chainerror/src/lib.rs
Harald Hoyer 1327575aa9
feat!: remove Chain prefix from Error and Result
like `anyhow`

Signed-off-by: Harald Hoyer <harald@hoyer.xyz>
2023-07-27 14:36:52 +02:00

816 lines
24 KiB
Rust

//! `chainerror` provides an error backtrace without doing a real backtrace, so even after you `strip` your
//! binaries, you still have the error backtrace.
//!
//! Having nested function returning errors, the output doesn't tell where the error originates from.
//!
//! ```rust
//! use std::path::PathBuf;
//!
//! type BoxedError = Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync>;
//! fn read_config_file(path: PathBuf) -> Result<(), BoxedError> {
//! // do stuff, return other errors
//! let _buf = std::fs::read_to_string(&path)?;
//! // do stuff, return other errors
//! Ok(())
//! }
//!
//! fn process_config_file() -> Result<(), BoxedError> {
//! // do stuff, return other errors
//! let _buf = read_config_file("foo.txt".into())?;
//! // do stuff, return other errors
//! Ok(())
//! }
//!
//! fn main() {
//! if let Err(e) = process_config_file() {
//! eprintln!("Error:\n{:?}", e);
//! }
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! This gives the output:
//! ```console
//! Error:
//! Os { code: 2, kind: NotFound, message: "No such file or directory" }
//! ```
//! and you have no idea where it comes from.
//!
//!
//! With `chainerror`, you can supply a context and get a nice error backtrace:
//!
//! ```rust
//! use chainerror::prelude::v1::*;
//! use std::path::PathBuf;
//!
//! type BoxedError = Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync>;
//! fn read_config_file(path: PathBuf) -> Result<(), BoxedError> {
//! // do stuff, return other errors
//! let _buf = std::fs::read_to_string(&path).context(format!("Reading file: {:?}", &path))?;
//! // do stuff, return other errors
//! Ok(())
//! }
//!
//! fn process_config_file() -> Result<(), BoxedError> {
//! // do stuff, return other errors
//! let _buf = read_config_file("foo.txt".into()).context("read the config file")?;
//! // do stuff, return other errors
//! Ok(())
//! }
//!
//! fn main() {
//! if let Err(e) = process_config_file() {
//! eprintln!("Error:\n{:?}", e);
//! # let s = format!("{:?}", e);
//! # let lines = s.lines().collect::<Vec<_>>();
//! # assert_eq!(lines.len(), 5);
//! # assert!(lines[0].starts_with("src/lib.rs:"));
//! # assert_eq!(lines[1], "Caused by:");
//! # assert!(lines[2].starts_with("src/lib.rs:"));
//! # assert_eq!(lines[3], "Caused by:");
//! # assert_eq!(lines[4], "Os { code: 2, kind: NotFound, message: \"No such file or directory\" }");
//! }
//! # else { panic!(); }
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! with the output:
//! ```console
//! Error:
//! examples/simple.rs:14:51: read the config file
//! Caused by:
//! examples/simple.rs:7:47: Reading file: "foo.txt"
//! Caused by:
//! Os { code: 2, kind: NotFound, message: "No such file or directory" }
//! ```
//!
//! `chainerror` uses `.source()` of `std::error::Error` along with `#[track_caller]` and `Location` to provide a nice debug error backtrace.
//! It encapsulates all types, which have `Display + Debug` and can store the error cause internally.
//!
//! Along with the `ChainError<T>` struct, `chainerror` comes with some useful helper macros to save a lot of typing.
//!
//! `chainerror` has no dependencies!
//!
//! Debug information is worth it!
//!
//! # Tutorial
//!
//! Read the [Tutorial](https://haraldh.github.io/chainerror/tutorial1.html)
#![deny(clippy::all)]
#![allow(clippy::needless_doctest_main)]
#![deny(missing_docs)]
use std::any::TypeId;
use std::error::Error as StdError;
use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter};
use std::panic::Location;
pub mod prelude {
//! convenience prelude
pub mod v1 {
//! convenience prelude
pub use super::super::ChainErrorDown as _;
pub use super::super::Error as ChainError;
pub use super::super::Result as ChainResult;
pub use super::super::ResultTrait as _;
pub use crate::{derive_err_kind, derive_str_context};
}
}
/// chains an inner error kind `T` with a causing error
pub struct Error<T> {
occurrence: Option<String>,
kind: T,
error_cause: Option<Box<dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync>>,
}
/// convenience type alias
pub type Result<O, E> = std::result::Result<O, Error<E>>;
impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Error<T> {
/// Use the `context()` or `map_context()` Result methods instead of calling this directly
#[inline]
pub fn new(
kind: T,
error_cause: Option<Box<dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync>>,
occurrence: Option<String>,
) -> Self {
Self {
occurrence,
kind,
error_cause,
}
}
/// return the root cause of the error chain, if any exists
pub fn root_cause(&self) -> Option<&(dyn StdError + 'static)> {
self.iter().last()
}
/// Find the first error cause of type U, if any exists
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```rust
/// use chainerror::prelude::v1::*;
/// use std::error::Error;
/// use std::io;
///
/// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
/// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
/// Ok(())
/// }
///
/// derive_str_context!(Func2Error);
///
/// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
/// let filename = "foo.txt";
/// do_some_io().context(Func2Error(format!("Error reading '{}'", filename)))?;
/// Ok(())
/// }
///
/// derive_str_context!(Func1Error);
///
/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
/// func2().context(Func1Error("func1 error".into()))?;
/// Ok(())
/// }
///
/// if let Err(e) = func1() {
/// if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() {
/// assert!(f1err.find_cause::<io::Error>().is_some());
///
/// assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some());
/// }
/// # else {
/// # panic!();
/// # }
/// }
/// # else {
/// # unreachable!();
/// # }
/// ```
#[inline]
pub fn find_cause<U: StdError + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&U> {
self.iter()
.filter_map(<dyn StdError>::downcast_ref::<U>)
.next()
}
/// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError<U>`, if any exists
///
/// Same as `find_cause`, but hides the `ChainError<U>` implementation internals
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```rust
/// # use chainerror::prelude::v1::*;
/// # derive_str_context!(FooError);
/// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);
/// // Instead of writing
/// err.find_cause::<ChainError<FooError>>();
///
/// // leave out the ChainError<FooError> implementation detail
/// err.find_chain_cause::<FooError>();
/// ```
#[inline]
pub fn find_chain_cause<U: StdError + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&Error<U>> {
self.iter()
.filter_map(<dyn StdError>::downcast_ref::<Error<U>>)
.next()
}
/// Find the first error cause of type `ChainError<U>` or `U`, if any exists and return `U`
///
/// Same as `find_cause` and `find_chain_cause`, but hides the `ChainError<U>` implementation internals
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```rust
/// # use chainerror::prelude::v1::*;
/// # derive_str_context!(FooErrorKind);
/// # let err = ChainError::new(String::new(), None, None);
/// // Instead of writing
/// err.find_cause::<ChainError<FooErrorKind>>();
/// // and/or
/// err.find_chain_cause::<FooErrorKind>();
/// // and/or
/// err.find_cause::<FooErrorKind>();
///
/// // leave out the ChainError<FooErrorKind> implementation detail
/// err.find_kind_or_cause::<FooErrorKind>();
/// ```
#[inline]
pub fn find_kind_or_cause<U: StdError + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&U> {
self.iter()
.filter_map(|e| {
e.downcast_ref::<Error<U>>()
.map(|e| e.kind())
.or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::<U>())
})
.next()
}
/// Return a reference to T of `ChainError<T>`
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```rust
/// use chainerror::prelude::v1::*;
/// use std::error::Error;
/// use std::io;
///
/// fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
/// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
/// Ok(())
/// }
///
/// derive_str_context!(Func2Error);
///
/// fn func2() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
/// let filename = "foo.txt";
/// do_some_io().context(Func2Error(format!("Error reading '{}'", filename)))?;
/// Ok(())
/// }
///
/// #[derive(Debug)]
/// enum Func1ErrorKind {
/// Func2,
/// IO(String),
/// }
///
/// /// impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {…}
/// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {
/// # fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
/// # match self {
/// # Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => write!(f, "func1 error calling func2"),
/// # Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename),
/// # }
/// # }
/// # }
///
/// fn func1() -> ChainResult<(), Func1ErrorKind> {
/// func2().context(Func1ErrorKind::Func2)?;
/// do_some_io().context(Func1ErrorKind::IO("bar.txt".into()))?;
/// Ok(())
/// }
///
/// if let Err(e) = func1() {
/// match e.kind() {
/// Func1ErrorKind::Func2 => {}
/// Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) => panic!(),
/// }
/// }
/// # else {
/// # unreachable!();
/// # }
/// ```
#[inline]
pub fn kind(&self) -> &T {
&self.kind
}
/// Returns an Iterator over all error causes/sources
///
/// # Example
#[inline]
pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &(dyn StdError + 'static)> {
ErrorIter {
current: Some(self),
}
}
}
/// Convenience methods for `Result<>` to turn the error into a decorated ChainError
pub trait ResultTrait<O, E: Into<Box<dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync>>> {
/// Decorate the error with a `kind` of type `T` and the source `Location`
fn context<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(self, kind: T) -> std::result::Result<O, Error<T>>;
/// Decorate the `error` with a `kind` of type `T` produced with a `FnOnce(&error)` and the source `Location`
fn map_context<T: 'static + Display + Debug, F: FnOnce(&E) -> T>(
self,
op: F,
) -> std::result::Result<O, Error<T>>;
}
impl<O, E: Into<Box<dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync>>> ResultTrait<O, E>
for std::result::Result<O, E>
{
#[track_caller]
#[inline]
fn context<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(self, kind: T) -> std::result::Result<O, Error<T>> {
match self {
Ok(t) => Ok(t),
Err(error_cause) => Err(Error::new(
kind,
Some(error_cause.into()),
Some(Location::caller().to_string()),
)),
}
}
#[track_caller]
#[inline]
fn map_context<T: 'static + Display + Debug, F: FnOnce(&E) -> T>(
self,
op: F,
) -> std::result::Result<O, Error<T>> {
match self {
Ok(t) => Ok(t),
Err(error_cause) => {
let kind = op(&error_cause);
Err(Error::new(
kind,
Some(error_cause.into()),
Some(Location::caller().to_string()),
))
}
}
}
}
/// An iterator over all error causes/sources
pub struct ErrorIter<'a> {
current: Option<&'a (dyn StdError + 'static)>,
}
impl<'a> Iterator for ErrorIter<'a> {
type Item = &'a (dyn StdError + 'static);
#[inline]
fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
let current = self.current;
self.current = self.current.and_then(StdError::source);
current
}
}
impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> std::ops::Deref for Error<T> {
type Target = T;
#[inline]
fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
&self.kind
}
}
/// Convenience trait to hide the `ChainError<T>` implementation internals
pub trait ChainErrorDown {
/// Test if of type `ChainError<T>`
fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool;
/// Downcast to a reference of `ChainError<T>`
fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&Error<T>>;
/// Downcast to a mutable reference of `ChainError<T>`
fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut Error<T>>;
/// Downcast to T of `ChainError<T>`
fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + StdError>(&self) -> Option<&T>;
/// Downcast to T mutable reference of `ChainError<T>`
fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + StdError>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>;
}
impl<U: 'static + Display + Debug> ChainErrorDown for Error<U> {
#[inline]
fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool {
TypeId::of::<T>() == TypeId::of::<U>()
}
#[inline]
fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&Error<T>> {
if self.is_chain::<T>() {
#[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
unsafe {
#[allow(trivial_casts)]
Some(*(self as *const dyn StdError as *const &Error<T>))
}
} else {
None
}
}
#[inline]
fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut Error<T>> {
if self.is_chain::<T>() {
#[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
unsafe {
#[allow(trivial_casts)]
Some(&mut *(self as *mut dyn StdError as *mut &mut Error<T>))
}
} else {
None
}
}
#[inline]
fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + StdError>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
if self.is_chain::<T>() {
#[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
unsafe {
#[allow(trivial_casts)]
Some(&(*(self as *const dyn StdError as *const &Error<T>)).kind)
}
} else {
None
}
}
#[inline]
fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + StdError>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {
if self.is_chain::<T>() {
#[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
unsafe {
#[allow(trivial_casts)]
Some(&mut (*(self as *mut dyn StdError as *mut &mut Error<T>)).kind)
}
} else {
None
}
}
}
impl ChainErrorDown for dyn StdError + 'static {
#[inline]
fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool {
self.is::<Error<T>>()
}
#[inline]
fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&Error<T>> {
self.downcast_ref::<Error<T>>()
}
#[inline]
fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut Error<T>> {
self.downcast_mut::<Error<T>>()
}
#[inline]
fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + StdError>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
self.downcast_ref::<T>()
.or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<Error<T>>().map(|e| e.kind()))
}
#[inline]
fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + StdError>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {
if self.is::<T>() {
return self.downcast_mut::<T>();
}
self.downcast_mut::<Error<T>>()
.and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>())
}
}
impl ChainErrorDown for dyn StdError + 'static + Send {
#[inline]
fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool {
self.is::<Error<T>>()
}
#[inline]
fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&Error<T>> {
self.downcast_ref::<Error<T>>()
}
#[inline]
fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut Error<T>> {
self.downcast_mut::<Error<T>>()
}
#[inline]
fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + StdError>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
self.downcast_ref::<T>()
.or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<Error<T>>().map(|e| e.kind()))
}
#[inline]
fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + StdError>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {
if self.is::<T>() {
return self.downcast_mut::<T>();
}
self.downcast_mut::<Error<T>>()
.and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>())
}
}
impl ChainErrorDown for dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync {
#[inline]
fn is_chain<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> bool {
self.is::<Error<T>>()
}
#[inline]
fn downcast_chain_ref<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&self) -> Option<&Error<T>> {
self.downcast_ref::<Error<T>>()
}
#[inline]
fn downcast_chain_mut<T: 'static + Display + Debug>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut Error<T>> {
self.downcast_mut::<Error<T>>()
}
#[inline]
fn downcast_inner_ref<T: 'static + StdError>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
self.downcast_ref::<T>()
.or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::<Error<T>>().map(|e| e.kind()))
}
#[inline]
fn downcast_inner_mut<T: 'static + StdError>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {
if self.is::<T>() {
return self.downcast_mut::<T>();
}
self.downcast_mut::<Error<T>>()
.and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::<T>())
}
}
impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> StdError for Error<T> {
#[inline]
fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn StdError + 'static)> {
self.error_cause
.as_ref()
.map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn StdError + 'static))
}
}
impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> StdError for &mut Error<T> {
#[inline]
fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn StdError + 'static)> {
self.error_cause
.as_ref()
.map(|e| e.as_ref() as &(dyn StdError + 'static))
}
}
impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Display for Error<T> {
#[inline]
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
write!(f, "{}", self.kind)?;
if f.alternate() {
if let Some(e) = self.source() {
write!(f, "\nCaused by:\n {:#}", &e)?;
}
}
Ok(())
}
}
impl<T: 'static + Display + Debug> Debug for Error<T> {
#[inline]
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
if f.alternate() {
let mut f = f.debug_struct(&format!("ChainError<{}>", std::any::type_name::<T>()));
let f = f
.field("occurrence", &self.occurrence)
.field("kind", &self.kind)
.field("source", &self.source());
f.finish()
} else {
if let Some(ref o) = self.occurrence {
write!(f, "{}: ", o)?;
}
if TypeId::of::<String>() == TypeId::of::<T>()
|| TypeId::of::<&str>() == TypeId::of::<T>()
{
Display::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;
} else {
Debug::fmt(&self.kind, f)?;
}
if let Some(e) = self.source() {
write!(f, "\nCaused by:\n{:?}", &e)?;
}
Ok(())
}
}
}
impl<T> From<T> for Error<T>
where
T: 'static + Display + Debug,
{
#[track_caller]
#[inline]
fn from(e: T) -> Error<T> {
Error::new(e, None, Some(Location::caller().to_string()))
}
}
/// Convenience macro to create a "new type" T(String) and implement Display + Debug for T
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```rust
/// # use chainerror::prelude::v1::*;
/// # use std::error::Error;
/// # use std::io;
/// # use std::result::Result;
/// # fn do_some_io() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
/// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
/// # Ok(())
/// # }
/// derive_str_context!(Func2Error);
///
/// fn func2() -> ChainResult<(), Func2Error> {
/// let filename = "foo.txt";
/// do_some_io().context(Func2Error(format!("Error reading '{}'", filename)))?;
/// Ok(())
/// }
///
/// derive_str_context!(Func1Error);
///
/// fn func1() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
/// func2().context(Func1Error("func1 error".into()))?;
/// Ok(())
/// }
/// # if let Err(e) = func1() {
/// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::<Func1Error>() {
/// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::<ChainError<Func2Error>>().is_some());
/// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::<Func2Error>().is_some());
/// # } else {
/// # panic!();
/// # }
/// # } else {
/// # unreachable!();
/// # }
/// ```
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! derive_str_context {
($e:ident) => {
#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct $e(pub String);
impl ::std::fmt::Display for $e {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
write!(f, "{}", self.0)
}
}
impl ::std::fmt::Debug for $e {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
write!(f, "{}({})", stringify!($e), self.0)
}
}
impl ::std::error::Error for $e {}
};
}
/// Derive an Error for an ErrorKind, which wraps a `ChainError` and implements a `kind()` method
///
/// It basically hides `ChainError` to the outside and only exposes the `kind()`
/// method.
///
/// Error::kind() returns the ErrorKind
/// Error::source() returns the parent error
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```rust
/// use chainerror::prelude::v1::*;
/// use std::io;
///
/// fn do_some_io(_f: &str) -> std::result::Result<(), io::Error> {
/// return Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound));
/// }
///
/// #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
/// pub enum ErrorKind {
/// IO(String),
/// FatalError(String),
/// Unknown,
/// }
///
/// derive_err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind);
///
/// impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind {
/// fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
/// match self {
/// ErrorKind::FatalError(e) => write!(f, "fatal error {}", e),
/// ErrorKind::Unknown => write!(f, "unknown error"),
/// ErrorKind::IO(filename) => write!(f, "Error reading '{}'", filename),
/// }
/// }
/// }
///
/// impl ErrorKind {
/// fn from_io_error(e: &io::Error, f: String) -> Self {
/// match e.kind() {
/// io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe => panic!("Should not happen"),
/// io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset => {
/// ErrorKind::FatalError(format!("While reading `{}`: {}", f, e))
/// }
/// _ => ErrorKind::IO(f),
/// }
/// }
/// }
///
/// impl From<&io::Error> for ErrorKind {
/// fn from(e: &io::Error) -> Self {
/// ErrorKind::IO(format!("{}", e))
/// }
/// }
///
/// pub fn func1() -> std::result::Result<(), Error> {
/// let filename = "bar.txt";
///
/// do_some_io(filename).map_context(|e| ErrorKind::from_io_error(e, filename.into()))?;
/// do_some_io(filename).map_context(|e| ErrorKind::IO(filename.into()))?;
/// do_some_io(filename).map_context(|e| ErrorKind::from(e))?;
/// Ok(())
/// }
/// ```
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! derive_err_kind {
($e:ident, $k:ident) => {
pub struct $e($crate::Error<$k>);
impl $e {
pub fn kind(&self) -> &$k {
self.0.kind()
}
}
impl From<$k> for $e {
fn from(e: $k) -> Self {
$e($crate::Error::new(e, None, None))
}
}
impl From<ChainError<$k>> for $e {
fn from(e: $crate::Error<$k>) -> Self {
$e(e)
}
}
impl From<&$e> for $k
where
$k: Clone,
{
fn from(e: &$e) -> Self {
e.kind().clone()
}
}
impl std::error::Error for $e {
fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> {
self.0.source()
}
}
impl std::fmt::Display for $e {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f)
}
}
impl std::fmt::Debug for $e {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.0, f)
}
}
};
}