+/// #         if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() {
+/// #             assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some());
+/// #             assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some());
+/// #         } else {
+/// #             panic!();
+/// #         }
+/// #     } else {
+/// #         unreachable!();
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+/// ```
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! derive_str_cherr {
+    ($e:ident) => {
+        #[derive(Clone)]
+        pub struct $e(pub String);
+        impl ::std::fmt::Display for $e {
+            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+                write!(f, "{}", self.0)
+            }
+        }
+        impl ::std::fmt::Debug for $e {
+            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+                write!(f, "{}({})", stringify!($e), self.0)
+            }
+        }
+        impl ::std::error::Error for $e {}
+    };
+}
+
+/// Derive an Error for an ErrorKind, which wraps a `ChainError` and implements a `kind()` method
+///
+/// It basically hides `ChainError` to the outside and only exposes the `kind()`
+/// method.
+///
+/// Error::kind() returns the ErrorKind
+/// Error::source() returns the parent error
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// use std::io;
+/// use chainerror::*;
+///
+/// fn do_some_io(_f: &str) -> std::result::Result<(), io::Error> {
+///     return Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound));
+/// }
+///
+/// #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+/// pub enum ErrorKind {
+///     IO(String),
+///     FatalError(String),
+///     Unknown,
+/// }
+///
+/// derive_err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind);
+///
+/// impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind {
+///     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
+///         match self {
+///             ErrorKind::FatalError(e) => write!(f, "fatal error {}", e),
+///             ErrorKind::Unknown => write!(f, "unknown error"),
+///             ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename),
+///         }
+///     }
+/// }
+///
+/// impl ErrorKind {
+///     fn from_io_error(e: &io::Error, f: String) -> Self {
+///         match e.kind() {
+///             io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe => panic!("Should not happen"),
+///             io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset => {
+///                 ErrorKind::FatalError(format!("While reading `{}`: {}", f, e))
+///             }
+///             _ => ErrorKind::IO(f),
+///         }
+///     }
+/// }
+///
+/// impl From<&io::Error> for ErrorKind {
+///     fn from(e: &io::Error) -> Self {
+///         ErrorKind::IO(format!("{}", e))
+///     }
+/// }
+///
+/// pub fn func1() -> std::result::Result<(), Error> {
+///     let filename = "bar.txt";
+///
+///     do_some_io(filename)
+///         .map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from_io_error(&e, filename.into())))?;
+///     do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::IO(filename.into())))?;
+///     do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from(&e)))?;
+///     do_some_io(filename).map_err(minto_cherr!(ErrorKind))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+/// ```
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! derive_err_kind {
+    ($e:ident, $k:ident) => {
+        pub struct $e($crate::ChainError<$k>);
+
+        impl $e {
+            pub fn kind(&self) -> &$k {
+                self.0.kind()
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl From<$k> for $e {
+            fn from(e: $k) -> Self {
+                $e($crate::ChainError::new(e, None, None))
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl From<ChainError<$k>> for $e {
+            fn from(e: $crate::ChainError<$k>) -> Self {
+                $e(e)
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl From<&$e> for $k
+        where
+            $k: Clone,
+        {
+            fn from(e: &$e) -> Self {
+                e.kind().clone()
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl $crate::ChainErrorFrom<$e> for $k
+        where
+            $k: Clone,
+        {
+            #[inline]
+            fn chain_error_from(
+                t: $e,
+                line_filename: Option<&'static str>,
+            ) -> $crate::ChainError<$k> {
+                $crate::ChainError::new((*t.kind()).clone(), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename)
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl std::error::Error for $e {
+            fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> {
+                self.0.source()
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl std::fmt::Display for $e {
+            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
+                std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f)
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl std::fmt::Debug for $e {
+            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
+                std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.0, f)
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+}
 pub mod mycrate {
     use crate::chainerror::*; // omit the `crate::` part
     use std::io;
 
-    fn do_some_io() -> std::result::Result<(), Box<std::error::Error + Send + Sync>> {
+    fn do_some_io() -> std::result::Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync>> {
         Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
         Ok(())
     }
 
     derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);
 
-    fn func2() -> std::result::Result<(), Box<std::error::Error + Send + Sync>> {
+    fn func2() -> std::result::Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync>> {
         let filename = "foo.txt";
         do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?;
         Ok(())
@@ -202,7 +1392,7 @@ have to change much or anything.

     }
 }
 
-fn main() -> Result<(), Box<std::error::Error + Send + Sync>> {
+fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync>> {
     use mycrate::func1;
     use mycrate::ErrorKind;
     use std::error::Error;
@@ -217,7 +1407,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<std::error::Error + Send + Sync>> {
         }
 
         eprintln!();
-        let mut s: &Error = &e;
+        let mut s: &dyn Error = &e;
         while let Some(c) = s.source() {
             if let Some(ioerror) = c.downcast_ref::<io::Error>() {
                 eprintln!("caused by: std::io::Error: {}", ioerror);
diff --git a/tutorial14.html b/tutorial14.html
index 2fd64e2..95439dd 100644
--- a/tutorial14.html
+++ b/tutorial14.html
@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@
     }
 }
 
-fn main() -> Result<(), Box<std::error::Error + Send + Sync>> {
+fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync>> {
     use mycrate::func1;
     use mycrate::ErrorKind;
     use std::error::Error;
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<std::error::Error + Send + Sync>> {
         }
 
         eprintln!();
-        let mut s: &Error = &e;
+        let mut s: &dyn Error = &e;
         while let Some(c) = s.source() {
             if let Some(ioerror) = c.downcast_ref::<io::Error>() {
                 eprintln!("caused by: std::io::Error: {}", ioerror);
diff --git a/tutorial2.html b/tutorial2.html
index 975f677..b308c4e 100644
--- a/tutorial2.html
+++ b/tutorial2.html
@@ -158,32 +158,1222 @@ use std::error::Error;
 use std::io;
 use std::result::Result;
 
-fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> {
+fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> {
+fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
     if let Err(e) = do_some_io() {
         Err(cherr!(e, "func2 error"))?;
     }
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> {
+fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
     if let Err(e) = func2() {
         Err(cherr!(e, "func1 error"))?;
     }
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn main() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> {
+fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
     func1()
 }
 #[allow(dead_code)]
 mod chainerror {
-{{#includecomment ../src/lib.rs}}
-}
+//! `chainerror` provides an error backtrace without doing a real backtrace, so even after you `strip` your
+//! binaries, you still have the error backtrace.
+//!
+//! `chainerror` has no dependencies!
+//!
+//! `chainerror` uses `.source()` of `std::error::Error` along with `line()!` and `file()!` to provide a nice debug error backtrace.
+//! It encapsulates all types, which have `Display + Debug` and can store the error cause internally.
+//!
+//! Along with the `ChainError<T>` struct, `chainerror` comes with some useful helper macros to save a lot of typing.
+//!
+//! ## Features
+//!
+//! `no-fileline`
+//! : completely turn off storing filename and line
+//!
+//! `display-cause`
+//! : turn on printing a backtrace of the errors in `Display`
+//!
+//! `no-debug-cause`
+//! : turn off printing a backtrace of the errors in `Debug`
+//!
+//!
+//! # Tutorial
+//!
+//! Read the [Tutorial](https://haraldh.github.io/chainerror/tutorial1.html)
+//!
+//! # Examples
+//!
+//! ```rust
+//! use chainerror::*;
+//! use std::error::Error;
+//! use std::io;
+//! use std::result::Result;
+//!
+//! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+//!     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
+//!     Ok(())
+//! }
+//!
+//! fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+//!     let filename = "foo.txt";
+//!     do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?;
+//!     Ok(())
+//! }
+//!
+//! fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+//!     func2().map_err(mstrerr!("func1 error"))?;
+//!     Ok(())
+//! }
+//!
+//! fn main() {
+//!     if let Err(e) = func1() {
+//!         #[cfg(not(windows))]
+//!         assert_eq!(
+//!             format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#"
+//! src/lib.rs:20: func1 error
+//! Caused by:
+//! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt'
+//! Caused by:
+//! Kind(NotFound)
+//! "#
+//!         );
+//!     }
+//! #    else {
+//! #        unreachable!();
+//! #    }
+//! }
+//! ```
+//!
+//!
+//! ```rust
+//! use chainerror::*;
+//! use std::error::Error;
+//! use std::io;
+//! use std::result::Result;
+//!
+//! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+//!     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
+//!     Ok(())
+//! }
+//!
+//! fn func3() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+//!     let filename = "foo.txt";
+//!     do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?;
+//!     Ok(())
+//! }
+//!
+//! derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);
+//!
+//! fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {
+//!     func3().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "func2 error: calling func3"))?;
+//!     Ok(())
+//! }
+//!
+//! enum Func1Error {
+//!     Func2,
+//!     IO(String),
+//! }
+//!
+//! impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1Error {
+//!     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+//!         match self {
+//!             Func1Error::Func2 => write!(f, "func1 error calling func2"),
+//!             Func1Error::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename),
+//!         }
+//!     }
+//! }
+//!
+//! impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Func1Error {
+//!     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+//!         write!(f, "{}", self)
+//!     }
+//! }
+//!
+//! fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1Error> {
+//!     func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::Func2))?;
+//!     let filename = String::from("bar.txt");
+//!     do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::IO(filename)))?;
+//!     Ok(())
+//! }
+//!
+//! fn main() {
+//!     if let Err(e) = func1() {
+//!         assert!(
+//!             match e.kind() {
+//!                 Func1Error::Func2 => {
+//!                     eprintln!("Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2");
+//!                     true
+//!                 }
+//!                 Func1Error::IO(filename) => {
+//!                     eprintln!("Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'", filename);
+//!                     false
+//!                 }
+//!             }
+//!         );
+//!
+//!         assert!(e.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some());
+//!
+//!         if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>() {
+//!             eprintln!("\nError reported by Func2Error: {}", e)
+//!         }
+//!
+//!
+//!         assert!(e.root_cause().is_some());
+//!
+//!         if let Some(e) = e.root_cause() {
+//!             let io_error = e.downcast_ref::<io::Error>().unwrap();
+//!             eprintln!("\nThe root cause was: std::io::Error: {:#?}", io_error);
+//!         }
+//!
+//!         #[cfg(not(windows))]
+//!         assert_eq!(
+//!             format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#"
+//! src/lib.rs:47: func1 error calling func2
+//! Caused by:
+//! src/lib.rs:22: Func2Error(func2 error: calling func3)
+//! Caused by:
+//! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt'
+//! Caused by:
+//! Kind(NotFound)
+//! "#
+//!         );
+//!     }
+//! #    else {
+//! #        unreachable!();
+//! #    }
+//! }
+//! ```
+
+#![deny(
+    warnings,
+    absolute_paths_not_starting_with_crate,
+    deprecated_in_future,
+    keyword_idents,
+    macro_use_extern_crate,
+    missing_debug_implementations,
+    trivial_numeric_casts,
+    unused_extern_crates,
+    unused_import_braces,
+    unused_qualifications,
+    unused_results,
+    unused_labels,
+    unused_lifetimes,
+    unstable_features,
+    unreachable_pub,
+    future_incompatible,
+    missing_copy_implementations,
+    missing_doc_code_examples,
+    rust_2018_idioms,
+    rust_2018_compatibility
+)]
+
+use std::any::TypeId;
+use std::error::Error;
+use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter, Result};
+
+/// chains an inner error kind `T` with a causing error
+pub struct ChainError<T> {
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))]
+    occurrence: Option<&'static str>,
+    kind: T,
+    error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>,
+}
+
+/// convenience type alias
+pub type ChainResult<O, E> = std::result::Result<O, ChainError<E>>;
+
+impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> ChainError<T> {
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))]
+    /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn new(
+        kind: T,
+        error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>,
+        occurrence: Option<&'static str>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            occurrence,
+            kind,
+            error_cause,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "no-fileline")]
+    /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn new(
+        kind: T,
+        error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>,
+        _occurrence: Option<&'static str>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self { kind, error_cause }
+    }
+
+    /// return the root cause of the error chain, if any exists
+    pub fn root_cause(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
+        self.iter().last()
+    }
+
+    /// Find the first error cause of type U, if any exists
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// use chainerror::*;
+    /// use std::error::Error;
+    /// use std::io;
+    ///
+    /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+    ///     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
+    ///     Ok(())
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);
+    ///
+    /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+    ///     let filename = "foo.txt";
+    ///     do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?;
+    ///     Ok(())
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);
+    ///
+    /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+    ///     func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?;
+    ///     Ok(())
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// fn main() {
+    ///     if let Err(e) = func1() {
+    ///         if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() {
+    ///
+    ///             assert!(f1err.find_cause::<io::Error>().is_some());
+    ///
+    ///             assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some());
+    ///         }
+    /// #        else {
+    /// #            panic!();
+    /// #        }
+    ///     }
+    /// #    else {
+    /// #         unreachable!();
+    /// #    }
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn find_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&U> {
+        self.iter().filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::<U>).next()
+    }
+
+    /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError<U>`, if any exists
+    ///
+    /// Same as `find_cause`, but hides the `ChainError<U>` implementation internals
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use chainerror::*;
+    /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooError);
+    /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);
+    /// // Instead of writing
+    /// err.find_cause::<ChainError<FooError>>();
+    ///
+    /// // leave out the ChainError<FooError> implementation detail
+    /// err.find_chain_cause::<FooError>();
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn find_chain_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<U>> {
+        self.iter()
+            .filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::<ChainError<U>>)
+            .next()
+    }
+
+    /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError<U>` or `U`, if any exists and return `U`
+    ///
+    /// Same as `find_cause` and `find_chain_cause`, but hides the `ChainError<U>` implementation internals
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use chainerror::*;
+    /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooErrorKind);
+    /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);
+    /// // Instead of writing
+    /// err.find_cause::<ChainError<FooErrorKind>>();
+    /// // and/or
+    /// err.find_chain_cause::<FooErrorKind>();
+    /// // and/or
+    /// err.find_cause::<FooErrorKind>();
+    ///
+    /// // leave out the ChainError<FooErrorKind> implementation detail
+    /// err.find_kind_or_cause::<FooErrorKind>();
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn find_kind_or_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&U> {
+        self.iter()
+            .filter_map(|e| {
+                e.downcast_ref::<ChainError<U>>()
+                    .map(|e| e.kind())
+                    .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::<U>())
+            })
+            .next()
+    }
+
+    /// Return a reference to T of `ChainError<T>`
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// use chainerror::*;
+    /// use std::error::Error;
+    /// use std::io;
+    ///
+    /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+    ///     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
+    ///     Ok(())
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);
+    ///
+    /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+    ///     let filename = "foo.txt";
+    ///     do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?;
+    ///     Ok(())
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// #[derive(Debug)]
+    /// enum Func1ErrorKind {
+    ///     Func2,
+    ///     IO(String),
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// /// impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {…}
+    /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {
+    /// #     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+    /// #         match self {
+    /// #             Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, "func1 error calling func2"),
+    /// #             Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename),
+    /// #         }
+    /// #     }
+    /// # }
+    ///
+    /// fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> {
+    ///     func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::Func2))?;
+    ///     do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::IO("bar.txt".into())))?;
+    ///     Ok(())
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// fn main() {
+    ///     if let Err(e) = func1() {
+    ///         match e.kind() {
+    ///             Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => {}
+    ///             Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => panic!(),
+    ///         }
+    ///     }
+    /// #    else {
+    /// #         unreachable!();
+    /// #    }
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn kind(&self) -> &T {
+        &self.kind
+    }
+
+    /// Returns an Iterator over all error causes/sources
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    ///
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &(dyn Error + 'static)> {
+        ErrorIter {
+            current: Some(self),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+struct ErrorIter<'a> {
+    current: Option<&'a (dyn Error + 'static)>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Iterator for ErrorIter<'a> {
+    type Item = &'a (dyn Error + 'static);
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        let current = self.current;
+        self.current = self.current.and_then(Error::source);
+        current
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> std::ops::Deref for ChainError<T> {
+    type Target = T;
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        &self.kind
+    }
+}
+
+/// Convenience trait to hide the `ChainError<T>` implementation internals
+pub trait ChainErrorDown {
+    /// Test if of type `ChainError<T>`
+    fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool;
+    /// Downcast to a reference of `ChainError<T>`
+    fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>>;
+    /// Downcast to a mutable reference of `ChainError<T>`
+    fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>>;
+    /// Downcast to T of `ChainError<T>`
+    fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T>;
+    /// Downcast to T mutable reference of `ChainError<T>`
+    fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>;
+}
+
+impl<U: 'static + Display + Debug> ChainErrorDown for ChainError<U> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool {
+        TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<U>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> {
+        if self.is_chain::<T>() {
+            #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
+            unsafe {
+                #[allow(trivial_casts)]
+                Some(&*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError<T>))
+            }
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> {
+        if self.is_chain::<T>() {
+            #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
+            unsafe {
+                #[allow(trivial_casts)]
+                Some(&mut *(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError<T>))
+            }
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
+        if self.is_chain::<T>() {
+            #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
+            unsafe {
+                #[allow(trivial_casts)]
+                Some(&(*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError<T>)).kind)
+            }
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {
+        if self.is_chain::<T>() {
+            #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
+            unsafe {
+                #[allow(trivial_casts)]
+                Some(&mut (*(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError<T>)).kind)
+            }
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static {
+    #[inline]
+    fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> {
+        self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> {
+        self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
+        self.downcast_ref::<T>()
+            .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind()))
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {
+        if self.is::<T>() {
+            return self.downcast_mut::<T>();
+        }
+
+        self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>()
+            .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>())
+    }
+}
+
+impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send {
+    #[inline]
+    fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> {
+        self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> {
+        self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
+        self.downcast_ref::<T>()
+            .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind()))
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {
+        if self.is::<T>() {
+            return self.downcast_mut::<T>();
+        }
+
+        self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>()
+            .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>())
+    }
+}
+
+impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync {
+    #[inline]
+    fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> {
+        self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> {
+        self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
+        self.downcast_ref::<T>()
+            .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind()))
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {
+        if self.is::<T>() {
+            return self.downcast_mut::<T>();
+        }
+
+        self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>()
+            .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for ChainError<T> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
+        self.error_cause
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for &ChainError<T> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
+        self.error_cause
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for &mut ChainError<T> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
+        self.error_cause
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Display for ChainError<T> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {
+        write!(f, "{}", self.kind)?;
+
+        #[cfg(feature = "display-cause")]
+        {
+            if let Some(e) = self.source() {
+                writeln!(f, "\nCaused by:")?;
+                Display::fmt(&e, f)?;
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Debug for ChainError<T> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {
+        #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))]
+        {
+            if let Some(ref o) = self.occurrence {
+                Display::fmt(o, f)?;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if self.is_chain::<String>() {
+            Display::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;
+        } else {
+            Debug::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;
+        }
+
+        #[cfg(not(feature = "no-debug-cause"))]
+        {
+            if let Some(e) = self.source() {
+                writeln!(f, "\nCaused by:")?;
+                Debug::fmt(&e, f)?;
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+/// `ChainErrorFrom<T>` is similar to `From<T>`
+pub trait ChainErrorFrom<T>: Sized {
+    /// similar to From<T>::from()
+    fn chain_error_from(from: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self>;
+}
+
+/// `IntoChainError<T>` is similar to `Into<T>`
+pub trait IntoChainError<T>: Sized {
+    /// similar to Into<T>::into()
+    fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<T>;
+}
+
+impl<T, U> IntoChainError<U> for T
+where
+    U: ChainErrorFrom<T>,
+{
+    #[inline]
+    fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<U> {
+        U::chain_error_from(self, line_filename)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, U> ChainErrorFrom<T> for U
+where
+    T: Into<U>,
+    U: 'static + Display + Debug,
+{
+    #[inline]
+    fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self> {
+        let e: U = t.into();
+        ChainError::new(e, None, line_filename)
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+impl<T, U> ChainErrorFrom<T> for U
+    where
+        T: 'static + Error + Into<Box<T>> + Clone,
+        U: 'static + Display + Debug + From<T>,
+{
+    #[inline]
+    fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self> {
+        ChainError::new(U::from(t.clone()), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename)
+    }
+}
+*/
+
+/// map into `ChainError<T>` with `T::from(err)`
+///
+/// adds `line!()` and `file!()` information
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! minto_cherr {
+    ( $k:ident ) => (
+        |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $k::from(&e))
+    );
+    ( $enum:ident $(:: $enum_path:ident)* ) => (
+        |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $enum $(:: $enum_path)*::from(&e))
+    );
+}
+
+/// Creates a new `ChainError<T>`
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// Create a new ChainError<FooError>, where `FooError` must implement `Display` and `Debug`.
+/// ```rust
+/// # use chainerror::*;
+/// # #[derive(Debug)]
+/// enum FooError {
+///     Bar,
+///     Baz(&'static str),
+/// }
+/// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError {
+/// #     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+/// #         match self {
+/// #             FooError::Bar => write!(f, "Bar Error"),
+/// #             FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, "Baz Error: '{}'", s),
+/// #         }
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+///
+/// //  impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError
+///
+/// fn do_some_stuff() -> bool {
+///     false
+/// }
+///
+/// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> {
+///     if ! do_some_stuff() {
+///         Err(cherr!(FooError::Baz("Error")))?;
+///     }
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+/// # pub fn main() {
+/// #     match func().unwrap_err().kind() {
+/// #         FooError::Baz(s) if s == &"Error" => {}
+/// #         _ => panic!(),
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+/// ```
+///
+/// Additionally an error cause can be added.
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use chainerror::*;
+/// # use std::io;
+/// # use std::error::Error;
+/// # #[derive(Debug)]
+/// # enum FooError {
+/// #     Bar,
+/// #     Baz(&'static str),
+/// # }
+/// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError {
+/// #     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+/// #         match self {
+/// #             FooError::Bar => write!(f, "Bar Error"),
+/// #             FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, "Baz Error: '{}'", s),
+/// #         }
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+/// fn do_some_stuff() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+///     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+///
+/// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> {
+///     do_some_stuff().map_err(
+///         |e| cherr!(e, FooError::Baz("Error"))
+///     )?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+/// # pub fn main() {
+/// #     match func().unwrap_err().kind() {
+/// #         FooError::Baz(s) if s == &"Error" => {}
+/// #         _ => panic!(),
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+/// ```
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! cherr {
+    ( $k:expr ) => ({
+        $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": ")))
+    });
+    ( None, $k:expr ) => ({
+        $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": ")))
+    });
+    ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))
+    });
+    ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))
+    });
+    ( $e:path, $k:expr ) => ({
+        $crate::ChainError::new($k, Some(Box::from($e)), Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": ")))
+    });
+    ( $e:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!($e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))
+    });
+}
+
+/// Convenience macro for `|e| cherr!(e, format!(…))`
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use crate::chainerror::*;
+/// # use std::error::Error;
+/// # use std::io;
+/// # use std::result::Result;
+/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+/// #     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
+/// #     Ok(())
+/// # }
+/// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+///     let filename = "foo.txt";
+///     do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+///
+/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+///     func2().map_err(mstrerr!("func1 error"))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+///
+/// # fn main() {
+/// #     if let Err(e) = func1() {
+/// #         #[cfg(not(windows))]
+/// #         assert_eq!(
+/// #             format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#"
+/// # src/lib.rs:18: func1 error
+/// # Caused by:
+/// # src/lib.rs:13: Error reading 'foo.txt'
+/// # Caused by:
+/// # Kind(NotFound)
+/// # "#
+/// #         );
+/// #     } else {
+/// #         unreachable!();
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+/// ```
+///
+/// `mstrerr!()` can also be used to map a new `ChainError<T>`, where T was defined with
+/// `derive_str_cherr!(T)`
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use crate::chainerror::*;
+/// # use std::error::Error;
+/// # use std::io;
+/// # use std::result::Result;
+/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+/// #     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
+/// #     Ok(())
+/// # }
+/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);
+///
+/// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+///     let filename = "foo.txt";
+///     do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+///
+/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);
+///
+/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+///     func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+/// # fn main() {
+/// #     if let Err(e) = func1() {
+/// #         if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() {
+/// #             assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some());
+/// #             assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some());
+/// #         } else {
+/// #             panic!();
+/// #         }
+/// #     } else {
+/// #         unreachable!();
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+/// ```
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! mstrerr {
+    ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({
+        |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string()))
+    });
+    ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({
+        |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string()))
+    });
+    ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({
+        |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )))
+    });
+    ($msg:expr) => ({
+        |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string())
+    });
+    ($msg:expr, ) => ({
+        |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string())
+    });
+    ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({
+        |e| $crate::cherr!(e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))
+    });
+}
+
+/// Convenience macro for `cherr!(T(format!(…)))` where `T(String)`
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use crate::chainerror::*;
+/// # use std::error::Error;
+/// # use std::result::Result;
+/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);
+///
+/// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {
+///     let filename = "foo.txt";
+///     Err(strerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))
+/// }
+///
+/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);
+///
+/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+///     func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+/// # fn main() {
+/// #     if let Err(e) = func1() {
+/// #         if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() {
+/// #             assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some());
+/// #             assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some());
+/// #         } else {
+/// #             panic!();
+/// #         }
+/// #     } else {
+/// #         unreachable!();
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+/// ```
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! strerr {
+    ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string()))
+    });
+    ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string()))
+    });
+    ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!($t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )))
+    });
+    ($msg:expr) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string())
+    });
+    ($msg:expr, ) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string())
+    });
+    ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!(format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))
+    });
+}
+
+/// Convenience macro to create a "new type" T(String) and implement Display + Debug for T
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use crate::chainerror::*;
+/// # use std::error::Error;
+/// # use std::io;
+/// # use std::result::Result;
+/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+/// #     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
+/// #     Ok(())
+/// # }
+/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);
+///
+/// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {
+///     let filename = "foo.txt";
+///     do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+///
+/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);
+///
+/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+///     func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+/// # fn main() {
+/// #     if let Err(e) = func1() {
+/// #         if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() {
+/// #             assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some());
+/// #             assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some());
+/// #         } else {
+/// #             panic!();
+/// #         }
+/// #     } else {
+/// #         unreachable!();
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+/// ```
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! derive_str_cherr {
+    ($e:ident) => {
+        #[derive(Clone)]
+        pub struct $e(pub String);
+        impl ::std::fmt::Display for $e {
+            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+                write!(f, "{}", self.0)
+            }
+        }
+        impl ::std::fmt::Debug for $e {
+            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+                write!(f, "{}({})", stringify!($e), self.0)
+            }
+        }
+        impl ::std::error::Error for $e {}
+    };
+}
+
+/// Derive an Error for an ErrorKind, which wraps a `ChainError` and implements a `kind()` method
+///
+/// It basically hides `ChainError` to the outside and only exposes the `kind()`
+/// method.
+///
+/// Error::kind() returns the ErrorKind
+/// Error::source() returns the parent error
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// use std::io;
+/// use chainerror::*;
+///
+/// fn do_some_io(_f: &str) -> std::result::Result<(), io::Error> {
+///     return Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound));
+/// }
+///
+/// #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+/// pub enum ErrorKind {
+///     IO(String),
+///     FatalError(String),
+///     Unknown,
+/// }
+///
+/// derive_err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind);
+///
+/// impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind {
+///     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
+///         match self {
+///             ErrorKind::FatalError(e) => write!(f, "fatal error {}", e),
+///             ErrorKind::Unknown => write!(f, "unknown error"),
+///             ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename),
+///         }
+///     }
+/// }
+///
+/// impl ErrorKind {
+///     fn from_io_error(e: &io::Error, f: String) -> Self {
+///         match e.kind() {
+///             io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe => panic!("Should not happen"),
+///             io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset => {
+///                 ErrorKind::FatalError(format!("While reading `{}`: {}", f, e))
+///             }
+///             _ => ErrorKind::IO(f),
+///         }
+///     }
+/// }
+///
+/// impl From<&io::Error> for ErrorKind {
+///     fn from(e: &io::Error) -> Self {
+///         ErrorKind::IO(format!("{}", e))
+///     }
+/// }
+///
+/// pub fn func1() -> std::result::Result<(), Error> {
+///     let filename = "bar.txt";
+///
+///     do_some_io(filename)
+///         .map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from_io_error(&e, filename.into())))?;
+///     do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::IO(filename.into())))?;
+///     do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from(&e)))?;
+///     do_some_io(filename).map_err(minto_cherr!(ErrorKind))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+/// ```
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! derive_err_kind {
+    ($e:ident, $k:ident) => {
+        pub struct $e($crate::ChainError<$k>);
+
+        impl $e {
+            pub fn kind(&self) -> &$k {
+                self.0.kind()
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl From<$k> for $e {
+            fn from(e: $k) -> Self {
+                $e($crate::ChainError::new(e, None, None))
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl From<ChainError<$k>> for $e {
+            fn from(e: $crate::ChainError<$k>) -> Self {
+                $e(e)
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl From<&$e> for $k
+        where
+            $k: Clone,
+        {
+            fn from(e: &$e) -> Self {
+                e.kind().clone()
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl $crate::ChainErrorFrom<$e> for $k
+        where
+            $k: Clone,
+        {
+            #[inline]
+            fn chain_error_from(
+                t: $e,
+                line_filename: Option<&'static str>,
+            ) -> $crate::ChainError<$k> {
+                $crate::ChainError::new((*t.kind()).clone(), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename)
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl std::error::Error for $e {
+            fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> {
+                self.0.source()
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl std::fmt::Display for $e {
+            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
+                std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f)
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl std::fmt::Debug for $e {
+            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
+                std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.0, f)
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+}

What did we do here?

    if let Err(e) = do_some_io() {
diff --git a/tutorial3.html b/tutorial3.html
index 08cbfaf..b83b68b 100644
--- a/tutorial3.html
+++ b/tutorial3.html
@@ -156,22 +156,22 @@ use std::error::Error;
 use std::io;
 use std::result::Result;
 
-fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> {
+fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> {
+fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
     do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, "func2 error"))?;
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> {
+fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
     func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, "func1 error"))?;
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn main() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> {
+fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
     if let Err(e) = func1() {
         eprintln!("{:?}", e);
     }
@@ -179,8 +179,1198 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> {
 }
 #[allow(dead_code)]
 mod chainerror {
-{{#includecomment ../src/lib.rs}}
-}
+//! `chainerror` provides an error backtrace without doing a real backtrace, so even after you `strip` your
+//! binaries, you still have the error backtrace.
+//!
+//! `chainerror` has no dependencies!
+//!
+//! `chainerror` uses `.source()` of `std::error::Error` along with `line()!` and `file()!` to provide a nice debug error backtrace.
+//! It encapsulates all types, which have `Display + Debug` and can store the error cause internally.
+//!
+//! Along with the `ChainError<T>` struct, `chainerror` comes with some useful helper macros to save a lot of typing.
+//!
+//! ## Features
+//!
+//! `no-fileline`
+//! : completely turn off storing filename and line
+//!
+//! `display-cause`
+//! : turn on printing a backtrace of the errors in `Display`
+//!
+//! `no-debug-cause`
+//! : turn off printing a backtrace of the errors in `Debug`
+//!
+//!
+//! # Tutorial
+//!
+//! Read the [Tutorial](https://haraldh.github.io/chainerror/tutorial1.html)
+//!
+//! # Examples
+//!
+//! ```rust
+//! use chainerror::*;
+//! use std::error::Error;
+//! use std::io;
+//! use std::result::Result;
+//!
+//! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+//!     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
+//!     Ok(())
+//! }
+//!
+//! fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+//!     let filename = "foo.txt";
+//!     do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?;
+//!     Ok(())
+//! }
+//!
+//! fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+//!     func2().map_err(mstrerr!("func1 error"))?;
+//!     Ok(())
+//! }
+//!
+//! fn main() {
+//!     if let Err(e) = func1() {
+//!         #[cfg(not(windows))]
+//!         assert_eq!(
+//!             format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#"
+//! src/lib.rs:20: func1 error
+//! Caused by:
+//! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt'
+//! Caused by:
+//! Kind(NotFound)
+//! "#
+//!         );
+//!     }
+//! #    else {
+//! #        unreachable!();
+//! #    }
+//! }
+//! ```
+//!
+//!
+//! ```rust
+//! use chainerror::*;
+//! use std::error::Error;
+//! use std::io;
+//! use std::result::Result;
+//!
+//! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+//!     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
+//!     Ok(())
+//! }
+//!
+//! fn func3() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+//!     let filename = "foo.txt";
+//!     do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?;
+//!     Ok(())
+//! }
+//!
+//! derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);
+//!
+//! fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {
+//!     func3().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "func2 error: calling func3"))?;
+//!     Ok(())
+//! }
+//!
+//! enum Func1Error {
+//!     Func2,
+//!     IO(String),
+//! }
+//!
+//! impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1Error {
+//!     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+//!         match self {
+//!             Func1Error::Func2 => write!(f, "func1 error calling func2"),
+//!             Func1Error::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename),
+//!         }
+//!     }
+//! }
+//!
+//! impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Func1Error {
+//!     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+//!         write!(f, "{}", self)
+//!     }
+//! }
+//!
+//! fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1Error> {
+//!     func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::Func2))?;
+//!     let filename = String::from("bar.txt");
+//!     do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::IO(filename)))?;
+//!     Ok(())
+//! }
+//!
+//! fn main() {
+//!     if let Err(e) = func1() {
+//!         assert!(
+//!             match e.kind() {
+//!                 Func1Error::Func2 => {
+//!                     eprintln!("Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2");
+//!                     true
+//!                 }
+//!                 Func1Error::IO(filename) => {
+//!                     eprintln!("Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'", filename);
+//!                     false
+//!                 }
+//!             }
+//!         );
+//!
+//!         assert!(e.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some());
+//!
+//!         if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>() {
+//!             eprintln!("\nError reported by Func2Error: {}", e)
+//!         }
+//!
+//!
+//!         assert!(e.root_cause().is_some());
+//!
+//!         if let Some(e) = e.root_cause() {
+//!             let io_error = e.downcast_ref::<io::Error>().unwrap();
+//!             eprintln!("\nThe root cause was: std::io::Error: {:#?}", io_error);
+//!         }
+//!
+//!         #[cfg(not(windows))]
+//!         assert_eq!(
+//!             format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#"
+//! src/lib.rs:47: func1 error calling func2
+//! Caused by:
+//! src/lib.rs:22: Func2Error(func2 error: calling func3)
+//! Caused by:
+//! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt'
+//! Caused by:
+//! Kind(NotFound)
+//! "#
+//!         );
+//!     }
+//! #    else {
+//! #        unreachable!();
+//! #    }
+//! }
+//! ```
+
+#![deny(
+    warnings,
+    absolute_paths_not_starting_with_crate,
+    deprecated_in_future,
+    keyword_idents,
+    macro_use_extern_crate,
+    missing_debug_implementations,
+    trivial_numeric_casts,
+    unused_extern_crates,
+    unused_import_braces,
+    unused_qualifications,
+    unused_results,
+    unused_labels,
+    unused_lifetimes,
+    unstable_features,
+    unreachable_pub,
+    future_incompatible,
+    missing_copy_implementations,
+    missing_doc_code_examples,
+    rust_2018_idioms,
+    rust_2018_compatibility
+)]
+
+use std::any::TypeId;
+use std::error::Error;
+use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter, Result};
+
+/// chains an inner error kind `T` with a causing error
+pub struct ChainError<T> {
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))]
+    occurrence: Option<&'static str>,
+    kind: T,
+    error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>,
+}
+
+/// convenience type alias
+pub type ChainResult<O, E> = std::result::Result<O, ChainError<E>>;
+
+impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> ChainError<T> {
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))]
+    /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn new(
+        kind: T,
+        error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>,
+        occurrence: Option<&'static str>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            occurrence,
+            kind,
+            error_cause,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "no-fileline")]
+    /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn new(
+        kind: T,
+        error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>,
+        _occurrence: Option<&'static str>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self { kind, error_cause }
+    }
+
+    /// return the root cause of the error chain, if any exists
+    pub fn root_cause(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
+        self.iter().last()
+    }
+
+    /// Find the first error cause of type U, if any exists
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// use chainerror::*;
+    /// use std::error::Error;
+    /// use std::io;
+    ///
+    /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+    ///     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
+    ///     Ok(())
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);
+    ///
+    /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+    ///     let filename = "foo.txt";
+    ///     do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?;
+    ///     Ok(())
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);
+    ///
+    /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+    ///     func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?;
+    ///     Ok(())
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// fn main() {
+    ///     if let Err(e) = func1() {
+    ///         if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() {
+    ///
+    ///             assert!(f1err.find_cause::<io::Error>().is_some());
+    ///
+    ///             assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some());
+    ///         }
+    /// #        else {
+    /// #            panic!();
+    /// #        }
+    ///     }
+    /// #    else {
+    /// #         unreachable!();
+    /// #    }
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn find_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&U> {
+        self.iter().filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::<U>).next()
+    }
+
+    /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError<U>`, if any exists
+    ///
+    /// Same as `find_cause`, but hides the `ChainError<U>` implementation internals
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use chainerror::*;
+    /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooError);
+    /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);
+    /// // Instead of writing
+    /// err.find_cause::<ChainError<FooError>>();
+    ///
+    /// // leave out the ChainError<FooError> implementation detail
+    /// err.find_chain_cause::<FooError>();
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn find_chain_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<U>> {
+        self.iter()
+            .filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::<ChainError<U>>)
+            .next()
+    }
+
+    /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError<U>` or `U`, if any exists and return `U`
+    ///
+    /// Same as `find_cause` and `find_chain_cause`, but hides the `ChainError<U>` implementation internals
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use chainerror::*;
+    /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooErrorKind);
+    /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);
+    /// // Instead of writing
+    /// err.find_cause::<ChainError<FooErrorKind>>();
+    /// // and/or
+    /// err.find_chain_cause::<FooErrorKind>();
+    /// // and/or
+    /// err.find_cause::<FooErrorKind>();
+    ///
+    /// // leave out the ChainError<FooErrorKind> implementation detail
+    /// err.find_kind_or_cause::<FooErrorKind>();
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn find_kind_or_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&U> {
+        self.iter()
+            .filter_map(|e| {
+                e.downcast_ref::<ChainError<U>>()
+                    .map(|e| e.kind())
+                    .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::<U>())
+            })
+            .next()
+    }
+
+    /// Return a reference to T of `ChainError<T>`
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// use chainerror::*;
+    /// use std::error::Error;
+    /// use std::io;
+    ///
+    /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+    ///     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
+    ///     Ok(())
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);
+    ///
+    /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+    ///     let filename = "foo.txt";
+    ///     do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?;
+    ///     Ok(())
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// #[derive(Debug)]
+    /// enum Func1ErrorKind {
+    ///     Func2,
+    ///     IO(String),
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// /// impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {…}
+    /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {
+    /// #     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+    /// #         match self {
+    /// #             Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, "func1 error calling func2"),
+    /// #             Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename),
+    /// #         }
+    /// #     }
+    /// # }
+    ///
+    /// fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> {
+    ///     func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::Func2))?;
+    ///     do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::IO("bar.txt".into())))?;
+    ///     Ok(())
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// fn main() {
+    ///     if let Err(e) = func1() {
+    ///         match e.kind() {
+    ///             Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => {}
+    ///             Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => panic!(),
+    ///         }
+    ///     }
+    /// #    else {
+    /// #         unreachable!();
+    /// #    }
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn kind(&self) -> &T {
+        &self.kind
+    }
+
+    /// Returns an Iterator over all error causes/sources
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    ///
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &(dyn Error + 'static)> {
+        ErrorIter {
+            current: Some(self),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+struct ErrorIter<'a> {
+    current: Option<&'a (dyn Error + 'static)>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Iterator for ErrorIter<'a> {
+    type Item = &'a (dyn Error + 'static);
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        let current = self.current;
+        self.current = self.current.and_then(Error::source);
+        current
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> std::ops::Deref for ChainError<T> {
+    type Target = T;
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        &self.kind
+    }
+}
+
+/// Convenience trait to hide the `ChainError<T>` implementation internals
+pub trait ChainErrorDown {
+    /// Test if of type `ChainError<T>`
+    fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool;
+    /// Downcast to a reference of `ChainError<T>`
+    fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>>;
+    /// Downcast to a mutable reference of `ChainError<T>`
+    fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>>;
+    /// Downcast to T of `ChainError<T>`
+    fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T>;
+    /// Downcast to T mutable reference of `ChainError<T>`
+    fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>;
+}
+
+impl<U: 'static + Display + Debug> ChainErrorDown for ChainError<U> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool {
+        TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<U>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> {
+        if self.is_chain::<T>() {
+            #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
+            unsafe {
+                #[allow(trivial_casts)]
+                Some(&*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError<T>))
+            }
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> {
+        if self.is_chain::<T>() {
+            #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
+            unsafe {
+                #[allow(trivial_casts)]
+                Some(&mut *(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError<T>))
+            }
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
+        if self.is_chain::<T>() {
+            #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
+            unsafe {
+                #[allow(trivial_casts)]
+                Some(&(*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError<T>)).kind)
+            }
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {
+        if self.is_chain::<T>() {
+            #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
+            unsafe {
+                #[allow(trivial_casts)]
+                Some(&mut (*(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError<T>)).kind)
+            }
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static {
+    #[inline]
+    fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> {
+        self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> {
+        self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
+        self.downcast_ref::<T>()
+            .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind()))
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {
+        if self.is::<T>() {
+            return self.downcast_mut::<T>();
+        }
+
+        self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>()
+            .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>())
+    }
+}
+
+impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send {
+    #[inline]
+    fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> {
+        self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> {
+        self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
+        self.downcast_ref::<T>()
+            .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind()))
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {
+        if self.is::<T>() {
+            return self.downcast_mut::<T>();
+        }
+
+        self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>()
+            .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>())
+    }
+}
+
+impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync {
+    #[inline]
+    fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> {
+        self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> {
+        self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
+        self.downcast_ref::<T>()
+            .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind()))
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {
+        if self.is::<T>() {
+            return self.downcast_mut::<T>();
+        }
+
+        self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>()
+            .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for ChainError<T> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
+        self.error_cause
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for &ChainError<T> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
+        self.error_cause
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for &mut ChainError<T> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
+        self.error_cause
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Display for ChainError<T> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {
+        write!(f, "{}", self.kind)?;
+
+        #[cfg(feature = "display-cause")]
+        {
+            if let Some(e) = self.source() {
+                writeln!(f, "\nCaused by:")?;
+                Display::fmt(&e, f)?;
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Debug for ChainError<T> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result {
+        #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))]
+        {
+            if let Some(ref o) = self.occurrence {
+                Display::fmt(o, f)?;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if self.is_chain::<String>() {
+            Display::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;
+        } else {
+            Debug::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;
+        }
+
+        #[cfg(not(feature = "no-debug-cause"))]
+        {
+            if let Some(e) = self.source() {
+                writeln!(f, "\nCaused by:")?;
+                Debug::fmt(&e, f)?;
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+/// `ChainErrorFrom<T>` is similar to `From<T>`
+pub trait ChainErrorFrom<T>: Sized {
+    /// similar to From<T>::from()
+    fn chain_error_from(from: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self>;
+}
+
+/// `IntoChainError<T>` is similar to `Into<T>`
+pub trait IntoChainError<T>: Sized {
+    /// similar to Into<T>::into()
+    fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<T>;
+}
+
+impl<T, U> IntoChainError<U> for T
+where
+    U: ChainErrorFrom<T>,
+{
+    #[inline]
+    fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<U> {
+        U::chain_error_from(self, line_filename)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, U> ChainErrorFrom<T> for U
+where
+    T: Into<U>,
+    U: 'static + Display + Debug,
+{
+    #[inline]
+    fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self> {
+        let e: U = t.into();
+        ChainError::new(e, None, line_filename)
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+impl<T, U> ChainErrorFrom<T> for U
+    where
+        T: 'static + Error + Into<Box<T>> + Clone,
+        U: 'static + Display + Debug + From<T>,
+{
+    #[inline]
+    fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self> {
+        ChainError::new(U::from(t.clone()), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename)
+    }
+}
+*/
+
+/// map into `ChainError<T>` with `T::from(err)`
+///
+/// adds `line!()` and `file!()` information
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! minto_cherr {
+    ( $k:ident ) => (
+        |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $k::from(&e))
+    );
+    ( $enum:ident $(:: $enum_path:ident)* ) => (
+        |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $enum $(:: $enum_path)*::from(&e))
+    );
+}
+
+/// Creates a new `ChainError<T>`
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// Create a new ChainError<FooError>, where `FooError` must implement `Display` and `Debug`.
+/// ```rust
+/// # use chainerror::*;
+/// # #[derive(Debug)]
+/// enum FooError {
+///     Bar,
+///     Baz(&'static str),
+/// }
+/// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError {
+/// #     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+/// #         match self {
+/// #             FooError::Bar => write!(f, "Bar Error"),
+/// #             FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, "Baz Error: '{}'", s),
+/// #         }
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+///
+/// //  impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError
+///
+/// fn do_some_stuff() -> bool {
+///     false
+/// }
+///
+/// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> {
+///     if ! do_some_stuff() {
+///         Err(cherr!(FooError::Baz("Error")))?;
+///     }
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+/// # pub fn main() {
+/// #     match func().unwrap_err().kind() {
+/// #         FooError::Baz(s) if s == &"Error" => {}
+/// #         _ => panic!(),
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+/// ```
+///
+/// Additionally an error cause can be added.
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use chainerror::*;
+/// # use std::io;
+/// # use std::error::Error;
+/// # #[derive(Debug)]
+/// # enum FooError {
+/// #     Bar,
+/// #     Baz(&'static str),
+/// # }
+/// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError {
+/// #     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+/// #         match self {
+/// #             FooError::Bar => write!(f, "Bar Error"),
+/// #             FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, "Baz Error: '{}'", s),
+/// #         }
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+/// fn do_some_stuff() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+///     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+///
+/// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> {
+///     do_some_stuff().map_err(
+///         |e| cherr!(e, FooError::Baz("Error"))
+///     )?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+/// # pub fn main() {
+/// #     match func().unwrap_err().kind() {
+/// #         FooError::Baz(s) if s == &"Error" => {}
+/// #         _ => panic!(),
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+/// ```
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! cherr {
+    ( $k:expr ) => ({
+        $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": ")))
+    });
+    ( None, $k:expr ) => ({
+        $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": ")))
+    });
+    ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))
+    });
+    ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))
+    });
+    ( $e:path, $k:expr ) => ({
+        $crate::ChainError::new($k, Some(Box::from($e)), Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": ")))
+    });
+    ( $e:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!($e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))
+    });
+}
+
+/// Convenience macro for `|e| cherr!(e, format!(…))`
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use crate::chainerror::*;
+/// # use std::error::Error;
+/// # use std::io;
+/// # use std::result::Result;
+/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+/// #     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
+/// #     Ok(())
+/// # }
+/// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+///     let filename = "foo.txt";
+///     do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+///
+/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+///     func2().map_err(mstrerr!("func1 error"))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+///
+/// # fn main() {
+/// #     if let Err(e) = func1() {
+/// #         #[cfg(not(windows))]
+/// #         assert_eq!(
+/// #             format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#"
+/// # src/lib.rs:18: func1 error
+/// # Caused by:
+/// # src/lib.rs:13: Error reading 'foo.txt'
+/// # Caused by:
+/// # Kind(NotFound)
+/// # "#
+/// #         );
+/// #     } else {
+/// #         unreachable!();
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+/// ```
+///
+/// `mstrerr!()` can also be used to map a new `ChainError<T>`, where T was defined with
+/// `derive_str_cherr!(T)`
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use crate::chainerror::*;
+/// # use std::error::Error;
+/// # use std::io;
+/// # use std::result::Result;
+/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+/// #     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
+/// #     Ok(())
+/// # }
+/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);
+///
+/// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+///     let filename = "foo.txt";
+///     do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+///
+/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);
+///
+/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+///     func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+/// # fn main() {
+/// #     if let Err(e) = func1() {
+/// #         if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() {
+/// #             assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some());
+/// #             assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some());
+/// #         } else {
+/// #             panic!();
+/// #         }
+/// #     } else {
+/// #         unreachable!();
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+/// ```
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! mstrerr {
+    ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({
+        |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string()))
+    });
+    ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({
+        |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string()))
+    });
+    ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({
+        |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )))
+    });
+    ($msg:expr) => ({
+        |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string())
+    });
+    ($msg:expr, ) => ({
+        |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string())
+    });
+    ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({
+        |e| $crate::cherr!(e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))
+    });
+}
+
+/// Convenience macro for `cherr!(T(format!(…)))` where `T(String)`
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use crate::chainerror::*;
+/// # use std::error::Error;
+/// # use std::result::Result;
+/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);
+///
+/// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {
+///     let filename = "foo.txt";
+///     Err(strerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))
+/// }
+///
+/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);
+///
+/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+///     func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+/// # fn main() {
+/// #     if let Err(e) = func1() {
+/// #         if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() {
+/// #             assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some());
+/// #             assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some());
+/// #         } else {
+/// #             panic!();
+/// #         }
+/// #     } else {
+/// #         unreachable!();
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+/// ```
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! strerr {
+    ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string()))
+    });
+    ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string()))
+    });
+    ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!($t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )))
+    });
+    ($msg:expr) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string())
+    });
+    ($msg:expr, ) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string())
+    });
+    ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({
+        $crate::cherr!(format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))
+    });
+}
+
+/// Convenience macro to create a "new type" T(String) and implement Display + Debug for T
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use crate::chainerror::*;
+/// # use std::error::Error;
+/// # use std::io;
+/// # use std::result::Result;
+/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+/// #     Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
+/// #     Ok(())
+/// # }
+/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error);
+///
+/// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {
+///     let filename = "foo.txt";
+///     do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+///
+/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error);
+///
+/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+///     func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+/// # fn main() {
+/// #     if let Err(e) = func1() {
+/// #         if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() {
+/// #             assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some());
+/// #             assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some());
+/// #         } else {
+/// #             panic!();
+/// #         }
+/// #     } else {
+/// #         unreachable!();
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+/// ```
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! derive_str_cherr {
+    ($e:ident) => {
+        #[derive(Clone)]
+        pub struct $e(pub String);
+        impl ::std::fmt::Display for $e {
+            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+                write!(f, "{}", self.0)
+            }
+        }
+        impl ::std::fmt::Debug for $e {
+            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+                write!(f, "{}({})", stringify!($e), self.0)
+            }
+        }
+        impl ::std::error::Error for $e {}
+    };
+}
+
+/// Derive an Error for an ErrorKind, which wraps a `ChainError` and implements a `kind()` method
+///
+/// It basically hides `ChainError` to the outside and only exposes the `kind()`
+/// method.
+///
+/// Error::kind() returns the ErrorKind
+/// Error::source() returns the parent error
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// use std::io;
+/// use chainerror::*;
+///
+/// fn do_some_io(_f: &str) -> std::result::Result<(), io::Error> {
+///     return Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound));
+/// }
+///
+/// #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+/// pub enum ErrorKind {
+///     IO(String),
+///     FatalError(String),
+///     Unknown,
+/// }
+///
+/// derive_err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind);
+///
+/// impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind {
+///     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
+///         match self {
+///             ErrorKind::FatalError(e) => write!(f, "fatal error {}", e),
+///             ErrorKind::Unknown => write!(f, "unknown error"),
+///             ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename),
+///         }
+///     }
+/// }
+///
+/// impl ErrorKind {
+///     fn from_io_error(e: &io::Error, f: String) -> Self {
+///         match e.kind() {
+///             io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe => panic!("Should not happen"),
+///             io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset => {
+///                 ErrorKind::FatalError(format!("While reading `{}`: {}", f, e))
+///             }
+///             _ => ErrorKind::IO(f),
+///         }
+///     }
+/// }
+///
+/// impl From<&io::Error> for ErrorKind {
+///     fn from(e: &io::Error) -> Self {
+///         ErrorKind::IO(format!("{}", e))
+///     }
+/// }
+///
+/// pub fn func1() -> std::result::Result<(), Error> {
+///     let filename = "bar.txt";
+///
+///     do_some_io(filename)
+///         .map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from_io_error(&e, filename.into())))?;
+///     do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::IO(filename.into())))?;
+///     do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from(&e)))?;
+///     do_some_io(filename).map_err(minto_cherr!(ErrorKind))?;
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+/// ```
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! derive_err_kind {
+    ($e:ident, $k:ident) => {
+        pub struct $e($crate::ChainError<$k>);
+
+        impl $e {
+            pub fn kind(&self) -> &$k {
+                self.0.kind()
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl From<$k> for $e {
+            fn from(e: $k) -> Self {
+                $e($crate::ChainError::new(e, None, None))
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl From<ChainError<$k>> for $e {
+            fn from(e: $crate::ChainError<$k>) -> Self {
+                $e(e)
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl From<&$e> for $k
+        where
+            $k: Clone,
+        {
+            fn from(e: &$e) -> Self {
+                e.kind().clone()
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl $crate::ChainErrorFrom<$e> for $k
+        where
+            $k: Clone,
+        {
+            #[inline]
+            fn chain_error_from(
+                t: $e,
+                line_filename: Option<&'static str>,
+            ) -> $crate::ChainError<$k> {
+                $crate::ChainError::new((*t.kind()).clone(), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename)
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl std::error::Error for $e {
+            fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> {
+                self.0.source()
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl std::fmt::Display for $e {
+            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
+                std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f)
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl std::fmt::Debug for $e {
+            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
+                std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.0, f)
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+}

If you compare the output to the previous example, you will see, that:

diff --git a/tutorial4.html b/tutorial4.html index e97f04a..c7d4dc4 100644 --- a/tutorial4.html +++ b/tutorial4.html @@ -159,23 +159,23 @@ use std::error::Error; use std::io; use std::result::Result; -fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { +fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(()) } -fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { +fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { let filename = "foo.txt"; do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?; Ok(()) } -fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { +fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { func2().map_err(mstrerr!("func1 error"))?; Ok(()) } -fn main() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { +fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { if let Err(e) = func1() { eprintln!("{:?}", e); } @@ -183,8 +183,1198 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { } #[allow(dead_code)] mod chainerror { -{{#includecomment ../src/lib.rs}} -} +//! `chainerror` provides an error backtrace without doing a real backtrace, so even after you `strip` your +//! binaries, you still have the error backtrace. +//! +//! `chainerror` has no dependencies! +//! +//! `chainerror` uses `.source()` of `std::error::Error` along with `line()!` and `file()!` to provide a nice debug error backtrace. +//! It encapsulates all types, which have `Display + Debug` and can store the error cause internally. +//! +//! Along with the `ChainError<T>` struct, `chainerror` comes with some useful helper macros to save a lot of typing. +//! +//! ## Features +//! +//! `no-fileline` +//! : completely turn off storing filename and line +//! +//! `display-cause` +//! : turn on printing a backtrace of the errors in `Display` +//! +//! `no-debug-cause` +//! : turn off printing a backtrace of the errors in `Debug` +//! +//! +//! # Tutorial +//! +//! Read the [Tutorial](https://haraldh.github.io/chainerror/tutorial1.html) +//! +//! # Examples +//! +//! ```rust +//! use chainerror::*; +//! use std::error::Error; +//! use std::io; +//! use std::result::Result; +//! +//! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! let filename = "foo.txt"; +//! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! func2().map_err(mstrerr!("func1 error"))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn main() { +//! if let Err(e) = func1() { +//! #[cfg(not(windows))] +//! assert_eq!( +//! format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#" +//! src/lib.rs:20: func1 error +//! Caused by: +//! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt' +//! Caused by: +//! Kind(NotFound) +//! "# +//! ); +//! } +//! # else { +//! # unreachable!(); +//! # } +//! } +//! ``` +//! +//! +//! ```rust +//! use chainerror::*; +//! use std::error::Error; +//! use std::io; +//! use std::result::Result; +//! +//! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn func3() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! let filename = "foo.txt"; +//! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); +//! +//! fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> { +//! func3().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "func2 error: calling func3"))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! enum Func1Error { +//! Func2, +//! IO(String), +//! } +//! +//! impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1Error { +//! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { +//! match self { +//! Func1Error::Func2 => write!(f, "func1 error calling func2"), +//! Func1Error::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename), +//! } +//! } +//! } +//! +//! impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Func1Error { +//! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { +//! write!(f, "{}", self) +//! } +//! } +//! +//! fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1Error> { +//! func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::Func2))?; +//! let filename = String::from("bar.txt"); +//! do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::IO(filename)))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn main() { +//! if let Err(e) = func1() { +//! assert!( +//! match e.kind() { +//! Func1Error::Func2 => { +//! eprintln!("Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2"); +//! true +//! } +//! Func1Error::IO(filename) => { +//! eprintln!("Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'", filename); +//! false +//! } +//! } +//! ); +//! +//! assert!(e.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); +//! +//! if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>() { +//! eprintln!("\nError reported by Func2Error: {}", e) +//! } +//! +//! +//! assert!(e.root_cause().is_some()); +//! +//! if let Some(e) = e.root_cause() { +//! let io_error = e.downcast_ref::<io::Error>().unwrap(); +//! eprintln!("\nThe root cause was: std::io::Error: {:#?}", io_error); +//! } +//! +//! #[cfg(not(windows))] +//! assert_eq!( +//! format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#" +//! src/lib.rs:47: func1 error calling func2 +//! Caused by: +//! src/lib.rs:22: Func2Error(func2 error: calling func3) +//! Caused by: +//! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt' +//! Caused by: +//! Kind(NotFound) +//! "# +//! ); +//! } +//! # else { +//! # unreachable!(); +//! # } +//! } +//! ``` + +#![deny( + warnings, + absolute_paths_not_starting_with_crate, + deprecated_in_future, + keyword_idents, + macro_use_extern_crate, + missing_debug_implementations, + trivial_numeric_casts, + unused_extern_crates, + unused_import_braces, + unused_qualifications, + unused_results, + unused_labels, + unused_lifetimes, + unstable_features, + unreachable_pub, + future_incompatible, + missing_copy_implementations, + missing_doc_code_examples, + rust_2018_idioms, + rust_2018_compatibility +)] + +use std::any::TypeId; +use std::error::Error; +use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter, Result}; + +/// chains an inner error kind `T` with a causing error +pub struct ChainError<T> { + #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))] + occurrence: Option<&'static str>, + kind: T, + error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>, +} + +/// convenience type alias +pub type ChainResult<O, E> = std::result::Result<O, ChainError<E>>; + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> ChainError<T> { + #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))] + /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly + #[inline] + pub fn new( + kind: T, + error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>, + occurrence: Option<&'static str>, + ) -> Self { + Self { + occurrence, + kind, + error_cause, + } + } + + #[cfg(feature = "no-fileline")] + /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly + #[inline] + pub fn new( + kind: T, + error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>, + _occurrence: Option<&'static str>, + ) -> Self { + Self { kind, error_cause } + } + + /// return the root cause of the error chain, if any exists + pub fn root_cause(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { + self.iter().last() + } + + /// Find the first error cause of type U, if any exists + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ```rust + /// use chainerror::*; + /// use std::error::Error; + /// use std::io; + /// + /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); + /// + /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// let filename = "foo.txt"; + /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); + /// + /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// fn main() { + /// if let Err(e) = func1() { + /// if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { + /// + /// assert!(f1err.find_cause::<io::Error>().is_some()); + /// + /// assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); + /// } + /// # else { + /// # panic!(); + /// # } + /// } + /// # else { + /// # unreachable!(); + /// # } + /// } + /// ``` + #[inline] + pub fn find_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&U> { + self.iter().filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::<U>).next() + } + + /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError<U>`, if any exists + /// + /// Same as `find_cause`, but hides the `ChainError<U>` implementation internals + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ```rust + /// # use chainerror::*; + /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooError); + /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None); + /// // Instead of writing + /// err.find_cause::<ChainError<FooError>>(); + /// + /// // leave out the ChainError<FooError> implementation detail + /// err.find_chain_cause::<FooError>(); + /// ``` + #[inline] + pub fn find_chain_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<U>> { + self.iter() + .filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::<ChainError<U>>) + .next() + } + + /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError<U>` or `U`, if any exists and return `U` + /// + /// Same as `find_cause` and `find_chain_cause`, but hides the `ChainError<U>` implementation internals + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ```rust + /// # use chainerror::*; + /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooErrorKind); + /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None); + /// // Instead of writing + /// err.find_cause::<ChainError<FooErrorKind>>(); + /// // and/or + /// err.find_chain_cause::<FooErrorKind>(); + /// // and/or + /// err.find_cause::<FooErrorKind>(); + /// + /// // leave out the ChainError<FooErrorKind> implementation detail + /// err.find_kind_or_cause::<FooErrorKind>(); + /// ``` + #[inline] + pub fn find_kind_or_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&U> { + self.iter() + .filter_map(|e| { + e.downcast_ref::<ChainError<U>>() + .map(|e| e.kind()) + .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::<U>()) + }) + .next() + } + + /// Return a reference to T of `ChainError<T>` + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ```rust + /// use chainerror::*; + /// use std::error::Error; + /// use std::io; + /// + /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); + /// + /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// let filename = "foo.txt"; + /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// #[derive(Debug)] + /// enum Func1ErrorKind { + /// Func2, + /// IO(String), + /// } + /// + /// /// impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {…} + /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind { + /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { + /// # match self { + /// # Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, "func1 error calling func2"), + /// # Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename), + /// # } + /// # } + /// # } + /// + /// fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> { + /// func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::Func2))?; + /// do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::IO("bar.txt".into())))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// fn main() { + /// if let Err(e) = func1() { + /// match e.kind() { + /// Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => {} + /// Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => panic!(), + /// } + /// } + /// # else { + /// # unreachable!(); + /// # } + /// } + /// ``` + #[inline] + pub fn kind(&self) -> &T { + &self.kind + } + + /// Returns an Iterator over all error causes/sources + /// + /// # Example + /// + /// + #[inline] + pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &(dyn Error + 'static)> { + ErrorIter { + current: Some(self), + } + } +} + +struct ErrorIter<'a> { + current: Option<&'a (dyn Error + 'static)>, +} + +impl<'a> Iterator for ErrorIter<'a> { + type Item = &'a (dyn Error + 'static); + + #[inline] + fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> { + let current = self.current; + self.current = self.current.and_then(Error::source); + current + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> std::ops::Deref for ChainError<T> { + type Target = T; + + #[inline] + fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target { + &self.kind + } +} + +/// Convenience trait to hide the `ChainError<T>` implementation internals +pub trait ChainErrorDown { + /// Test if of type `ChainError<T>` + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool; + /// Downcast to a reference of `ChainError<T>` + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>>; + /// Downcast to a mutable reference of `ChainError<T>` + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>>; + /// Downcast to T of `ChainError<T>` + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T>; + /// Downcast to T mutable reference of `ChainError<T>` + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>; +} + +impl<U: 'static + Display + Debug> ChainErrorDown for ChainError<U> { + #[inline] + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool { + TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<U>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> { + if self.is_chain::<T>() { + #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)] + unsafe { + #[allow(trivial_casts)] + Some(&*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError<T>)) + } + } else { + None + } + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> { + if self.is_chain::<T>() { + #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)] + unsafe { + #[allow(trivial_casts)] + Some(&mut *(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError<T>)) + } + } else { + None + } + } + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> { + if self.is_chain::<T>() { + #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)] + unsafe { + #[allow(trivial_casts)] + Some(&(*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError<T>)).kind) + } + } else { + None + } + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { + if self.is_chain::<T>() { + #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)] + unsafe { + #[allow(trivial_casts)] + Some(&mut (*(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError<T>)).kind) + } + } else { + None + } + } +} + +impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static { + #[inline] + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool { + self.is::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> { + self.downcast_ref::<T>() + .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind())) + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { + if self.is::<T>() { + return self.downcast_mut::<T>(); + } + + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>()) + } +} + +impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send { + #[inline] + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool { + self.is::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> { + self.downcast_ref::<T>() + .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind())) + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { + if self.is::<T>() { + return self.downcast_mut::<T>(); + } + + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>()) + } +} + +impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync { + #[inline] + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool { + self.is::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> { + self.downcast_ref::<T>() + .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind())) + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { + if self.is::<T>() { + return self.downcast_mut::<T>(); + } + + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>()) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { + self.error_cause + .as_ref() + .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static)) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for &ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { + self.error_cause + .as_ref() + .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static)) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for &mut ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { + self.error_cause + .as_ref() + .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static)) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Display for ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result { + write!(f, "{}", self.kind)?; + + #[cfg(feature = "display-cause")] + { + if let Some(e) = self.source() { + writeln!(f, "\nCaused by:")?; + Display::fmt(&e, f)?; + } + } + Ok(()) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Debug for ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result { + #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))] + { + if let Some(ref o) = self.occurrence { + Display::fmt(o, f)?; + } + } + + if self.is_chain::<String>() { + Display::fmt(&self.kind, f)?; + } else { + Debug::fmt(&self.kind, f)?; + } + + #[cfg(not(feature = "no-debug-cause"))] + { + if let Some(e) = self.source() { + writeln!(f, "\nCaused by:")?; + Debug::fmt(&e, f)?; + } + } + Ok(()) + } +} + +/// `ChainErrorFrom<T>` is similar to `From<T>` +pub trait ChainErrorFrom<T>: Sized { + /// similar to From<T>::from() + fn chain_error_from(from: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self>; +} + +/// `IntoChainError<T>` is similar to `Into<T>` +pub trait IntoChainError<T>: Sized { + /// similar to Into<T>::into() + fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<T>; +} + +impl<T, U> IntoChainError<U> for T +where + U: ChainErrorFrom<T>, +{ + #[inline] + fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<U> { + U::chain_error_from(self, line_filename) + } +} + +impl<T, U> ChainErrorFrom<T> for U +where + T: Into<U>, + U: 'static + Display + Debug, +{ + #[inline] + fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self> { + let e: U = t.into(); + ChainError::new(e, None, line_filename) + } +} + +/* +impl<T, U> ChainErrorFrom<T> for U + where + T: 'static + Error + Into<Box<T>> + Clone, + U: 'static + Display + Debug + From<T>, +{ + #[inline] + fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self> { + ChainError::new(U::from(t.clone()), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename) + } +} +*/ + +/// map into `ChainError<T>` with `T::from(err)` +/// +/// adds `line!()` and `file!()` information +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! minto_cherr { + ( $k:ident ) => ( + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $k::from(&e)) + ); + ( $enum:ident $(:: $enum_path:ident)* ) => ( + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $enum $(:: $enum_path)*::from(&e)) + ); +} + +/// Creates a new `ChainError<T>` +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// Create a new ChainError<FooError>, where `FooError` must implement `Display` and `Debug`. +/// ```rust +/// # use chainerror::*; +/// # #[derive(Debug)] +/// enum FooError { +/// Bar, +/// Baz(&'static str), +/// } +/// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError { +/// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { +/// # match self { +/// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, "Bar Error"), +/// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, "Baz Error: '{}'", s), +/// # } +/// # } +/// # } +/// +/// // impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError +/// +/// fn do_some_stuff() -> bool { +/// false +/// } +/// +/// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> { +/// if ! do_some_stuff() { +/// Err(cherr!(FooError::Baz("Error")))?; +/// } +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # pub fn main() { +/// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() { +/// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &"Error" => {} +/// # _ => panic!(), +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +/// +/// Additionally an error cause can be added. +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use chainerror::*; +/// # use std::io; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # #[derive(Debug)] +/// # enum FooError { +/// # Bar, +/// # Baz(&'static str), +/// # } +/// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError { +/// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { +/// # match self { +/// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, "Bar Error"), +/// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, "Baz Error: '{}'", s), +/// # } +/// # } +/// # } +/// fn do_some_stuff() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> { +/// do_some_stuff().map_err( +/// |e| cherr!(e, FooError::Baz("Error")) +/// )?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # pub fn main() { +/// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() { +/// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &"Error" => {} +/// # _ => panic!(), +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! cherr { + ( $k:expr ) => ({ + $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": "))) + }); + ( None, $k:expr ) => ({ + $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": "))) + }); + ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); + ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); + ( $e:path, $k:expr ) => ({ + $crate::ChainError::new($k, Some(Box::from($e)), Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": "))) + }); + ( $e:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); +} + +/// Convenience macro for `|e| cherr!(e, format!(…))` +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use crate::chainerror::*; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # use std::io; +/// # use std::result::Result; +/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +/// # Ok(()) +/// # } +/// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// let filename = "foo.txt"; +/// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// func2().map_err(mstrerr!("func1 error"))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// # fn main() { +/// # if let Err(e) = func1() { +/// # #[cfg(not(windows))] +/// # assert_eq!( +/// # format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#" +/// # src/lib.rs:18: func1 error +/// # Caused by: +/// # src/lib.rs:13: Error reading 'foo.txt' +/// # Caused by: +/// # Kind(NotFound) +/// # "# +/// # ); +/// # } else { +/// # unreachable!(); +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +/// +/// `mstrerr!()` can also be used to map a new `ChainError<T>`, where T was defined with +/// `derive_str_cherr!(T)` +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use crate::chainerror::*; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # use std::io; +/// # use std::result::Result; +/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +/// # Ok(()) +/// # } +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); +/// +/// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// let filename = "foo.txt"; +/// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); +/// +/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # fn main() { +/// # if let Err(e) = func1() { +/// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { +/// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some()); +/// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); +/// # } else { +/// # panic!(); +/// # } +/// # } else { +/// # unreachable!(); +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! mstrerr { + ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string())) + }); + ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string())) + }); + ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))) + }); + ($msg:expr) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string()) + }); + ($msg:expr, ) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string()) + }); + ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); +} + +/// Convenience macro for `cherr!(T(format!(…)))` where `T(String)` +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use crate::chainerror::*; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # use std::result::Result; +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); +/// +/// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> { +/// let filename = "foo.txt"; +/// Err(strerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename)) +/// } +/// +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); +/// +/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> { +/// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # fn main() { +/// # if let Err(e) = func1() { +/// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { +/// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some()); +/// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); +/// # } else { +/// # panic!(); +/// # } +/// # } else { +/// # unreachable!(); +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! strerr { + ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string())) + }); + ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string())) + }); + ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))) + }); + ($msg:expr) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string()) + }); + ($msg:expr, ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string()) + }); + ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({ + $crate::cherr!(format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); +} + +/// Convenience macro to create a "new type" T(String) and implement Display + Debug for T +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use crate::chainerror::*; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # use std::io; +/// # use std::result::Result; +/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +/// # Ok(()) +/// # } +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); +/// +/// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> { +/// let filename = "foo.txt"; +/// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); +/// +/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> { +/// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # fn main() { +/// # if let Err(e) = func1() { +/// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { +/// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some()); +/// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); +/// # } else { +/// # panic!(); +/// # } +/// # } else { +/// # unreachable!(); +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! derive_str_cherr { + ($e:ident) => { + #[derive(Clone)] + pub struct $e(pub String); + impl ::std::fmt::Display for $e { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { + write!(f, "{}", self.0) + } + } + impl ::std::fmt::Debug for $e { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { + write!(f, "{}({})", stringify!($e), self.0) + } + } + impl ::std::error::Error for $e {} + }; +} + +/// Derive an Error for an ErrorKind, which wraps a `ChainError` and implements a `kind()` method +/// +/// It basically hides `ChainError` to the outside and only exposes the `kind()` +/// method. +/// +/// Error::kind() returns the ErrorKind +/// Error::source() returns the parent error +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ```rust +/// use std::io; +/// use chainerror::*; +/// +/// fn do_some_io(_f: &str) -> std::result::Result<(), io::Error> { +/// return Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound)); +/// } +/// +/// #[derive(Debug, Clone)] +/// pub enum ErrorKind { +/// IO(String), +/// FatalError(String), +/// Unknown, +/// } +/// +/// derive_err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind); +/// +/// impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind { +/// fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { +/// match self { +/// ErrorKind::FatalError(e) => write!(f, "fatal error {}", e), +/// ErrorKind::Unknown => write!(f, "unknown error"), +/// ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename), +/// } +/// } +/// } +/// +/// impl ErrorKind { +/// fn from_io_error(e: &io::Error, f: String) -> Self { +/// match e.kind() { +/// io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe => panic!("Should not happen"), +/// io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset => { +/// ErrorKind::FatalError(format!("While reading `{}`: {}", f, e)) +/// } +/// _ => ErrorKind::IO(f), +/// } +/// } +/// } +/// +/// impl From<&io::Error> for ErrorKind { +/// fn from(e: &io::Error) -> Self { +/// ErrorKind::IO(format!("{}", e)) +/// } +/// } +/// +/// pub fn func1() -> std::result::Result<(), Error> { +/// let filename = "bar.txt"; +/// +/// do_some_io(filename) +/// .map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from_io_error(&e, filename.into())))?; +/// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::IO(filename.into())))?; +/// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from(&e)))?; +/// do_some_io(filename).map_err(minto_cherr!(ErrorKind))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! derive_err_kind { + ($e:ident, $k:ident) => { + pub struct $e($crate::ChainError<$k>); + + impl $e { + pub fn kind(&self) -> &$k { + self.0.kind() + } + } + + impl From<$k> for $e { + fn from(e: $k) -> Self { + $e($crate::ChainError::new(e, None, None)) + } + } + + impl From<ChainError<$k>> for $e { + fn from(e: $crate::ChainError<$k>) -> Self { + $e(e) + } + } + + impl From<&$e> for $k + where + $k: Clone, + { + fn from(e: &$e) -> Self { + e.kind().clone() + } + } + + impl $crate::ChainErrorFrom<$e> for $k + where + $k: Clone, + { + #[inline] + fn chain_error_from( + t: $e, + line_filename: Option<&'static str>, + ) -> $crate::ChainError<$k> { + $crate::ChainError::new((*t.kind()).clone(), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename) + } + } + + impl std::error::Error for $e { + fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> { + self.0.source() + } + } + + impl std::fmt::Display for $e { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { + std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f) + } + } + + impl std::fmt::Debug for $e { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { + std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.0, f) + } + } + }; +} +} diff --git a/tutorial5.html b/tutorial5.html index 832ab3e..3034f88 100644 --- a/tutorial5.html +++ b/tutorial5.html @@ -156,18 +156,18 @@ use std::error::Error; use std::io; use std::result::Result; -fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { +fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(()) } -fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { +fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { let filename = "foo.txt"; do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?; Ok(()) } -fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { +fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { if let Err(e) = func2() { if let Some(s) = e.source() { eprintln!("func2 failed because of '{}'", s); @@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { Ok(()) } -fn main() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { +fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { if let Err(e) = func1() { eprintln!("{}", e); } @@ -185,8 +185,1198 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { } #[allow(dead_code)] mod chainerror { -{{#includecomment ../src/lib.rs}} -} +//! `chainerror` provides an error backtrace without doing a real backtrace, so even after you `strip` your +//! binaries, you still have the error backtrace. +//! +//! `chainerror` has no dependencies! +//! +//! `chainerror` uses `.source()` of `std::error::Error` along with `line()!` and `file()!` to provide a nice debug error backtrace. +//! It encapsulates all types, which have `Display + Debug` and can store the error cause internally. +//! +//! Along with the `ChainError<T>` struct, `chainerror` comes with some useful helper macros to save a lot of typing. +//! +//! ## Features +//! +//! `no-fileline` +//! : completely turn off storing filename and line +//! +//! `display-cause` +//! : turn on printing a backtrace of the errors in `Display` +//! +//! `no-debug-cause` +//! : turn off printing a backtrace of the errors in `Debug` +//! +//! +//! # Tutorial +//! +//! Read the [Tutorial](https://haraldh.github.io/chainerror/tutorial1.html) +//! +//! # Examples +//! +//! ```rust +//! use chainerror::*; +//! use std::error::Error; +//! use std::io; +//! use std::result::Result; +//! +//! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! let filename = "foo.txt"; +//! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! func2().map_err(mstrerr!("func1 error"))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn main() { +//! if let Err(e) = func1() { +//! #[cfg(not(windows))] +//! assert_eq!( +//! format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#" +//! src/lib.rs:20: func1 error +//! Caused by: +//! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt' +//! Caused by: +//! Kind(NotFound) +//! "# +//! ); +//! } +//! # else { +//! # unreachable!(); +//! # } +//! } +//! ``` +//! +//! +//! ```rust +//! use chainerror::*; +//! use std::error::Error; +//! use std::io; +//! use std::result::Result; +//! +//! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn func3() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! let filename = "foo.txt"; +//! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); +//! +//! fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> { +//! func3().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "func2 error: calling func3"))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! enum Func1Error { +//! Func2, +//! IO(String), +//! } +//! +//! impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1Error { +//! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { +//! match self { +//! Func1Error::Func2 => write!(f, "func1 error calling func2"), +//! Func1Error::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename), +//! } +//! } +//! } +//! +//! impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Func1Error { +//! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { +//! write!(f, "{}", self) +//! } +//! } +//! +//! fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1Error> { +//! func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::Func2))?; +//! let filename = String::from("bar.txt"); +//! do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::IO(filename)))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn main() { +//! if let Err(e) = func1() { +//! assert!( +//! match e.kind() { +//! Func1Error::Func2 => { +//! eprintln!("Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2"); +//! true +//! } +//! Func1Error::IO(filename) => { +//! eprintln!("Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'", filename); +//! false +//! } +//! } +//! ); +//! +//! assert!(e.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); +//! +//! if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>() { +//! eprintln!("\nError reported by Func2Error: {}", e) +//! } +//! +//! +//! assert!(e.root_cause().is_some()); +//! +//! if let Some(e) = e.root_cause() { +//! let io_error = e.downcast_ref::<io::Error>().unwrap(); +//! eprintln!("\nThe root cause was: std::io::Error: {:#?}", io_error); +//! } +//! +//! #[cfg(not(windows))] +//! assert_eq!( +//! format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#" +//! src/lib.rs:47: func1 error calling func2 +//! Caused by: +//! src/lib.rs:22: Func2Error(func2 error: calling func3) +//! Caused by: +//! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt' +//! Caused by: +//! Kind(NotFound) +//! "# +//! ); +//! } +//! # else { +//! # unreachable!(); +//! # } +//! } +//! ``` + +#![deny( + warnings, + absolute_paths_not_starting_with_crate, + deprecated_in_future, + keyword_idents, + macro_use_extern_crate, + missing_debug_implementations, + trivial_numeric_casts, + unused_extern_crates, + unused_import_braces, + unused_qualifications, + unused_results, + unused_labels, + unused_lifetimes, + unstable_features, + unreachable_pub, + future_incompatible, + missing_copy_implementations, + missing_doc_code_examples, + rust_2018_idioms, + rust_2018_compatibility +)] + +use std::any::TypeId; +use std::error::Error; +use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter, Result}; + +/// chains an inner error kind `T` with a causing error +pub struct ChainError<T> { + #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))] + occurrence: Option<&'static str>, + kind: T, + error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>, +} + +/// convenience type alias +pub type ChainResult<O, E> = std::result::Result<O, ChainError<E>>; + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> ChainError<T> { + #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))] + /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly + #[inline] + pub fn new( + kind: T, + error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>, + occurrence: Option<&'static str>, + ) -> Self { + Self { + occurrence, + kind, + error_cause, + } + } + + #[cfg(feature = "no-fileline")] + /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly + #[inline] + pub fn new( + kind: T, + error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>, + _occurrence: Option<&'static str>, + ) -> Self { + Self { kind, error_cause } + } + + /// return the root cause of the error chain, if any exists + pub fn root_cause(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { + self.iter().last() + } + + /// Find the first error cause of type U, if any exists + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ```rust + /// use chainerror::*; + /// use std::error::Error; + /// use std::io; + /// + /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); + /// + /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// let filename = "foo.txt"; + /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); + /// + /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// fn main() { + /// if let Err(e) = func1() { + /// if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { + /// + /// assert!(f1err.find_cause::<io::Error>().is_some()); + /// + /// assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); + /// } + /// # else { + /// # panic!(); + /// # } + /// } + /// # else { + /// # unreachable!(); + /// # } + /// } + /// ``` + #[inline] + pub fn find_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&U> { + self.iter().filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::<U>).next() + } + + /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError<U>`, if any exists + /// + /// Same as `find_cause`, but hides the `ChainError<U>` implementation internals + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ```rust + /// # use chainerror::*; + /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooError); + /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None); + /// // Instead of writing + /// err.find_cause::<ChainError<FooError>>(); + /// + /// // leave out the ChainError<FooError> implementation detail + /// err.find_chain_cause::<FooError>(); + /// ``` + #[inline] + pub fn find_chain_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<U>> { + self.iter() + .filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::<ChainError<U>>) + .next() + } + + /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError<U>` or `U`, if any exists and return `U` + /// + /// Same as `find_cause` and `find_chain_cause`, but hides the `ChainError<U>` implementation internals + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ```rust + /// # use chainerror::*; + /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooErrorKind); + /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None); + /// // Instead of writing + /// err.find_cause::<ChainError<FooErrorKind>>(); + /// // and/or + /// err.find_chain_cause::<FooErrorKind>(); + /// // and/or + /// err.find_cause::<FooErrorKind>(); + /// + /// // leave out the ChainError<FooErrorKind> implementation detail + /// err.find_kind_or_cause::<FooErrorKind>(); + /// ``` + #[inline] + pub fn find_kind_or_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&U> { + self.iter() + .filter_map(|e| { + e.downcast_ref::<ChainError<U>>() + .map(|e| e.kind()) + .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::<U>()) + }) + .next() + } + + /// Return a reference to T of `ChainError<T>` + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ```rust + /// use chainerror::*; + /// use std::error::Error; + /// use std::io; + /// + /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); + /// + /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// let filename = "foo.txt"; + /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// #[derive(Debug)] + /// enum Func1ErrorKind { + /// Func2, + /// IO(String), + /// } + /// + /// /// impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {…} + /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind { + /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { + /// # match self { + /// # Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, "func1 error calling func2"), + /// # Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename), + /// # } + /// # } + /// # } + /// + /// fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> { + /// func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::Func2))?; + /// do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::IO("bar.txt".into())))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// fn main() { + /// if let Err(e) = func1() { + /// match e.kind() { + /// Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => {} + /// Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => panic!(), + /// } + /// } + /// # else { + /// # unreachable!(); + /// # } + /// } + /// ``` + #[inline] + pub fn kind(&self) -> &T { + &self.kind + } + + /// Returns an Iterator over all error causes/sources + /// + /// # Example + /// + /// + #[inline] + pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &(dyn Error + 'static)> { + ErrorIter { + current: Some(self), + } + } +} + +struct ErrorIter<'a> { + current: Option<&'a (dyn Error + 'static)>, +} + +impl<'a> Iterator for ErrorIter<'a> { + type Item = &'a (dyn Error + 'static); + + #[inline] + fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> { + let current = self.current; + self.current = self.current.and_then(Error::source); + current + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> std::ops::Deref for ChainError<T> { + type Target = T; + + #[inline] + fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target { + &self.kind + } +} + +/// Convenience trait to hide the `ChainError<T>` implementation internals +pub trait ChainErrorDown { + /// Test if of type `ChainError<T>` + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool; + /// Downcast to a reference of `ChainError<T>` + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>>; + /// Downcast to a mutable reference of `ChainError<T>` + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>>; + /// Downcast to T of `ChainError<T>` + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T>; + /// Downcast to T mutable reference of `ChainError<T>` + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>; +} + +impl<U: 'static + Display + Debug> ChainErrorDown for ChainError<U> { + #[inline] + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool { + TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<U>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> { + if self.is_chain::<T>() { + #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)] + unsafe { + #[allow(trivial_casts)] + Some(&*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError<T>)) + } + } else { + None + } + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> { + if self.is_chain::<T>() { + #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)] + unsafe { + #[allow(trivial_casts)] + Some(&mut *(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError<T>)) + } + } else { + None + } + } + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> { + if self.is_chain::<T>() { + #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)] + unsafe { + #[allow(trivial_casts)] + Some(&(*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError<T>)).kind) + } + } else { + None + } + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { + if self.is_chain::<T>() { + #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)] + unsafe { + #[allow(trivial_casts)] + Some(&mut (*(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError<T>)).kind) + } + } else { + None + } + } +} + +impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static { + #[inline] + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool { + self.is::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> { + self.downcast_ref::<T>() + .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind())) + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { + if self.is::<T>() { + return self.downcast_mut::<T>(); + } + + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>()) + } +} + +impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send { + #[inline] + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool { + self.is::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> { + self.downcast_ref::<T>() + .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind())) + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { + if self.is::<T>() { + return self.downcast_mut::<T>(); + } + + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>()) + } +} + +impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync { + #[inline] + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool { + self.is::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> { + self.downcast_ref::<T>() + .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind())) + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { + if self.is::<T>() { + return self.downcast_mut::<T>(); + } + + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>()) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { + self.error_cause + .as_ref() + .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static)) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for &ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { + self.error_cause + .as_ref() + .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static)) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for &mut ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { + self.error_cause + .as_ref() + .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static)) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Display for ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result { + write!(f, "{}", self.kind)?; + + #[cfg(feature = "display-cause")] + { + if let Some(e) = self.source() { + writeln!(f, "\nCaused by:")?; + Display::fmt(&e, f)?; + } + } + Ok(()) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Debug for ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result { + #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))] + { + if let Some(ref o) = self.occurrence { + Display::fmt(o, f)?; + } + } + + if self.is_chain::<String>() { + Display::fmt(&self.kind, f)?; + } else { + Debug::fmt(&self.kind, f)?; + } + + #[cfg(not(feature = "no-debug-cause"))] + { + if let Some(e) = self.source() { + writeln!(f, "\nCaused by:")?; + Debug::fmt(&e, f)?; + } + } + Ok(()) + } +} + +/// `ChainErrorFrom<T>` is similar to `From<T>` +pub trait ChainErrorFrom<T>: Sized { + /// similar to From<T>::from() + fn chain_error_from(from: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self>; +} + +/// `IntoChainError<T>` is similar to `Into<T>` +pub trait IntoChainError<T>: Sized { + /// similar to Into<T>::into() + fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<T>; +} + +impl<T, U> IntoChainError<U> for T +where + U: ChainErrorFrom<T>, +{ + #[inline] + fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<U> { + U::chain_error_from(self, line_filename) + } +} + +impl<T, U> ChainErrorFrom<T> for U +where + T: Into<U>, + U: 'static + Display + Debug, +{ + #[inline] + fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self> { + let e: U = t.into(); + ChainError::new(e, None, line_filename) + } +} + +/* +impl<T, U> ChainErrorFrom<T> for U + where + T: 'static + Error + Into<Box<T>> + Clone, + U: 'static + Display + Debug + From<T>, +{ + #[inline] + fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self> { + ChainError::new(U::from(t.clone()), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename) + } +} +*/ + +/// map into `ChainError<T>` with `T::from(err)` +/// +/// adds `line!()` and `file!()` information +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! minto_cherr { + ( $k:ident ) => ( + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $k::from(&e)) + ); + ( $enum:ident $(:: $enum_path:ident)* ) => ( + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $enum $(:: $enum_path)*::from(&e)) + ); +} + +/// Creates a new `ChainError<T>` +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// Create a new ChainError<FooError>, where `FooError` must implement `Display` and `Debug`. +/// ```rust +/// # use chainerror::*; +/// # #[derive(Debug)] +/// enum FooError { +/// Bar, +/// Baz(&'static str), +/// } +/// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError { +/// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { +/// # match self { +/// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, "Bar Error"), +/// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, "Baz Error: '{}'", s), +/// # } +/// # } +/// # } +/// +/// // impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError +/// +/// fn do_some_stuff() -> bool { +/// false +/// } +/// +/// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> { +/// if ! do_some_stuff() { +/// Err(cherr!(FooError::Baz("Error")))?; +/// } +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # pub fn main() { +/// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() { +/// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &"Error" => {} +/// # _ => panic!(), +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +/// +/// Additionally an error cause can be added. +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use chainerror::*; +/// # use std::io; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # #[derive(Debug)] +/// # enum FooError { +/// # Bar, +/// # Baz(&'static str), +/// # } +/// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError { +/// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { +/// # match self { +/// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, "Bar Error"), +/// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, "Baz Error: '{}'", s), +/// # } +/// # } +/// # } +/// fn do_some_stuff() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> { +/// do_some_stuff().map_err( +/// |e| cherr!(e, FooError::Baz("Error")) +/// )?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # pub fn main() { +/// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() { +/// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &"Error" => {} +/// # _ => panic!(), +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! cherr { + ( $k:expr ) => ({ + $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": "))) + }); + ( None, $k:expr ) => ({ + $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": "))) + }); + ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); + ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); + ( $e:path, $k:expr ) => ({ + $crate::ChainError::new($k, Some(Box::from($e)), Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": "))) + }); + ( $e:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); +} + +/// Convenience macro for `|e| cherr!(e, format!(…))` +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use crate::chainerror::*; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # use std::io; +/// # use std::result::Result; +/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +/// # Ok(()) +/// # } +/// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// let filename = "foo.txt"; +/// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// func2().map_err(mstrerr!("func1 error"))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// # fn main() { +/// # if let Err(e) = func1() { +/// # #[cfg(not(windows))] +/// # assert_eq!( +/// # format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#" +/// # src/lib.rs:18: func1 error +/// # Caused by: +/// # src/lib.rs:13: Error reading 'foo.txt' +/// # Caused by: +/// # Kind(NotFound) +/// # "# +/// # ); +/// # } else { +/// # unreachable!(); +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +/// +/// `mstrerr!()` can also be used to map a new `ChainError<T>`, where T was defined with +/// `derive_str_cherr!(T)` +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use crate::chainerror::*; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # use std::io; +/// # use std::result::Result; +/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +/// # Ok(()) +/// # } +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); +/// +/// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// let filename = "foo.txt"; +/// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); +/// +/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # fn main() { +/// # if let Err(e) = func1() { +/// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { +/// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some()); +/// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); +/// # } else { +/// # panic!(); +/// # } +/// # } else { +/// # unreachable!(); +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! mstrerr { + ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string())) + }); + ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string())) + }); + ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))) + }); + ($msg:expr) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string()) + }); + ($msg:expr, ) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string()) + }); + ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); +} + +/// Convenience macro for `cherr!(T(format!(…)))` where `T(String)` +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use crate::chainerror::*; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # use std::result::Result; +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); +/// +/// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> { +/// let filename = "foo.txt"; +/// Err(strerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename)) +/// } +/// +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); +/// +/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> { +/// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # fn main() { +/// # if let Err(e) = func1() { +/// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { +/// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some()); +/// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); +/// # } else { +/// # panic!(); +/// # } +/// # } else { +/// # unreachable!(); +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! strerr { + ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string())) + }); + ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string())) + }); + ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))) + }); + ($msg:expr) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string()) + }); + ($msg:expr, ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string()) + }); + ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({ + $crate::cherr!(format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); +} + +/// Convenience macro to create a "new type" T(String) and implement Display + Debug for T +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use crate::chainerror::*; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # use std::io; +/// # use std::result::Result; +/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +/// # Ok(()) +/// # } +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); +/// +/// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> { +/// let filename = "foo.txt"; +/// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); +/// +/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> { +/// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # fn main() { +/// # if let Err(e) = func1() { +/// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { +/// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some()); +/// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); +/// # } else { +/// # panic!(); +/// # } +/// # } else { +/// # unreachable!(); +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! derive_str_cherr { + ($e:ident) => { + #[derive(Clone)] + pub struct $e(pub String); + impl ::std::fmt::Display for $e { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { + write!(f, "{}", self.0) + } + } + impl ::std::fmt::Debug for $e { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { + write!(f, "{}({})", stringify!($e), self.0) + } + } + impl ::std::error::Error for $e {} + }; +} + +/// Derive an Error for an ErrorKind, which wraps a `ChainError` and implements a `kind()` method +/// +/// It basically hides `ChainError` to the outside and only exposes the `kind()` +/// method. +/// +/// Error::kind() returns the ErrorKind +/// Error::source() returns the parent error +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ```rust +/// use std::io; +/// use chainerror::*; +/// +/// fn do_some_io(_f: &str) -> std::result::Result<(), io::Error> { +/// return Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound)); +/// } +/// +/// #[derive(Debug, Clone)] +/// pub enum ErrorKind { +/// IO(String), +/// FatalError(String), +/// Unknown, +/// } +/// +/// derive_err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind); +/// +/// impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind { +/// fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { +/// match self { +/// ErrorKind::FatalError(e) => write!(f, "fatal error {}", e), +/// ErrorKind::Unknown => write!(f, "unknown error"), +/// ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename), +/// } +/// } +/// } +/// +/// impl ErrorKind { +/// fn from_io_error(e: &io::Error, f: String) -> Self { +/// match e.kind() { +/// io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe => panic!("Should not happen"), +/// io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset => { +/// ErrorKind::FatalError(format!("While reading `{}`: {}", f, e)) +/// } +/// _ => ErrorKind::IO(f), +/// } +/// } +/// } +/// +/// impl From<&io::Error> for ErrorKind { +/// fn from(e: &io::Error) -> Self { +/// ErrorKind::IO(format!("{}", e)) +/// } +/// } +/// +/// pub fn func1() -> std::result::Result<(), Error> { +/// let filename = "bar.txt"; +/// +/// do_some_io(filename) +/// .map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from_io_error(&e, filename.into())))?; +/// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::IO(filename.into())))?; +/// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from(&e)))?; +/// do_some_io(filename).map_err(minto_cherr!(ErrorKind))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! derive_err_kind { + ($e:ident, $k:ident) => { + pub struct $e($crate::ChainError<$k>); + + impl $e { + pub fn kind(&self) -> &$k { + self.0.kind() + } + } + + impl From<$k> for $e { + fn from(e: $k) -> Self { + $e($crate::ChainError::new(e, None, None)) + } + } + + impl From<ChainError<$k>> for $e { + fn from(e: $crate::ChainError<$k>) -> Self { + $e(e) + } + } + + impl From<&$e> for $k + where + $k: Clone, + { + fn from(e: &$e) -> Self { + e.kind().clone() + } + } + + impl $crate::ChainErrorFrom<$e> for $k + where + $k: Clone, + { + #[inline] + fn chain_error_from( + t: $e, + line_filename: Option<&'static str>, + ) -> $crate::ChainError<$k> { + $crate::ChainError::new((*t.kind()).clone(), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename) + } + } + + impl std::error::Error for $e { + fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> { + self.0.source() + } + } + + impl std::fmt::Display for $e { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { + std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f) + } + } + + impl std::fmt::Debug for $e { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { + std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.0, f) + } + } + }; +} +}

Note, that because we changed the output of the error in main() from Debug to Display, we don't see the error backtrace with filename and line number.

diff --git a/tutorial6.html b/tutorial6.html index 64677cc..c025cbb 100644 --- a/tutorial6.html +++ b/tutorial6.html @@ -160,26 +160,26 @@ use std::error::Error; use std::io; use std::result::Result; -fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { +fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(()) } -fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { +fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { let filename = "foo.txt"; do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?; Ok(()) } -fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { +fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { func2().map_err(mstrerr!("func1 error"))?; Ok(()) } -fn main() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { +fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { if let Err(e) = func1() { eprintln!("Error: {}", e); - let mut s : &(dyn Error) = e.as_ref(); + let mut s: &(dyn Error) = e.as_ref(); while let Some(c) = s.source() { if let Some(ioerror) = c.downcast_ref::<io::Error>() { eprintln!("caused by: std::io::Error: {}", ioerror); @@ -197,8 +197,1198 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { } #[allow(dead_code)] mod chainerror { -{{#includecomment ../src/lib.rs}} -} +//! `chainerror` provides an error backtrace without doing a real backtrace, so even after you `strip` your +//! binaries, you still have the error backtrace. +//! +//! `chainerror` has no dependencies! +//! +//! `chainerror` uses `.source()` of `std::error::Error` along with `line()!` and `file()!` to provide a nice debug error backtrace. +//! It encapsulates all types, which have `Display + Debug` and can store the error cause internally. +//! +//! Along with the `ChainError<T>` struct, `chainerror` comes with some useful helper macros to save a lot of typing. +//! +//! ## Features +//! +//! `no-fileline` +//! : completely turn off storing filename and line +//! +//! `display-cause` +//! : turn on printing a backtrace of the errors in `Display` +//! +//! `no-debug-cause` +//! : turn off printing a backtrace of the errors in `Debug` +//! +//! +//! # Tutorial +//! +//! Read the [Tutorial](https://haraldh.github.io/chainerror/tutorial1.html) +//! +//! # Examples +//! +//! ```rust +//! use chainerror::*; +//! use std::error::Error; +//! use std::io; +//! use std::result::Result; +//! +//! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! let filename = "foo.txt"; +//! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! func2().map_err(mstrerr!("func1 error"))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn main() { +//! if let Err(e) = func1() { +//! #[cfg(not(windows))] +//! assert_eq!( +//! format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#" +//! src/lib.rs:20: func1 error +//! Caused by: +//! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt' +//! Caused by: +//! Kind(NotFound) +//! "# +//! ); +//! } +//! # else { +//! # unreachable!(); +//! # } +//! } +//! ``` +//! +//! +//! ```rust +//! use chainerror::*; +//! use std::error::Error; +//! use std::io; +//! use std::result::Result; +//! +//! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn func3() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! let filename = "foo.txt"; +//! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); +//! +//! fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> { +//! func3().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "func2 error: calling func3"))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! enum Func1Error { +//! Func2, +//! IO(String), +//! } +//! +//! impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1Error { +//! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { +//! match self { +//! Func1Error::Func2 => write!(f, "func1 error calling func2"), +//! Func1Error::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename), +//! } +//! } +//! } +//! +//! impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Func1Error { +//! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { +//! write!(f, "{}", self) +//! } +//! } +//! +//! fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1Error> { +//! func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::Func2))?; +//! let filename = String::from("bar.txt"); +//! do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::IO(filename)))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn main() { +//! if let Err(e) = func1() { +//! assert!( +//! match e.kind() { +//! Func1Error::Func2 => { +//! eprintln!("Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2"); +//! true +//! } +//! Func1Error::IO(filename) => { +//! eprintln!("Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'", filename); +//! false +//! } +//! } +//! ); +//! +//! assert!(e.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); +//! +//! if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>() { +//! eprintln!("\nError reported by Func2Error: {}", e) +//! } +//! +//! +//! assert!(e.root_cause().is_some()); +//! +//! if let Some(e) = e.root_cause() { +//! let io_error = e.downcast_ref::<io::Error>().unwrap(); +//! eprintln!("\nThe root cause was: std::io::Error: {:#?}", io_error); +//! } +//! +//! #[cfg(not(windows))] +//! assert_eq!( +//! format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#" +//! src/lib.rs:47: func1 error calling func2 +//! Caused by: +//! src/lib.rs:22: Func2Error(func2 error: calling func3) +//! Caused by: +//! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt' +//! Caused by: +//! Kind(NotFound) +//! "# +//! ); +//! } +//! # else { +//! # unreachable!(); +//! # } +//! } +//! ``` + +#![deny( + warnings, + absolute_paths_not_starting_with_crate, + deprecated_in_future, + keyword_idents, + macro_use_extern_crate, + missing_debug_implementations, + trivial_numeric_casts, + unused_extern_crates, + unused_import_braces, + unused_qualifications, + unused_results, + unused_labels, + unused_lifetimes, + unstable_features, + unreachable_pub, + future_incompatible, + missing_copy_implementations, + missing_doc_code_examples, + rust_2018_idioms, + rust_2018_compatibility +)] + +use std::any::TypeId; +use std::error::Error; +use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter, Result}; + +/// chains an inner error kind `T` with a causing error +pub struct ChainError<T> { + #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))] + occurrence: Option<&'static str>, + kind: T, + error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>, +} + +/// convenience type alias +pub type ChainResult<O, E> = std::result::Result<O, ChainError<E>>; + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> ChainError<T> { + #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))] + /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly + #[inline] + pub fn new( + kind: T, + error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>, + occurrence: Option<&'static str>, + ) -> Self { + Self { + occurrence, + kind, + error_cause, + } + } + + #[cfg(feature = "no-fileline")] + /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly + #[inline] + pub fn new( + kind: T, + error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>, + _occurrence: Option<&'static str>, + ) -> Self { + Self { kind, error_cause } + } + + /// return the root cause of the error chain, if any exists + pub fn root_cause(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { + self.iter().last() + } + + /// Find the first error cause of type U, if any exists + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ```rust + /// use chainerror::*; + /// use std::error::Error; + /// use std::io; + /// + /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); + /// + /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// let filename = "foo.txt"; + /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); + /// + /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// fn main() { + /// if let Err(e) = func1() { + /// if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { + /// + /// assert!(f1err.find_cause::<io::Error>().is_some()); + /// + /// assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); + /// } + /// # else { + /// # panic!(); + /// # } + /// } + /// # else { + /// # unreachable!(); + /// # } + /// } + /// ``` + #[inline] + pub fn find_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&U> { + self.iter().filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::<U>).next() + } + + /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError<U>`, if any exists + /// + /// Same as `find_cause`, but hides the `ChainError<U>` implementation internals + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ```rust + /// # use chainerror::*; + /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooError); + /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None); + /// // Instead of writing + /// err.find_cause::<ChainError<FooError>>(); + /// + /// // leave out the ChainError<FooError> implementation detail + /// err.find_chain_cause::<FooError>(); + /// ``` + #[inline] + pub fn find_chain_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<U>> { + self.iter() + .filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::<ChainError<U>>) + .next() + } + + /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError<U>` or `U`, if any exists and return `U` + /// + /// Same as `find_cause` and `find_chain_cause`, but hides the `ChainError<U>` implementation internals + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ```rust + /// # use chainerror::*; + /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooErrorKind); + /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None); + /// // Instead of writing + /// err.find_cause::<ChainError<FooErrorKind>>(); + /// // and/or + /// err.find_chain_cause::<FooErrorKind>(); + /// // and/or + /// err.find_cause::<FooErrorKind>(); + /// + /// // leave out the ChainError<FooErrorKind> implementation detail + /// err.find_kind_or_cause::<FooErrorKind>(); + /// ``` + #[inline] + pub fn find_kind_or_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&U> { + self.iter() + .filter_map(|e| { + e.downcast_ref::<ChainError<U>>() + .map(|e| e.kind()) + .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::<U>()) + }) + .next() + } + + /// Return a reference to T of `ChainError<T>` + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ```rust + /// use chainerror::*; + /// use std::error::Error; + /// use std::io; + /// + /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); + /// + /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// let filename = "foo.txt"; + /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// #[derive(Debug)] + /// enum Func1ErrorKind { + /// Func2, + /// IO(String), + /// } + /// + /// /// impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {…} + /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind { + /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { + /// # match self { + /// # Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, "func1 error calling func2"), + /// # Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename), + /// # } + /// # } + /// # } + /// + /// fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> { + /// func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::Func2))?; + /// do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::IO("bar.txt".into())))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// fn main() { + /// if let Err(e) = func1() { + /// match e.kind() { + /// Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => {} + /// Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => panic!(), + /// } + /// } + /// # else { + /// # unreachable!(); + /// # } + /// } + /// ``` + #[inline] + pub fn kind(&self) -> &T { + &self.kind + } + + /// Returns an Iterator over all error causes/sources + /// + /// # Example + /// + /// + #[inline] + pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &(dyn Error + 'static)> { + ErrorIter { + current: Some(self), + } + } +} + +struct ErrorIter<'a> { + current: Option<&'a (dyn Error + 'static)>, +} + +impl<'a> Iterator for ErrorIter<'a> { + type Item = &'a (dyn Error + 'static); + + #[inline] + fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> { + let current = self.current; + self.current = self.current.and_then(Error::source); + current + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> std::ops::Deref for ChainError<T> { + type Target = T; + + #[inline] + fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target { + &self.kind + } +} + +/// Convenience trait to hide the `ChainError<T>` implementation internals +pub trait ChainErrorDown { + /// Test if of type `ChainError<T>` + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool; + /// Downcast to a reference of `ChainError<T>` + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>>; + /// Downcast to a mutable reference of `ChainError<T>` + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>>; + /// Downcast to T of `ChainError<T>` + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T>; + /// Downcast to T mutable reference of `ChainError<T>` + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>; +} + +impl<U: 'static + Display + Debug> ChainErrorDown for ChainError<U> { + #[inline] + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool { + TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<U>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> { + if self.is_chain::<T>() { + #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)] + unsafe { + #[allow(trivial_casts)] + Some(&*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError<T>)) + } + } else { + None + } + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> { + if self.is_chain::<T>() { + #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)] + unsafe { + #[allow(trivial_casts)] + Some(&mut *(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError<T>)) + } + } else { + None + } + } + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> { + if self.is_chain::<T>() { + #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)] + unsafe { + #[allow(trivial_casts)] + Some(&(*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError<T>)).kind) + } + } else { + None + } + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { + if self.is_chain::<T>() { + #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)] + unsafe { + #[allow(trivial_casts)] + Some(&mut (*(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError<T>)).kind) + } + } else { + None + } + } +} + +impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static { + #[inline] + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool { + self.is::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> { + self.downcast_ref::<T>() + .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind())) + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { + if self.is::<T>() { + return self.downcast_mut::<T>(); + } + + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>()) + } +} + +impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send { + #[inline] + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool { + self.is::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> { + self.downcast_ref::<T>() + .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind())) + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { + if self.is::<T>() { + return self.downcast_mut::<T>(); + } + + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>()) + } +} + +impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync { + #[inline] + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool { + self.is::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> { + self.downcast_ref::<T>() + .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind())) + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { + if self.is::<T>() { + return self.downcast_mut::<T>(); + } + + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>()) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { + self.error_cause + .as_ref() + .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static)) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for &ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { + self.error_cause + .as_ref() + .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static)) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for &mut ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { + self.error_cause + .as_ref() + .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static)) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Display for ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result { + write!(f, "{}", self.kind)?; + + #[cfg(feature = "display-cause")] + { + if let Some(e) = self.source() { + writeln!(f, "\nCaused by:")?; + Display::fmt(&e, f)?; + } + } + Ok(()) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Debug for ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result { + #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))] + { + if let Some(ref o) = self.occurrence { + Display::fmt(o, f)?; + } + } + + if self.is_chain::<String>() { + Display::fmt(&self.kind, f)?; + } else { + Debug::fmt(&self.kind, f)?; + } + + #[cfg(not(feature = "no-debug-cause"))] + { + if let Some(e) = self.source() { + writeln!(f, "\nCaused by:")?; + Debug::fmt(&e, f)?; + } + } + Ok(()) + } +} + +/// `ChainErrorFrom<T>` is similar to `From<T>` +pub trait ChainErrorFrom<T>: Sized { + /// similar to From<T>::from() + fn chain_error_from(from: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self>; +} + +/// `IntoChainError<T>` is similar to `Into<T>` +pub trait IntoChainError<T>: Sized { + /// similar to Into<T>::into() + fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<T>; +} + +impl<T, U> IntoChainError<U> for T +where + U: ChainErrorFrom<T>, +{ + #[inline] + fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<U> { + U::chain_error_from(self, line_filename) + } +} + +impl<T, U> ChainErrorFrom<T> for U +where + T: Into<U>, + U: 'static + Display + Debug, +{ + #[inline] + fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self> { + let e: U = t.into(); + ChainError::new(e, None, line_filename) + } +} + +/* +impl<T, U> ChainErrorFrom<T> for U + where + T: 'static + Error + Into<Box<T>> + Clone, + U: 'static + Display + Debug + From<T>, +{ + #[inline] + fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self> { + ChainError::new(U::from(t.clone()), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename) + } +} +*/ + +/// map into `ChainError<T>` with `T::from(err)` +/// +/// adds `line!()` and `file!()` information +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! minto_cherr { + ( $k:ident ) => ( + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $k::from(&e)) + ); + ( $enum:ident $(:: $enum_path:ident)* ) => ( + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $enum $(:: $enum_path)*::from(&e)) + ); +} + +/// Creates a new `ChainError<T>` +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// Create a new ChainError<FooError>, where `FooError` must implement `Display` and `Debug`. +/// ```rust +/// # use chainerror::*; +/// # #[derive(Debug)] +/// enum FooError { +/// Bar, +/// Baz(&'static str), +/// } +/// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError { +/// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { +/// # match self { +/// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, "Bar Error"), +/// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, "Baz Error: '{}'", s), +/// # } +/// # } +/// # } +/// +/// // impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError +/// +/// fn do_some_stuff() -> bool { +/// false +/// } +/// +/// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> { +/// if ! do_some_stuff() { +/// Err(cherr!(FooError::Baz("Error")))?; +/// } +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # pub fn main() { +/// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() { +/// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &"Error" => {} +/// # _ => panic!(), +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +/// +/// Additionally an error cause can be added. +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use chainerror::*; +/// # use std::io; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # #[derive(Debug)] +/// # enum FooError { +/// # Bar, +/// # Baz(&'static str), +/// # } +/// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError { +/// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { +/// # match self { +/// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, "Bar Error"), +/// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, "Baz Error: '{}'", s), +/// # } +/// # } +/// # } +/// fn do_some_stuff() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> { +/// do_some_stuff().map_err( +/// |e| cherr!(e, FooError::Baz("Error")) +/// )?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # pub fn main() { +/// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() { +/// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &"Error" => {} +/// # _ => panic!(), +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! cherr { + ( $k:expr ) => ({ + $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": "))) + }); + ( None, $k:expr ) => ({ + $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": "))) + }); + ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); + ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); + ( $e:path, $k:expr ) => ({ + $crate::ChainError::new($k, Some(Box::from($e)), Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": "))) + }); + ( $e:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); +} + +/// Convenience macro for `|e| cherr!(e, format!(…))` +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use crate::chainerror::*; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # use std::io; +/// # use std::result::Result; +/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +/// # Ok(()) +/// # } +/// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// let filename = "foo.txt"; +/// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// func2().map_err(mstrerr!("func1 error"))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// # fn main() { +/// # if let Err(e) = func1() { +/// # #[cfg(not(windows))] +/// # assert_eq!( +/// # format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#" +/// # src/lib.rs:18: func1 error +/// # Caused by: +/// # src/lib.rs:13: Error reading 'foo.txt' +/// # Caused by: +/// # Kind(NotFound) +/// # "# +/// # ); +/// # } else { +/// # unreachable!(); +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +/// +/// `mstrerr!()` can also be used to map a new `ChainError<T>`, where T was defined with +/// `derive_str_cherr!(T)` +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use crate::chainerror::*; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # use std::io; +/// # use std::result::Result; +/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +/// # Ok(()) +/// # } +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); +/// +/// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// let filename = "foo.txt"; +/// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); +/// +/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # fn main() { +/// # if let Err(e) = func1() { +/// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { +/// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some()); +/// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); +/// # } else { +/// # panic!(); +/// # } +/// # } else { +/// # unreachable!(); +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! mstrerr { + ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string())) + }); + ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string())) + }); + ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))) + }); + ($msg:expr) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string()) + }); + ($msg:expr, ) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string()) + }); + ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); +} + +/// Convenience macro for `cherr!(T(format!(…)))` where `T(String)` +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use crate::chainerror::*; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # use std::result::Result; +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); +/// +/// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> { +/// let filename = "foo.txt"; +/// Err(strerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename)) +/// } +/// +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); +/// +/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> { +/// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # fn main() { +/// # if let Err(e) = func1() { +/// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { +/// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some()); +/// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); +/// # } else { +/// # panic!(); +/// # } +/// # } else { +/// # unreachable!(); +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! strerr { + ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string())) + }); + ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string())) + }); + ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))) + }); + ($msg:expr) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string()) + }); + ($msg:expr, ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string()) + }); + ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({ + $crate::cherr!(format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); +} + +/// Convenience macro to create a "new type" T(String) and implement Display + Debug for T +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use crate::chainerror::*; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # use std::io; +/// # use std::result::Result; +/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +/// # Ok(()) +/// # } +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); +/// +/// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> { +/// let filename = "foo.txt"; +/// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); +/// +/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> { +/// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # fn main() { +/// # if let Err(e) = func1() { +/// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { +/// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some()); +/// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); +/// # } else { +/// # panic!(); +/// # } +/// # } else { +/// # unreachable!(); +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! derive_str_cherr { + ($e:ident) => { + #[derive(Clone)] + pub struct $e(pub String); + impl ::std::fmt::Display for $e { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { + write!(f, "{}", self.0) + } + } + impl ::std::fmt::Debug for $e { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { + write!(f, "{}({})", stringify!($e), self.0) + } + } + impl ::std::error::Error for $e {} + }; +} + +/// Derive an Error for an ErrorKind, which wraps a `ChainError` and implements a `kind()` method +/// +/// It basically hides `ChainError` to the outside and only exposes the `kind()` +/// method. +/// +/// Error::kind() returns the ErrorKind +/// Error::source() returns the parent error +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ```rust +/// use std::io; +/// use chainerror::*; +/// +/// fn do_some_io(_f: &str) -> std::result::Result<(), io::Error> { +/// return Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound)); +/// } +/// +/// #[derive(Debug, Clone)] +/// pub enum ErrorKind { +/// IO(String), +/// FatalError(String), +/// Unknown, +/// } +/// +/// derive_err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind); +/// +/// impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind { +/// fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { +/// match self { +/// ErrorKind::FatalError(e) => write!(f, "fatal error {}", e), +/// ErrorKind::Unknown => write!(f, "unknown error"), +/// ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename), +/// } +/// } +/// } +/// +/// impl ErrorKind { +/// fn from_io_error(e: &io::Error, f: String) -> Self { +/// match e.kind() { +/// io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe => panic!("Should not happen"), +/// io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset => { +/// ErrorKind::FatalError(format!("While reading `{}`: {}", f, e)) +/// } +/// _ => ErrorKind::IO(f), +/// } +/// } +/// } +/// +/// impl From<&io::Error> for ErrorKind { +/// fn from(e: &io::Error) -> Self { +/// ErrorKind::IO(format!("{}", e)) +/// } +/// } +/// +/// pub fn func1() -> std::result::Result<(), Error> { +/// let filename = "bar.txt"; +/// +/// do_some_io(filename) +/// .map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from_io_error(&e, filename.into())))?; +/// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::IO(filename.into())))?; +/// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from(&e)))?; +/// do_some_io(filename).map_err(minto_cherr!(ErrorKind))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! derive_err_kind { + ($e:ident, $k:ident) => { + pub struct $e($crate::ChainError<$k>); + + impl $e { + pub fn kind(&self) -> &$k { + self.0.kind() + } + } + + impl From<$k> for $e { + fn from(e: $k) -> Self { + $e($crate::ChainError::new(e, None, None)) + } + } + + impl From<ChainError<$k>> for $e { + fn from(e: $crate::ChainError<$k>) -> Self { + $e(e) + } + } + + impl From<&$e> for $k + where + $k: Clone, + { + fn from(e: &$e) -> Self { + e.kind().clone() + } + } + + impl $crate::ChainErrorFrom<$e> for $k + where + $k: Clone, + { + #[inline] + fn chain_error_from( + t: $e, + line_filename: Option<&'static str>, + ) -> $crate::ChainError<$k> { + $crate::ChainError::new((*t.kind()).clone(), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename) + } + } + + impl std::error::Error for $e { + fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> { + self.0.source() + } + } + + impl std::fmt::Display for $e { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { + std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f) + } + } + + impl std::fmt::Debug for $e { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { + std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.0, f) + } + } + }; +} +} diff --git a/tutorial7.html b/tutorial7.html index 2ee56a2..8775a41 100644 --- a/tutorial7.html +++ b/tutorial7.html @@ -171,23 +171,23 @@ use std::error::Error; use std::io; use std::result::Result; -fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { +fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(()) } -fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { +fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { let filename = "foo.txt"; do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?; Ok(()) } -fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { +fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { func2().map_err(mstrerr!("func1 error"))?; Ok(()) } -fn main() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { +fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { if let Err(e) = func1() { eprintln!("Error: {}", e); if let Some(s) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<String>() { @@ -209,8 +209,1198 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { } #[allow(dead_code)] mod chainerror { -{{#includecomment ../src/lib.rs}} -} +//! `chainerror` provides an error backtrace without doing a real backtrace, so even after you `strip` your +//! binaries, you still have the error backtrace. +//! +//! `chainerror` has no dependencies! +//! +//! `chainerror` uses `.source()` of `std::error::Error` along with `line()!` and `file()!` to provide a nice debug error backtrace. +//! It encapsulates all types, which have `Display + Debug` and can store the error cause internally. +//! +//! Along with the `ChainError<T>` struct, `chainerror` comes with some useful helper macros to save a lot of typing. +//! +//! ## Features +//! +//! `no-fileline` +//! : completely turn off storing filename and line +//! +//! `display-cause` +//! : turn on printing a backtrace of the errors in `Display` +//! +//! `no-debug-cause` +//! : turn off printing a backtrace of the errors in `Debug` +//! +//! +//! # Tutorial +//! +//! Read the [Tutorial](https://haraldh.github.io/chainerror/tutorial1.html) +//! +//! # Examples +//! +//! ```rust +//! use chainerror::*; +//! use std::error::Error; +//! use std::io; +//! use std::result::Result; +//! +//! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! let filename = "foo.txt"; +//! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! func2().map_err(mstrerr!("func1 error"))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn main() { +//! if let Err(e) = func1() { +//! #[cfg(not(windows))] +//! assert_eq!( +//! format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#" +//! src/lib.rs:20: func1 error +//! Caused by: +//! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt' +//! Caused by: +//! Kind(NotFound) +//! "# +//! ); +//! } +//! # else { +//! # unreachable!(); +//! # } +//! } +//! ``` +//! +//! +//! ```rust +//! use chainerror::*; +//! use std::error::Error; +//! use std::io; +//! use std::result::Result; +//! +//! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn func3() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! let filename = "foo.txt"; +//! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); +//! +//! fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> { +//! func3().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "func2 error: calling func3"))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! enum Func1Error { +//! Func2, +//! IO(String), +//! } +//! +//! impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1Error { +//! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { +//! match self { +//! Func1Error::Func2 => write!(f, "func1 error calling func2"), +//! Func1Error::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename), +//! } +//! } +//! } +//! +//! impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Func1Error { +//! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { +//! write!(f, "{}", self) +//! } +//! } +//! +//! fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1Error> { +//! func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::Func2))?; +//! let filename = String::from("bar.txt"); +//! do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::IO(filename)))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn main() { +//! if let Err(e) = func1() { +//! assert!( +//! match e.kind() { +//! Func1Error::Func2 => { +//! eprintln!("Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2"); +//! true +//! } +//! Func1Error::IO(filename) => { +//! eprintln!("Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'", filename); +//! false +//! } +//! } +//! ); +//! +//! assert!(e.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); +//! +//! if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>() { +//! eprintln!("\nError reported by Func2Error: {}", e) +//! } +//! +//! +//! assert!(e.root_cause().is_some()); +//! +//! if let Some(e) = e.root_cause() { +//! let io_error = e.downcast_ref::<io::Error>().unwrap(); +//! eprintln!("\nThe root cause was: std::io::Error: {:#?}", io_error); +//! } +//! +//! #[cfg(not(windows))] +//! assert_eq!( +//! format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#" +//! src/lib.rs:47: func1 error calling func2 +//! Caused by: +//! src/lib.rs:22: Func2Error(func2 error: calling func3) +//! Caused by: +//! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt' +//! Caused by: +//! Kind(NotFound) +//! "# +//! ); +//! } +//! # else { +//! # unreachable!(); +//! # } +//! } +//! ``` + +#![deny( + warnings, + absolute_paths_not_starting_with_crate, + deprecated_in_future, + keyword_idents, + macro_use_extern_crate, + missing_debug_implementations, + trivial_numeric_casts, + unused_extern_crates, + unused_import_braces, + unused_qualifications, + unused_results, + unused_labels, + unused_lifetimes, + unstable_features, + unreachable_pub, + future_incompatible, + missing_copy_implementations, + missing_doc_code_examples, + rust_2018_idioms, + rust_2018_compatibility +)] + +use std::any::TypeId; +use std::error::Error; +use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter, Result}; + +/// chains an inner error kind `T` with a causing error +pub struct ChainError<T> { + #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))] + occurrence: Option<&'static str>, + kind: T, + error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>, +} + +/// convenience type alias +pub type ChainResult<O, E> = std::result::Result<O, ChainError<E>>; + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> ChainError<T> { + #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))] + /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly + #[inline] + pub fn new( + kind: T, + error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>, + occurrence: Option<&'static str>, + ) -> Self { + Self { + occurrence, + kind, + error_cause, + } + } + + #[cfg(feature = "no-fileline")] + /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly + #[inline] + pub fn new( + kind: T, + error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>, + _occurrence: Option<&'static str>, + ) -> Self { + Self { kind, error_cause } + } + + /// return the root cause of the error chain, if any exists + pub fn root_cause(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { + self.iter().last() + } + + /// Find the first error cause of type U, if any exists + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ```rust + /// use chainerror::*; + /// use std::error::Error; + /// use std::io; + /// + /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); + /// + /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// let filename = "foo.txt"; + /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); + /// + /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// fn main() { + /// if let Err(e) = func1() { + /// if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { + /// + /// assert!(f1err.find_cause::<io::Error>().is_some()); + /// + /// assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); + /// } + /// # else { + /// # panic!(); + /// # } + /// } + /// # else { + /// # unreachable!(); + /// # } + /// } + /// ``` + #[inline] + pub fn find_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&U> { + self.iter().filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::<U>).next() + } + + /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError<U>`, if any exists + /// + /// Same as `find_cause`, but hides the `ChainError<U>` implementation internals + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ```rust + /// # use chainerror::*; + /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooError); + /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None); + /// // Instead of writing + /// err.find_cause::<ChainError<FooError>>(); + /// + /// // leave out the ChainError<FooError> implementation detail + /// err.find_chain_cause::<FooError>(); + /// ``` + #[inline] + pub fn find_chain_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<U>> { + self.iter() + .filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::<ChainError<U>>) + .next() + } + + /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError<U>` or `U`, if any exists and return `U` + /// + /// Same as `find_cause` and `find_chain_cause`, but hides the `ChainError<U>` implementation internals + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ```rust + /// # use chainerror::*; + /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooErrorKind); + /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None); + /// // Instead of writing + /// err.find_cause::<ChainError<FooErrorKind>>(); + /// // and/or + /// err.find_chain_cause::<FooErrorKind>(); + /// // and/or + /// err.find_cause::<FooErrorKind>(); + /// + /// // leave out the ChainError<FooErrorKind> implementation detail + /// err.find_kind_or_cause::<FooErrorKind>(); + /// ``` + #[inline] + pub fn find_kind_or_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&U> { + self.iter() + .filter_map(|e| { + e.downcast_ref::<ChainError<U>>() + .map(|e| e.kind()) + .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::<U>()) + }) + .next() + } + + /// Return a reference to T of `ChainError<T>` + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ```rust + /// use chainerror::*; + /// use std::error::Error; + /// use std::io; + /// + /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); + /// + /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// let filename = "foo.txt"; + /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// #[derive(Debug)] + /// enum Func1ErrorKind { + /// Func2, + /// IO(String), + /// } + /// + /// /// impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {…} + /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind { + /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { + /// # match self { + /// # Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, "func1 error calling func2"), + /// # Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename), + /// # } + /// # } + /// # } + /// + /// fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> { + /// func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::Func2))?; + /// do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::IO("bar.txt".into())))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// fn main() { + /// if let Err(e) = func1() { + /// match e.kind() { + /// Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => {} + /// Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => panic!(), + /// } + /// } + /// # else { + /// # unreachable!(); + /// # } + /// } + /// ``` + #[inline] + pub fn kind(&self) -> &T { + &self.kind + } + + /// Returns an Iterator over all error causes/sources + /// + /// # Example + /// + /// + #[inline] + pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &(dyn Error + 'static)> { + ErrorIter { + current: Some(self), + } + } +} + +struct ErrorIter<'a> { + current: Option<&'a (dyn Error + 'static)>, +} + +impl<'a> Iterator for ErrorIter<'a> { + type Item = &'a (dyn Error + 'static); + + #[inline] + fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> { + let current = self.current; + self.current = self.current.and_then(Error::source); + current + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> std::ops::Deref for ChainError<T> { + type Target = T; + + #[inline] + fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target { + &self.kind + } +} + +/// Convenience trait to hide the `ChainError<T>` implementation internals +pub trait ChainErrorDown { + /// Test if of type `ChainError<T>` + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool; + /// Downcast to a reference of `ChainError<T>` + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>>; + /// Downcast to a mutable reference of `ChainError<T>` + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>>; + /// Downcast to T of `ChainError<T>` + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T>; + /// Downcast to T mutable reference of `ChainError<T>` + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>; +} + +impl<U: 'static + Display + Debug> ChainErrorDown for ChainError<U> { + #[inline] + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool { + TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<U>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> { + if self.is_chain::<T>() { + #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)] + unsafe { + #[allow(trivial_casts)] + Some(&*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError<T>)) + } + } else { + None + } + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> { + if self.is_chain::<T>() { + #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)] + unsafe { + #[allow(trivial_casts)] + Some(&mut *(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError<T>)) + } + } else { + None + } + } + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> { + if self.is_chain::<T>() { + #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)] + unsafe { + #[allow(trivial_casts)] + Some(&(*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError<T>)).kind) + } + } else { + None + } + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { + if self.is_chain::<T>() { + #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)] + unsafe { + #[allow(trivial_casts)] + Some(&mut (*(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError<T>)).kind) + } + } else { + None + } + } +} + +impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static { + #[inline] + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool { + self.is::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> { + self.downcast_ref::<T>() + .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind())) + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { + if self.is::<T>() { + return self.downcast_mut::<T>(); + } + + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>()) + } +} + +impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send { + #[inline] + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool { + self.is::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> { + self.downcast_ref::<T>() + .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind())) + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { + if self.is::<T>() { + return self.downcast_mut::<T>(); + } + + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>()) + } +} + +impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync { + #[inline] + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool { + self.is::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> { + self.downcast_ref::<T>() + .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind())) + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { + if self.is::<T>() { + return self.downcast_mut::<T>(); + } + + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>()) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { + self.error_cause + .as_ref() + .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static)) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for &ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { + self.error_cause + .as_ref() + .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static)) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for &mut ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { + self.error_cause + .as_ref() + .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static)) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Display for ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result { + write!(f, "{}", self.kind)?; + + #[cfg(feature = "display-cause")] + { + if let Some(e) = self.source() { + writeln!(f, "\nCaused by:")?; + Display::fmt(&e, f)?; + } + } + Ok(()) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Debug for ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result { + #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))] + { + if let Some(ref o) = self.occurrence { + Display::fmt(o, f)?; + } + } + + if self.is_chain::<String>() { + Display::fmt(&self.kind, f)?; + } else { + Debug::fmt(&self.kind, f)?; + } + + #[cfg(not(feature = "no-debug-cause"))] + { + if let Some(e) = self.source() { + writeln!(f, "\nCaused by:")?; + Debug::fmt(&e, f)?; + } + } + Ok(()) + } +} + +/// `ChainErrorFrom<T>` is similar to `From<T>` +pub trait ChainErrorFrom<T>: Sized { + /// similar to From<T>::from() + fn chain_error_from(from: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self>; +} + +/// `IntoChainError<T>` is similar to `Into<T>` +pub trait IntoChainError<T>: Sized { + /// similar to Into<T>::into() + fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<T>; +} + +impl<T, U> IntoChainError<U> for T +where + U: ChainErrorFrom<T>, +{ + #[inline] + fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<U> { + U::chain_error_from(self, line_filename) + } +} + +impl<T, U> ChainErrorFrom<T> for U +where + T: Into<U>, + U: 'static + Display + Debug, +{ + #[inline] + fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self> { + let e: U = t.into(); + ChainError::new(e, None, line_filename) + } +} + +/* +impl<T, U> ChainErrorFrom<T> for U + where + T: 'static + Error + Into<Box<T>> + Clone, + U: 'static + Display + Debug + From<T>, +{ + #[inline] + fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self> { + ChainError::new(U::from(t.clone()), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename) + } +} +*/ + +/// map into `ChainError<T>` with `T::from(err)` +/// +/// adds `line!()` and `file!()` information +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! minto_cherr { + ( $k:ident ) => ( + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $k::from(&e)) + ); + ( $enum:ident $(:: $enum_path:ident)* ) => ( + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $enum $(:: $enum_path)*::from(&e)) + ); +} + +/// Creates a new `ChainError<T>` +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// Create a new ChainError<FooError>, where `FooError` must implement `Display` and `Debug`. +/// ```rust +/// # use chainerror::*; +/// # #[derive(Debug)] +/// enum FooError { +/// Bar, +/// Baz(&'static str), +/// } +/// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError { +/// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { +/// # match self { +/// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, "Bar Error"), +/// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, "Baz Error: '{}'", s), +/// # } +/// # } +/// # } +/// +/// // impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError +/// +/// fn do_some_stuff() -> bool { +/// false +/// } +/// +/// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> { +/// if ! do_some_stuff() { +/// Err(cherr!(FooError::Baz("Error")))?; +/// } +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # pub fn main() { +/// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() { +/// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &"Error" => {} +/// # _ => panic!(), +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +/// +/// Additionally an error cause can be added. +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use chainerror::*; +/// # use std::io; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # #[derive(Debug)] +/// # enum FooError { +/// # Bar, +/// # Baz(&'static str), +/// # } +/// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError { +/// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { +/// # match self { +/// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, "Bar Error"), +/// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, "Baz Error: '{}'", s), +/// # } +/// # } +/// # } +/// fn do_some_stuff() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> { +/// do_some_stuff().map_err( +/// |e| cherr!(e, FooError::Baz("Error")) +/// )?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # pub fn main() { +/// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() { +/// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &"Error" => {} +/// # _ => panic!(), +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! cherr { + ( $k:expr ) => ({ + $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": "))) + }); + ( None, $k:expr ) => ({ + $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": "))) + }); + ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); + ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); + ( $e:path, $k:expr ) => ({ + $crate::ChainError::new($k, Some(Box::from($e)), Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": "))) + }); + ( $e:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); +} + +/// Convenience macro for `|e| cherr!(e, format!(…))` +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use crate::chainerror::*; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # use std::io; +/// # use std::result::Result; +/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +/// # Ok(()) +/// # } +/// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// let filename = "foo.txt"; +/// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// func2().map_err(mstrerr!("func1 error"))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// # fn main() { +/// # if let Err(e) = func1() { +/// # #[cfg(not(windows))] +/// # assert_eq!( +/// # format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#" +/// # src/lib.rs:18: func1 error +/// # Caused by: +/// # src/lib.rs:13: Error reading 'foo.txt' +/// # Caused by: +/// # Kind(NotFound) +/// # "# +/// # ); +/// # } else { +/// # unreachable!(); +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +/// +/// `mstrerr!()` can also be used to map a new `ChainError<T>`, where T was defined with +/// `derive_str_cherr!(T)` +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use crate::chainerror::*; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # use std::io; +/// # use std::result::Result; +/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +/// # Ok(()) +/// # } +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); +/// +/// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// let filename = "foo.txt"; +/// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); +/// +/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # fn main() { +/// # if let Err(e) = func1() { +/// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { +/// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some()); +/// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); +/// # } else { +/// # panic!(); +/// # } +/// # } else { +/// # unreachable!(); +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! mstrerr { + ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string())) + }); + ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string())) + }); + ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))) + }); + ($msg:expr) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string()) + }); + ($msg:expr, ) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string()) + }); + ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); +} + +/// Convenience macro for `cherr!(T(format!(…)))` where `T(String)` +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use crate::chainerror::*; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # use std::result::Result; +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); +/// +/// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> { +/// let filename = "foo.txt"; +/// Err(strerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename)) +/// } +/// +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); +/// +/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> { +/// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # fn main() { +/// # if let Err(e) = func1() { +/// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { +/// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some()); +/// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); +/// # } else { +/// # panic!(); +/// # } +/// # } else { +/// # unreachable!(); +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! strerr { + ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string())) + }); + ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string())) + }); + ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))) + }); + ($msg:expr) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string()) + }); + ($msg:expr, ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string()) + }); + ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({ + $crate::cherr!(format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); +} + +/// Convenience macro to create a "new type" T(String) and implement Display + Debug for T +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use crate::chainerror::*; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # use std::io; +/// # use std::result::Result; +/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +/// # Ok(()) +/// # } +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); +/// +/// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> { +/// let filename = "foo.txt"; +/// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); +/// +/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> { +/// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # fn main() { +/// # if let Err(e) = func1() { +/// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { +/// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some()); +/// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); +/// # } else { +/// # panic!(); +/// # } +/// # } else { +/// # unreachable!(); +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! derive_str_cherr { + ($e:ident) => { + #[derive(Clone)] + pub struct $e(pub String); + impl ::std::fmt::Display for $e { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { + write!(f, "{}", self.0) + } + } + impl ::std::fmt::Debug for $e { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { + write!(f, "{}({})", stringify!($e), self.0) + } + } + impl ::std::error::Error for $e {} + }; +} + +/// Derive an Error for an ErrorKind, which wraps a `ChainError` and implements a `kind()` method +/// +/// It basically hides `ChainError` to the outside and only exposes the `kind()` +/// method. +/// +/// Error::kind() returns the ErrorKind +/// Error::source() returns the parent error +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ```rust +/// use std::io; +/// use chainerror::*; +/// +/// fn do_some_io(_f: &str) -> std::result::Result<(), io::Error> { +/// return Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound)); +/// } +/// +/// #[derive(Debug, Clone)] +/// pub enum ErrorKind { +/// IO(String), +/// FatalError(String), +/// Unknown, +/// } +/// +/// derive_err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind); +/// +/// impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind { +/// fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { +/// match self { +/// ErrorKind::FatalError(e) => write!(f, "fatal error {}", e), +/// ErrorKind::Unknown => write!(f, "unknown error"), +/// ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename), +/// } +/// } +/// } +/// +/// impl ErrorKind { +/// fn from_io_error(e: &io::Error, f: String) -> Self { +/// match e.kind() { +/// io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe => panic!("Should not happen"), +/// io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset => { +/// ErrorKind::FatalError(format!("While reading `{}`: {}", f, e)) +/// } +/// _ => ErrorKind::IO(f), +/// } +/// } +/// } +/// +/// impl From<&io::Error> for ErrorKind { +/// fn from(e: &io::Error) -> Self { +/// ErrorKind::IO(format!("{}", e)) +/// } +/// } +/// +/// pub fn func1() -> std::result::Result<(), Error> { +/// let filename = "bar.txt"; +/// +/// do_some_io(filename) +/// .map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from_io_error(&e, filename.into())))?; +/// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::IO(filename.into())))?; +/// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from(&e)))?; +/// do_some_io(filename).map_err(minto_cherr!(ErrorKind))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! derive_err_kind { + ($e:ident, $k:ident) => { + pub struct $e($crate::ChainError<$k>); + + impl $e { + pub fn kind(&self) -> &$k { + self.0.kind() + } + } + + impl From<$k> for $e { + fn from(e: $k) -> Self { + $e($crate::ChainError::new(e, None, None)) + } + } + + impl From<ChainError<$k>> for $e { + fn from(e: $crate::ChainError<$k>) -> Self { + $e(e) + } + } + + impl From<&$e> for $k + where + $k: Clone, + { + fn from(e: &$e) -> Self { + e.kind().clone() + } + } + + impl $crate::ChainErrorFrom<$e> for $k + where + $k: Clone, + { + #[inline] + fn chain_error_from( + t: $e, + line_filename: Option<&'static str>, + ) -> $crate::ChainError<$k> { + $crate::ChainError::new((*t.kind()).clone(), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename) + } + } + + impl std::error::Error for $e { + fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> { + self.0.source() + } + } + + impl std::fmt::Display for $e { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { + std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f) + } + } + + impl std::fmt::Debug for $e { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { + std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.0, f) + } + } + }; +} +} diff --git a/tutorial8.html b/tutorial8.html index c628b2a..7651a11 100644 --- a/tutorial8.html +++ b/tutorial8.html @@ -168,14 +168,14 @@ use std::error::Error; use std::io; use std::result::Result; -fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { +fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(()) } derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); -fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { +fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { let filename = "foo.txt"; do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; Ok(()) @@ -183,12 +183,12 @@ fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); -fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { +fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; Ok(()) } -fn main() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { +fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { if let Err(e) = func1() { if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { eprintln!("Func1Error: {}", f1err); @@ -206,8 +206,1198 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { } #[allow(dead_code)] mod chainerror { -{{#includecomment ../src/lib.rs}} -} +//! `chainerror` provides an error backtrace without doing a real backtrace, so even after you `strip` your +//! binaries, you still have the error backtrace. +//! +//! `chainerror` has no dependencies! +//! +//! `chainerror` uses `.source()` of `std::error::Error` along with `line()!` and `file()!` to provide a nice debug error backtrace. +//! It encapsulates all types, which have `Display + Debug` and can store the error cause internally. +//! +//! Along with the `ChainError<T>` struct, `chainerror` comes with some useful helper macros to save a lot of typing. +//! +//! ## Features +//! +//! `no-fileline` +//! : completely turn off storing filename and line +//! +//! `display-cause` +//! : turn on printing a backtrace of the errors in `Display` +//! +//! `no-debug-cause` +//! : turn off printing a backtrace of the errors in `Debug` +//! +//! +//! # Tutorial +//! +//! Read the [Tutorial](https://haraldh.github.io/chainerror/tutorial1.html) +//! +//! # Examples +//! +//! ```rust +//! use chainerror::*; +//! use std::error::Error; +//! use std::io; +//! use std::result::Result; +//! +//! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! let filename = "foo.txt"; +//! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! func2().map_err(mstrerr!("func1 error"))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn main() { +//! if let Err(e) = func1() { +//! #[cfg(not(windows))] +//! assert_eq!( +//! format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#" +//! src/lib.rs:20: func1 error +//! Caused by: +//! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt' +//! Caused by: +//! Kind(NotFound) +//! "# +//! ); +//! } +//! # else { +//! # unreachable!(); +//! # } +//! } +//! ``` +//! +//! +//! ```rust +//! use chainerror::*; +//! use std::error::Error; +//! use std::io; +//! use std::result::Result; +//! +//! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn func3() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! let filename = "foo.txt"; +//! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); +//! +//! fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> { +//! func3().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "func2 error: calling func3"))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! enum Func1Error { +//! Func2, +//! IO(String), +//! } +//! +//! impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1Error { +//! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { +//! match self { +//! Func1Error::Func2 => write!(f, "func1 error calling func2"), +//! Func1Error::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename), +//! } +//! } +//! } +//! +//! impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Func1Error { +//! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { +//! write!(f, "{}", self) +//! } +//! } +//! +//! fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1Error> { +//! func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::Func2))?; +//! let filename = String::from("bar.txt"); +//! do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::IO(filename)))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn main() { +//! if let Err(e) = func1() { +//! assert!( +//! match e.kind() { +//! Func1Error::Func2 => { +//! eprintln!("Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2"); +//! true +//! } +//! Func1Error::IO(filename) => { +//! eprintln!("Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'", filename); +//! false +//! } +//! } +//! ); +//! +//! assert!(e.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); +//! +//! if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>() { +//! eprintln!("\nError reported by Func2Error: {}", e) +//! } +//! +//! +//! assert!(e.root_cause().is_some()); +//! +//! if let Some(e) = e.root_cause() { +//! let io_error = e.downcast_ref::<io::Error>().unwrap(); +//! eprintln!("\nThe root cause was: std::io::Error: {:#?}", io_error); +//! } +//! +//! #[cfg(not(windows))] +//! assert_eq!( +//! format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#" +//! src/lib.rs:47: func1 error calling func2 +//! Caused by: +//! src/lib.rs:22: Func2Error(func2 error: calling func3) +//! Caused by: +//! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt' +//! Caused by: +//! Kind(NotFound) +//! "# +//! ); +//! } +//! # else { +//! # unreachable!(); +//! # } +//! } +//! ``` + +#![deny( + warnings, + absolute_paths_not_starting_with_crate, + deprecated_in_future, + keyword_idents, + macro_use_extern_crate, + missing_debug_implementations, + trivial_numeric_casts, + unused_extern_crates, + unused_import_braces, + unused_qualifications, + unused_results, + unused_labels, + unused_lifetimes, + unstable_features, + unreachable_pub, + future_incompatible, + missing_copy_implementations, + missing_doc_code_examples, + rust_2018_idioms, + rust_2018_compatibility +)] + +use std::any::TypeId; +use std::error::Error; +use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter, Result}; + +/// chains an inner error kind `T` with a causing error +pub struct ChainError<T> { + #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))] + occurrence: Option<&'static str>, + kind: T, + error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>, +} + +/// convenience type alias +pub type ChainResult<O, E> = std::result::Result<O, ChainError<E>>; + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> ChainError<T> { + #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))] + /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly + #[inline] + pub fn new( + kind: T, + error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>, + occurrence: Option<&'static str>, + ) -> Self { + Self { + occurrence, + kind, + error_cause, + } + } + + #[cfg(feature = "no-fileline")] + /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly + #[inline] + pub fn new( + kind: T, + error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>, + _occurrence: Option<&'static str>, + ) -> Self { + Self { kind, error_cause } + } + + /// return the root cause of the error chain, if any exists + pub fn root_cause(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { + self.iter().last() + } + + /// Find the first error cause of type U, if any exists + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ```rust + /// use chainerror::*; + /// use std::error::Error; + /// use std::io; + /// + /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); + /// + /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// let filename = "foo.txt"; + /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); + /// + /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// fn main() { + /// if let Err(e) = func1() { + /// if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { + /// + /// assert!(f1err.find_cause::<io::Error>().is_some()); + /// + /// assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); + /// } + /// # else { + /// # panic!(); + /// # } + /// } + /// # else { + /// # unreachable!(); + /// # } + /// } + /// ``` + #[inline] + pub fn find_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&U> { + self.iter().filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::<U>).next() + } + + /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError<U>`, if any exists + /// + /// Same as `find_cause`, but hides the `ChainError<U>` implementation internals + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ```rust + /// # use chainerror::*; + /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooError); + /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None); + /// // Instead of writing + /// err.find_cause::<ChainError<FooError>>(); + /// + /// // leave out the ChainError<FooError> implementation detail + /// err.find_chain_cause::<FooError>(); + /// ``` + #[inline] + pub fn find_chain_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<U>> { + self.iter() + .filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::<ChainError<U>>) + .next() + } + + /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError<U>` or `U`, if any exists and return `U` + /// + /// Same as `find_cause` and `find_chain_cause`, but hides the `ChainError<U>` implementation internals + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ```rust + /// # use chainerror::*; + /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooErrorKind); + /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None); + /// // Instead of writing + /// err.find_cause::<ChainError<FooErrorKind>>(); + /// // and/or + /// err.find_chain_cause::<FooErrorKind>(); + /// // and/or + /// err.find_cause::<FooErrorKind>(); + /// + /// // leave out the ChainError<FooErrorKind> implementation detail + /// err.find_kind_or_cause::<FooErrorKind>(); + /// ``` + #[inline] + pub fn find_kind_or_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&U> { + self.iter() + .filter_map(|e| { + e.downcast_ref::<ChainError<U>>() + .map(|e| e.kind()) + .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::<U>()) + }) + .next() + } + + /// Return a reference to T of `ChainError<T>` + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ```rust + /// use chainerror::*; + /// use std::error::Error; + /// use std::io; + /// + /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); + /// + /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// let filename = "foo.txt"; + /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// #[derive(Debug)] + /// enum Func1ErrorKind { + /// Func2, + /// IO(String), + /// } + /// + /// /// impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {…} + /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind { + /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { + /// # match self { + /// # Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, "func1 error calling func2"), + /// # Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename), + /// # } + /// # } + /// # } + /// + /// fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> { + /// func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::Func2))?; + /// do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::IO("bar.txt".into())))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// fn main() { + /// if let Err(e) = func1() { + /// match e.kind() { + /// Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => {} + /// Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => panic!(), + /// } + /// } + /// # else { + /// # unreachable!(); + /// # } + /// } + /// ``` + #[inline] + pub fn kind(&self) -> &T { + &self.kind + } + + /// Returns an Iterator over all error causes/sources + /// + /// # Example + /// + /// + #[inline] + pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &(dyn Error + 'static)> { + ErrorIter { + current: Some(self), + } + } +} + +struct ErrorIter<'a> { + current: Option<&'a (dyn Error + 'static)>, +} + +impl<'a> Iterator for ErrorIter<'a> { + type Item = &'a (dyn Error + 'static); + + #[inline] + fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> { + let current = self.current; + self.current = self.current.and_then(Error::source); + current + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> std::ops::Deref for ChainError<T> { + type Target = T; + + #[inline] + fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target { + &self.kind + } +} + +/// Convenience trait to hide the `ChainError<T>` implementation internals +pub trait ChainErrorDown { + /// Test if of type `ChainError<T>` + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool; + /// Downcast to a reference of `ChainError<T>` + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>>; + /// Downcast to a mutable reference of `ChainError<T>` + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>>; + /// Downcast to T of `ChainError<T>` + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T>; + /// Downcast to T mutable reference of `ChainError<T>` + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>; +} + +impl<U: 'static + Display + Debug> ChainErrorDown for ChainError<U> { + #[inline] + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool { + TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<U>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> { + if self.is_chain::<T>() { + #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)] + unsafe { + #[allow(trivial_casts)] + Some(&*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError<T>)) + } + } else { + None + } + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> { + if self.is_chain::<T>() { + #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)] + unsafe { + #[allow(trivial_casts)] + Some(&mut *(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError<T>)) + } + } else { + None + } + } + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> { + if self.is_chain::<T>() { + #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)] + unsafe { + #[allow(trivial_casts)] + Some(&(*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError<T>)).kind) + } + } else { + None + } + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { + if self.is_chain::<T>() { + #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)] + unsafe { + #[allow(trivial_casts)] + Some(&mut (*(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError<T>)).kind) + } + } else { + None + } + } +} + +impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static { + #[inline] + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool { + self.is::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> { + self.downcast_ref::<T>() + .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind())) + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { + if self.is::<T>() { + return self.downcast_mut::<T>(); + } + + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>()) + } +} + +impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send { + #[inline] + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool { + self.is::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> { + self.downcast_ref::<T>() + .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind())) + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { + if self.is::<T>() { + return self.downcast_mut::<T>(); + } + + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>()) + } +} + +impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync { + #[inline] + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool { + self.is::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> { + self.downcast_ref::<T>() + .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind())) + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { + if self.is::<T>() { + return self.downcast_mut::<T>(); + } + + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>()) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { + self.error_cause + .as_ref() + .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static)) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for &ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { + self.error_cause + .as_ref() + .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static)) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for &mut ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { + self.error_cause + .as_ref() + .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static)) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Display for ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result { + write!(f, "{}", self.kind)?; + + #[cfg(feature = "display-cause")] + { + if let Some(e) = self.source() { + writeln!(f, "\nCaused by:")?; + Display::fmt(&e, f)?; + } + } + Ok(()) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Debug for ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result { + #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))] + { + if let Some(ref o) = self.occurrence { + Display::fmt(o, f)?; + } + } + + if self.is_chain::<String>() { + Display::fmt(&self.kind, f)?; + } else { + Debug::fmt(&self.kind, f)?; + } + + #[cfg(not(feature = "no-debug-cause"))] + { + if let Some(e) = self.source() { + writeln!(f, "\nCaused by:")?; + Debug::fmt(&e, f)?; + } + } + Ok(()) + } +} + +/// `ChainErrorFrom<T>` is similar to `From<T>` +pub trait ChainErrorFrom<T>: Sized { + /// similar to From<T>::from() + fn chain_error_from(from: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self>; +} + +/// `IntoChainError<T>` is similar to `Into<T>` +pub trait IntoChainError<T>: Sized { + /// similar to Into<T>::into() + fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<T>; +} + +impl<T, U> IntoChainError<U> for T +where + U: ChainErrorFrom<T>, +{ + #[inline] + fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<U> { + U::chain_error_from(self, line_filename) + } +} + +impl<T, U> ChainErrorFrom<T> for U +where + T: Into<U>, + U: 'static + Display + Debug, +{ + #[inline] + fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self> { + let e: U = t.into(); + ChainError::new(e, None, line_filename) + } +} + +/* +impl<T, U> ChainErrorFrom<T> for U + where + T: 'static + Error + Into<Box<T>> + Clone, + U: 'static + Display + Debug + From<T>, +{ + #[inline] + fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self> { + ChainError::new(U::from(t.clone()), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename) + } +} +*/ + +/// map into `ChainError<T>` with `T::from(err)` +/// +/// adds `line!()` and `file!()` information +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! minto_cherr { + ( $k:ident ) => ( + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $k::from(&e)) + ); + ( $enum:ident $(:: $enum_path:ident)* ) => ( + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $enum $(:: $enum_path)*::from(&e)) + ); +} + +/// Creates a new `ChainError<T>` +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// Create a new ChainError<FooError>, where `FooError` must implement `Display` and `Debug`. +/// ```rust +/// # use chainerror::*; +/// # #[derive(Debug)] +/// enum FooError { +/// Bar, +/// Baz(&'static str), +/// } +/// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError { +/// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { +/// # match self { +/// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, "Bar Error"), +/// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, "Baz Error: '{}'", s), +/// # } +/// # } +/// # } +/// +/// // impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError +/// +/// fn do_some_stuff() -> bool { +/// false +/// } +/// +/// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> { +/// if ! do_some_stuff() { +/// Err(cherr!(FooError::Baz("Error")))?; +/// } +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # pub fn main() { +/// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() { +/// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &"Error" => {} +/// # _ => panic!(), +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +/// +/// Additionally an error cause can be added. +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use chainerror::*; +/// # use std::io; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # #[derive(Debug)] +/// # enum FooError { +/// # Bar, +/// # Baz(&'static str), +/// # } +/// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError { +/// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { +/// # match self { +/// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, "Bar Error"), +/// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, "Baz Error: '{}'", s), +/// # } +/// # } +/// # } +/// fn do_some_stuff() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> { +/// do_some_stuff().map_err( +/// |e| cherr!(e, FooError::Baz("Error")) +/// )?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # pub fn main() { +/// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() { +/// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &"Error" => {} +/// # _ => panic!(), +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! cherr { + ( $k:expr ) => ({ + $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": "))) + }); + ( None, $k:expr ) => ({ + $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": "))) + }); + ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); + ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); + ( $e:path, $k:expr ) => ({ + $crate::ChainError::new($k, Some(Box::from($e)), Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": "))) + }); + ( $e:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); +} + +/// Convenience macro for `|e| cherr!(e, format!(…))` +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use crate::chainerror::*; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # use std::io; +/// # use std::result::Result; +/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +/// # Ok(()) +/// # } +/// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// let filename = "foo.txt"; +/// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// func2().map_err(mstrerr!("func1 error"))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// # fn main() { +/// # if let Err(e) = func1() { +/// # #[cfg(not(windows))] +/// # assert_eq!( +/// # format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#" +/// # src/lib.rs:18: func1 error +/// # Caused by: +/// # src/lib.rs:13: Error reading 'foo.txt' +/// # Caused by: +/// # Kind(NotFound) +/// # "# +/// # ); +/// # } else { +/// # unreachable!(); +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +/// +/// `mstrerr!()` can also be used to map a new `ChainError<T>`, where T was defined with +/// `derive_str_cherr!(T)` +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use crate::chainerror::*; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # use std::io; +/// # use std::result::Result; +/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +/// # Ok(()) +/// # } +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); +/// +/// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// let filename = "foo.txt"; +/// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); +/// +/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # fn main() { +/// # if let Err(e) = func1() { +/// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { +/// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some()); +/// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); +/// # } else { +/// # panic!(); +/// # } +/// # } else { +/// # unreachable!(); +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! mstrerr { + ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string())) + }); + ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string())) + }); + ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))) + }); + ($msg:expr) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string()) + }); + ($msg:expr, ) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string()) + }); + ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); +} + +/// Convenience macro for `cherr!(T(format!(…)))` where `T(String)` +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use crate::chainerror::*; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # use std::result::Result; +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); +/// +/// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> { +/// let filename = "foo.txt"; +/// Err(strerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename)) +/// } +/// +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); +/// +/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> { +/// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # fn main() { +/// # if let Err(e) = func1() { +/// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { +/// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some()); +/// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); +/// # } else { +/// # panic!(); +/// # } +/// # } else { +/// # unreachable!(); +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! strerr { + ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string())) + }); + ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string())) + }); + ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))) + }); + ($msg:expr) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string()) + }); + ($msg:expr, ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string()) + }); + ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({ + $crate::cherr!(format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); +} + +/// Convenience macro to create a "new type" T(String) and implement Display + Debug for T +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use crate::chainerror::*; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # use std::io; +/// # use std::result::Result; +/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +/// # Ok(()) +/// # } +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); +/// +/// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> { +/// let filename = "foo.txt"; +/// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); +/// +/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> { +/// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # fn main() { +/// # if let Err(e) = func1() { +/// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { +/// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some()); +/// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); +/// # } else { +/// # panic!(); +/// # } +/// # } else { +/// # unreachable!(); +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! derive_str_cherr { + ($e:ident) => { + #[derive(Clone)] + pub struct $e(pub String); + impl ::std::fmt::Display for $e { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { + write!(f, "{}", self.0) + } + } + impl ::std::fmt::Debug for $e { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { + write!(f, "{}({})", stringify!($e), self.0) + } + } + impl ::std::error::Error for $e {} + }; +} + +/// Derive an Error for an ErrorKind, which wraps a `ChainError` and implements a `kind()` method +/// +/// It basically hides `ChainError` to the outside and only exposes the `kind()` +/// method. +/// +/// Error::kind() returns the ErrorKind +/// Error::source() returns the parent error +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ```rust +/// use std::io; +/// use chainerror::*; +/// +/// fn do_some_io(_f: &str) -> std::result::Result<(), io::Error> { +/// return Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound)); +/// } +/// +/// #[derive(Debug, Clone)] +/// pub enum ErrorKind { +/// IO(String), +/// FatalError(String), +/// Unknown, +/// } +/// +/// derive_err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind); +/// +/// impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind { +/// fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { +/// match self { +/// ErrorKind::FatalError(e) => write!(f, "fatal error {}", e), +/// ErrorKind::Unknown => write!(f, "unknown error"), +/// ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename), +/// } +/// } +/// } +/// +/// impl ErrorKind { +/// fn from_io_error(e: &io::Error, f: String) -> Self { +/// match e.kind() { +/// io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe => panic!("Should not happen"), +/// io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset => { +/// ErrorKind::FatalError(format!("While reading `{}`: {}", f, e)) +/// } +/// _ => ErrorKind::IO(f), +/// } +/// } +/// } +/// +/// impl From<&io::Error> for ErrorKind { +/// fn from(e: &io::Error) -> Self { +/// ErrorKind::IO(format!("{}", e)) +/// } +/// } +/// +/// pub fn func1() -> std::result::Result<(), Error> { +/// let filename = "bar.txt"; +/// +/// do_some_io(filename) +/// .map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from_io_error(&e, filename.into())))?; +/// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::IO(filename.into())))?; +/// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from(&e)))?; +/// do_some_io(filename).map_err(minto_cherr!(ErrorKind))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! derive_err_kind { + ($e:ident, $k:ident) => { + pub struct $e($crate::ChainError<$k>); + + impl $e { + pub fn kind(&self) -> &$k { + self.0.kind() + } + } + + impl From<$k> for $e { + fn from(e: $k) -> Self { + $e($crate::ChainError::new(e, None, None)) + } + } + + impl From<ChainError<$k>> for $e { + fn from(e: $crate::ChainError<$k>) -> Self { + $e(e) + } + } + + impl From<&$e> for $k + where + $k: Clone, + { + fn from(e: &$e) -> Self { + e.kind().clone() + } + } + + impl $crate::ChainErrorFrom<$e> for $k + where + $k: Clone, + { + #[inline] + fn chain_error_from( + t: $e, + line_filename: Option<&'static str>, + ) -> $crate::ChainError<$k> { + $crate::ChainError::new((*t.kind()).clone(), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename) + } + } + + impl std::error::Error for $e { + fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> { + self.0.source() + } + } + + impl std::fmt::Display for $e { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { + std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f) + } + } + + impl std::fmt::Debug for $e { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { + std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.0, f) + } + } + }; +} +} diff --git a/tutorial9.html b/tutorial9.html index 4e6dbf0..955e7fd 100644 --- a/tutorial9.html +++ b/tutorial9.html @@ -172,14 +172,14 @@ use std::error::Error; use std::io; use std::result::Result; -fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { +fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; Ok(()) } derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); -fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { +fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { let filename = "foo.txt"; do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; Ok(()) @@ -188,14 +188,14 @@ fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { derive_str_cherr!(Func1ErrorFunc2); derive_str_cherr!(Func1ErrorIO); -fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { +fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1ErrorFunc2, "func1 error calling func2"))?; let filename = "bar.txt"; do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1ErrorIO, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; Ok(()) } -fn main() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { +fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { if let Err(e) = func1() { if let Some(s) = e.downcast_ref::<ChainError<Func1ErrorIO>>() { eprintln!("Func1ErrorIO:\n{:?}", s); @@ -209,8 +209,1198 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<Error + Send + Sync>> { } #[allow(dead_code)] mod chainerror { -{{#includecomment ../src/lib.rs}} -} +//! `chainerror` provides an error backtrace without doing a real backtrace, so even after you `strip` your +//! binaries, you still have the error backtrace. +//! +//! `chainerror` has no dependencies! +//! +//! `chainerror` uses `.source()` of `std::error::Error` along with `line()!` and `file()!` to provide a nice debug error backtrace. +//! It encapsulates all types, which have `Display + Debug` and can store the error cause internally. +//! +//! Along with the `ChainError<T>` struct, `chainerror` comes with some useful helper macros to save a lot of typing. +//! +//! ## Features +//! +//! `no-fileline` +//! : completely turn off storing filename and line +//! +//! `display-cause` +//! : turn on printing a backtrace of the errors in `Display` +//! +//! `no-debug-cause` +//! : turn off printing a backtrace of the errors in `Debug` +//! +//! +//! # Tutorial +//! +//! Read the [Tutorial](https://haraldh.github.io/chainerror/tutorial1.html) +//! +//! # Examples +//! +//! ```rust +//! use chainerror::*; +//! use std::error::Error; +//! use std::io; +//! use std::result::Result; +//! +//! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! let filename = "foo.txt"; +//! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! func2().map_err(mstrerr!("func1 error"))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn main() { +//! if let Err(e) = func1() { +//! #[cfg(not(windows))] +//! assert_eq!( +//! format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#" +//! src/lib.rs:20: func1 error +//! Caused by: +//! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt' +//! Caused by: +//! Kind(NotFound) +//! "# +//! ); +//! } +//! # else { +//! # unreachable!(); +//! # } +//! } +//! ``` +//! +//! +//! ```rust +//! use chainerror::*; +//! use std::error::Error; +//! use std::io; +//! use std::result::Result; +//! +//! fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn func3() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +//! let filename = "foo.txt"; +//! do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); +//! +//! fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> { +//! func3().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "func2 error: calling func3"))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! enum Func1Error { +//! Func2, +//! IO(String), +//! } +//! +//! impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1Error { +//! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { +//! match self { +//! Func1Error::Func2 => write!(f, "func1 error calling func2"), +//! Func1Error::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename), +//! } +//! } +//! } +//! +//! impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Func1Error { +//! fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { +//! write!(f, "{}", self) +//! } +//! } +//! +//! fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1Error> { +//! func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::Func2))?; +//! let filename = String::from("bar.txt"); +//! do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1Error::IO(filename)))?; +//! Ok(()) +//! } +//! +//! fn main() { +//! if let Err(e) = func1() { +//! assert!( +//! match e.kind() { +//! Func1Error::Func2 => { +//! eprintln!("Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2"); +//! true +//! } +//! Func1Error::IO(filename) => { +//! eprintln!("Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'", filename); +//! false +//! } +//! } +//! ); +//! +//! assert!(e.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); +//! +//! if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>() { +//! eprintln!("\nError reported by Func2Error: {}", e) +//! } +//! +//! +//! assert!(e.root_cause().is_some()); +//! +//! if let Some(e) = e.root_cause() { +//! let io_error = e.downcast_ref::<io::Error>().unwrap(); +//! eprintln!("\nThe root cause was: std::io::Error: {:#?}", io_error); +//! } +//! +//! #[cfg(not(windows))] +//! assert_eq!( +//! format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#" +//! src/lib.rs:47: func1 error calling func2 +//! Caused by: +//! src/lib.rs:22: Func2Error(func2 error: calling func3) +//! Caused by: +//! src/lib.rs:15: Error reading 'foo.txt' +//! Caused by: +//! Kind(NotFound) +//! "# +//! ); +//! } +//! # else { +//! # unreachable!(); +//! # } +//! } +//! ``` + +#![deny( + warnings, + absolute_paths_not_starting_with_crate, + deprecated_in_future, + keyword_idents, + macro_use_extern_crate, + missing_debug_implementations, + trivial_numeric_casts, + unused_extern_crates, + unused_import_braces, + unused_qualifications, + unused_results, + unused_labels, + unused_lifetimes, + unstable_features, + unreachable_pub, + future_incompatible, + missing_copy_implementations, + missing_doc_code_examples, + rust_2018_idioms, + rust_2018_compatibility +)] + +use std::any::TypeId; +use std::error::Error; +use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter, Result}; + +/// chains an inner error kind `T` with a causing error +pub struct ChainError<T> { + #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))] + occurrence: Option<&'static str>, + kind: T, + error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>, +} + +/// convenience type alias +pub type ChainResult<O, E> = std::result::Result<O, ChainError<E>>; + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> ChainError<T> { + #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))] + /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly + #[inline] + pub fn new( + kind: T, + error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>, + occurrence: Option<&'static str>, + ) -> Self { + Self { + occurrence, + kind, + error_cause, + } + } + + #[cfg(feature = "no-fileline")] + /// Use the `cherr!()` or `mstrerr!()` macro instead of calling this directly + #[inline] + pub fn new( + kind: T, + error_cause: Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync>>, + _occurrence: Option<&'static str>, + ) -> Self { + Self { kind, error_cause } + } + + /// return the root cause of the error chain, if any exists + pub fn root_cause(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { + self.iter().last() + } + + /// Find the first error cause of type U, if any exists + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ```rust + /// use chainerror::*; + /// use std::error::Error; + /// use std::io; + /// + /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); + /// + /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// let filename = "foo.txt"; + /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); + /// + /// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// fn main() { + /// if let Err(e) = func1() { + /// if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { + /// + /// assert!(f1err.find_cause::<io::Error>().is_some()); + /// + /// assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); + /// } + /// # else { + /// # panic!(); + /// # } + /// } + /// # else { + /// # unreachable!(); + /// # } + /// } + /// ``` + #[inline] + pub fn find_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&U> { + self.iter().filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::<U>).next() + } + + /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError<U>`, if any exists + /// + /// Same as `find_cause`, but hides the `ChainError<U>` implementation internals + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ```rust + /// # use chainerror::*; + /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooError); + /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None); + /// // Instead of writing + /// err.find_cause::<ChainError<FooError>>(); + /// + /// // leave out the ChainError<FooError> implementation detail + /// err.find_chain_cause::<FooError>(); + /// ``` + #[inline] + pub fn find_chain_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<U>> { + self.iter() + .filter_map(Error::downcast_ref::<ChainError<U>>) + .next() + } + + /// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError<U>` or `U`, if any exists and return `U` + /// + /// Same as `find_cause` and `find_chain_cause`, but hides the `ChainError<U>` implementation internals + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ```rust + /// # use chainerror::*; + /// # derive_str_cherr!(FooErrorKind); + /// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None); + /// // Instead of writing + /// err.find_cause::<ChainError<FooErrorKind>>(); + /// // and/or + /// err.find_chain_cause::<FooErrorKind>(); + /// // and/or + /// err.find_cause::<FooErrorKind>(); + /// + /// // leave out the ChainError<FooErrorKind> implementation detail + /// err.find_kind_or_cause::<FooErrorKind>(); + /// ``` + #[inline] + pub fn find_kind_or_cause<U: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&U> { + self.iter() + .filter_map(|e| { + e.downcast_ref::<ChainError<U>>() + .map(|e| e.kind()) + .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::<U>()) + }) + .next() + } + + /// Return a reference to T of `ChainError<T>` + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ```rust + /// use chainerror::*; + /// use std::error::Error; + /// use std::io; + /// + /// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); + /// + /// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { + /// let filename = "foo.txt"; + /// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// #[derive(Debug)] + /// enum Func1ErrorKind { + /// Func2, + /// IO(String), + /// } + /// + /// /// impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {…} + /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind { + /// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { + /// # match self { + /// # Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, "func1 error calling func2"), + /// # Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename), + /// # } + /// # } + /// # } + /// + /// fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> { + /// func2().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::Func2))?; + /// do_some_io().map_err(|e| cherr!(e, Func1ErrorKind::IO("bar.txt".into())))?; + /// Ok(()) + /// } + /// + /// fn main() { + /// if let Err(e) = func1() { + /// match e.kind() { + /// Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => {} + /// Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => panic!(), + /// } + /// } + /// # else { + /// # unreachable!(); + /// # } + /// } + /// ``` + #[inline] + pub fn kind(&self) -> &T { + &self.kind + } + + /// Returns an Iterator over all error causes/sources + /// + /// # Example + /// + /// + #[inline] + pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &(dyn Error + 'static)> { + ErrorIter { + current: Some(self), + } + } +} + +struct ErrorIter<'a> { + current: Option<&'a (dyn Error + 'static)>, +} + +impl<'a> Iterator for ErrorIter<'a> { + type Item = &'a (dyn Error + 'static); + + #[inline] + fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> { + let current = self.current; + self.current = self.current.and_then(Error::source); + current + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> std::ops::Deref for ChainError<T> { + type Target = T; + + #[inline] + fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target { + &self.kind + } +} + +/// Convenience trait to hide the `ChainError<T>` implementation internals +pub trait ChainErrorDown { + /// Test if of type `ChainError<T>` + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool; + /// Downcast to a reference of `ChainError<T>` + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>>; + /// Downcast to a mutable reference of `ChainError<T>` + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>>; + /// Downcast to T of `ChainError<T>` + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T>; + /// Downcast to T mutable reference of `ChainError<T>` + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>; +} + +impl<U: 'static + Display + Debug> ChainErrorDown for ChainError<U> { + #[inline] + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool { + TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<U>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> { + if self.is_chain::<T>() { + #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)] + unsafe { + #[allow(trivial_casts)] + Some(&*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError<T>)) + } + } else { + None + } + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> { + if self.is_chain::<T>() { + #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)] + unsafe { + #[allow(trivial_casts)] + Some(&mut *(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError<T>)) + } + } else { + None + } + } + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> { + if self.is_chain::<T>() { + #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)] + unsafe { + #[allow(trivial_casts)] + Some(&(*(self as *const dyn Error as *const &ChainError<T>)).kind) + } + } else { + None + } + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { + if self.is_chain::<T>() { + #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)] + unsafe { + #[allow(trivial_casts)] + Some(&mut (*(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut &mut ChainError<T>)).kind) + } + } else { + None + } + } +} + +impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static { + #[inline] + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool { + self.is::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> { + self.downcast_ref::<T>() + .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind())) + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { + if self.is::<T>() { + return self.downcast_mut::<T>(); + } + + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>()) + } +} + +impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send { + #[inline] + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool { + self.is::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> { + self.downcast_ref::<T>() + .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind())) + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { + if self.is::<T>() { + return self.downcast_mut::<T>(); + } + + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>()) + } +} + +impl ChainErrorDown for dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync { + #[inline] + fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool { + self.is::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut ChainError<T>> { + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + Error>(&self) -> Option<&T> { + self.downcast_ref::<T>() + .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<ChainError<T>>().map(|e| e.kind())) + } + + #[inline] + fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + Error>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { + if self.is::<T>() { + return self.downcast_mut::<T>(); + } + + self.downcast_mut::<ChainError<T>>() + .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>()) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { + self.error_cause + .as_ref() + .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static)) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for &ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { + self.error_cause + .as_ref() + .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static)) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error for &mut ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { + self.error_cause + .as_ref() + .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn Error + 'static)) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Display for ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result { + write!(f, "{}", self.kind)?; + + #[cfg(feature = "display-cause")] + { + if let Some(e) = self.source() { + writeln!(f, "\nCaused by:")?; + Display::fmt(&e, f)?; + } + } + Ok(()) + } +} + +impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Debug for ChainError<T> { + #[inline] + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result { + #[cfg(not(feature = "no-fileline"))] + { + if let Some(ref o) = self.occurrence { + Display::fmt(o, f)?; + } + } + + if self.is_chain::<String>() { + Display::fmt(&self.kind, f)?; + } else { + Debug::fmt(&self.kind, f)?; + } + + #[cfg(not(feature = "no-debug-cause"))] + { + if let Some(e) = self.source() { + writeln!(f, "\nCaused by:")?; + Debug::fmt(&e, f)?; + } + } + Ok(()) + } +} + +/// `ChainErrorFrom<T>` is similar to `From<T>` +pub trait ChainErrorFrom<T>: Sized { + /// similar to From<T>::from() + fn chain_error_from(from: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self>; +} + +/// `IntoChainError<T>` is similar to `Into<T>` +pub trait IntoChainError<T>: Sized { + /// similar to Into<T>::into() + fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<T>; +} + +impl<T, U> IntoChainError<U> for T +where + U: ChainErrorFrom<T>, +{ + #[inline] + fn into_chain_error(self, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<U> { + U::chain_error_from(self, line_filename) + } +} + +impl<T, U> ChainErrorFrom<T> for U +where + T: Into<U>, + U: 'static + Display + Debug, +{ + #[inline] + fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self> { + let e: U = t.into(); + ChainError::new(e, None, line_filename) + } +} + +/* +impl<T, U> ChainErrorFrom<T> for U + where + T: 'static + Error + Into<Box<T>> + Clone, + U: 'static + Display + Debug + From<T>, +{ + #[inline] + fn chain_error_from(t: T, line_filename: Option<&'static str>) -> ChainError<Self> { + ChainError::new(U::from(t.clone()), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename) + } +} +*/ + +/// map into `ChainError<T>` with `T::from(err)` +/// +/// adds `line!()` and `file!()` information +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! minto_cherr { + ( $k:ident ) => ( + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $k::from(&e)) + ); + ( $enum:ident $(:: $enum_path:ident)* ) => ( + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $enum $(:: $enum_path)*::from(&e)) + ); +} + +/// Creates a new `ChainError<T>` +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// Create a new ChainError<FooError>, where `FooError` must implement `Display` and `Debug`. +/// ```rust +/// # use chainerror::*; +/// # #[derive(Debug)] +/// enum FooError { +/// Bar, +/// Baz(&'static str), +/// } +/// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError { +/// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { +/// # match self { +/// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, "Bar Error"), +/// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, "Baz Error: '{}'", s), +/// # } +/// # } +/// # } +/// +/// // impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError +/// +/// fn do_some_stuff() -> bool { +/// false +/// } +/// +/// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> { +/// if ! do_some_stuff() { +/// Err(cherr!(FooError::Baz("Error")))?; +/// } +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # pub fn main() { +/// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() { +/// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &"Error" => {} +/// # _ => panic!(), +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +/// +/// Additionally an error cause can be added. +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use chainerror::*; +/// # use std::io; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # #[derive(Debug)] +/// # enum FooError { +/// # Bar, +/// # Baz(&'static str), +/// # } +/// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for FooError { +/// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { +/// # match self { +/// # FooError::Bar => write!(f, "Bar Error"), +/// # FooError::Baz(s) => write!(f, "Baz Error: '{}'", s), +/// # } +/// # } +/// # } +/// fn do_some_stuff() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// fn func() -> ChainResult<(), FooError> { +/// do_some_stuff().map_err( +/// |e| cherr!(e, FooError::Baz("Error")) +/// )?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # pub fn main() { +/// # match func().unwrap_err().kind() { +/// # FooError::Baz(s) if s == &"Error" => {} +/// # _ => panic!(), +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! cherr { + ( $k:expr ) => ({ + $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": "))) + }); + ( None, $k:expr ) => ({ + $crate::ChainError::new($k, None, Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": "))) + }); + ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); + ( None, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!(None, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); + ( $e:path, $k:expr ) => ({ + $crate::ChainError::new($k, Some(Box::from($e)), Some(concat!(file!(), ":", line!(), ": "))) + }); + ( $e:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); +} + +/// Convenience macro for `|e| cherr!(e, format!(…))` +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use crate::chainerror::*; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # use std::io; +/// # use std::result::Result; +/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +/// # Ok(()) +/// # } +/// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// let filename = "foo.txt"; +/// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!("Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// func2().map_err(mstrerr!("func1 error"))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// # fn main() { +/// # if let Err(e) = func1() { +/// # #[cfg(not(windows))] +/// # assert_eq!( +/// # format!("\n{:?}\n", e), r#" +/// # src/lib.rs:18: func1 error +/// # Caused by: +/// # src/lib.rs:13: Error reading 'foo.txt' +/// # Caused by: +/// # Kind(NotFound) +/// # "# +/// # ); +/// # } else { +/// # unreachable!(); +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +/// +/// `mstrerr!()` can also be used to map a new `ChainError<T>`, where T was defined with +/// `derive_str_cherr!(T)` +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use crate::chainerror::*; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # use std::io; +/// # use std::result::Result; +/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +/// # Ok(()) +/// # } +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); +/// +/// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// let filename = "foo.txt"; +/// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); +/// +/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # fn main() { +/// # if let Err(e) = func1() { +/// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { +/// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some()); +/// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); +/// # } else { +/// # panic!(); +/// # } +/// # } else { +/// # unreachable!(); +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! mstrerr { + ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string())) + }); + ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t ($msg.to_string())) + }); + ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))) + }); + ($msg:expr) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string()) + }); + ($msg:expr, ) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, $msg.to_string()) + }); + ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({ + |e| $crate::cherr!(e, format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); +} + +/// Convenience macro for `cherr!(T(format!(…)))` where `T(String)` +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use crate::chainerror::*; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # use std::result::Result; +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); +/// +/// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> { +/// let filename = "foo.txt"; +/// Err(strerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename)) +/// } +/// +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); +/// +/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> { +/// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # fn main() { +/// # if let Err(e) = func1() { +/// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { +/// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some()); +/// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); +/// # } else { +/// # panic!(); +/// # } +/// # } else { +/// # unreachable!(); +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! strerr { + ( $t:path, $msg:expr ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string())) + }); + ( $t:path, $msg:expr, ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($t ($msg.to_string())) + }); + ( $t:path, $fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+ ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($t (format!($fmt, $($arg)+ ))) + }); + ($msg:expr) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string()) + }); + ($msg:expr, ) => ({ + $crate::cherr!($msg.to_string()) + }); + ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({ + $crate::cherr!(format!($fmt, $($arg)+ )) + }); +} + +/// Convenience macro to create a "new type" T(String) and implement Display + Debug for T +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ```rust +/// # use crate::chainerror::*; +/// # use std::error::Error; +/// # use std::io; +/// # use std::result::Result; +/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> { +/// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?; +/// # Ok(()) +/// # } +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func2Error); +/// +/// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> { +/// let filename = "foo.txt"; +/// do_some_io().map_err(mstrerr!(Func2Error, "Error reading '{}'", filename))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// +/// derive_str_cherr!(Func1Error); +/// +/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> { +/// func2().map_err(mstrerr!(Func1Error, "func1 error"))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// # fn main() { +/// # if let Err(e) = func1() { +/// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() { +/// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some()); +/// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some()); +/// # } else { +/// # panic!(); +/// # } +/// # } else { +/// # unreachable!(); +/// # } +/// # } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! derive_str_cherr { + ($e:ident) => { + #[derive(Clone)] + pub struct $e(pub String); + impl ::std::fmt::Display for $e { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { + write!(f, "{}", self.0) + } + } + impl ::std::fmt::Debug for $e { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { + write!(f, "{}({})", stringify!($e), self.0) + } + } + impl ::std::error::Error for $e {} + }; +} + +/// Derive an Error for an ErrorKind, which wraps a `ChainError` and implements a `kind()` method +/// +/// It basically hides `ChainError` to the outside and only exposes the `kind()` +/// method. +/// +/// Error::kind() returns the ErrorKind +/// Error::source() returns the parent error +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ```rust +/// use std::io; +/// use chainerror::*; +/// +/// fn do_some_io(_f: &str) -> std::result::Result<(), io::Error> { +/// return Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound)); +/// } +/// +/// #[derive(Debug, Clone)] +/// pub enum ErrorKind { +/// IO(String), +/// FatalError(String), +/// Unknown, +/// } +/// +/// derive_err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind); +/// +/// impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind { +/// fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { +/// match self { +/// ErrorKind::FatalError(e) => write!(f, "fatal error {}", e), +/// ErrorKind::Unknown => write!(f, "unknown error"), +/// ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename), +/// } +/// } +/// } +/// +/// impl ErrorKind { +/// fn from_io_error(e: &io::Error, f: String) -> Self { +/// match e.kind() { +/// io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe => panic!("Should not happen"), +/// io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset => { +/// ErrorKind::FatalError(format!("While reading `{}`: {}", f, e)) +/// } +/// _ => ErrorKind::IO(f), +/// } +/// } +/// } +/// +/// impl From<&io::Error> for ErrorKind { +/// fn from(e: &io::Error) -> Self { +/// ErrorKind::IO(format!("{}", e)) +/// } +/// } +/// +/// pub fn func1() -> std::result::Result<(), Error> { +/// let filename = "bar.txt"; +/// +/// do_some_io(filename) +/// .map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from_io_error(&e, filename.into())))?; +/// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::IO(filename.into())))?; +/// do_some_io(filename).map_err(|e| cherr!(e, ErrorKind::from(&e)))?; +/// do_some_io(filename).map_err(minto_cherr!(ErrorKind))?; +/// Ok(()) +/// } +/// ``` +#[macro_export] +macro_rules! derive_err_kind { + ($e:ident, $k:ident) => { + pub struct $e($crate::ChainError<$k>); + + impl $e { + pub fn kind(&self) -> &$k { + self.0.kind() + } + } + + impl From<$k> for $e { + fn from(e: $k) -> Self { + $e($crate::ChainError::new(e, None, None)) + } + } + + impl From<ChainError<$k>> for $e { + fn from(e: $crate::ChainError<$k>) -> Self { + $e(e) + } + } + + impl From<&$e> for $k + where + $k: Clone, + { + fn from(e: &$e) -> Self { + e.kind().clone() + } + } + + impl $crate::ChainErrorFrom<$e> for $k + where + $k: Clone, + { + #[inline] + fn chain_error_from( + t: $e, + line_filename: Option<&'static str>, + ) -> $crate::ChainError<$k> { + $crate::ChainError::new((*t.kind()).clone(), Some(Box::from(t)), line_filename) + } + } + + impl std::error::Error for $e { + fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> { + self.0.source() + } + } + + impl std::fmt::Display for $e { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { + std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f) + } + } + + impl std::fmt::Debug for $e { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result { + std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.0, f) + } + } + }; +} +}