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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="index.html">chainerror</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tutorial1.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Simple String Errors</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tutorial2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Simple Chained String Errors</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tutorial3.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Mapping Errors</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tutorial4.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> More Information</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tutorial5.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> The source() of Errors</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tutorial6.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Downcast the Errors</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tutorial7.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> The root cause of all Errors</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tutorial8.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.</strong> Finding an Error cause</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tutorial9.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.</strong> Selective Error Handling</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tutorial10.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.</strong> ErrorKind to the rescue</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tutorial11.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.</strong> Debug for the ErrorKind</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tutorial12.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.</strong> Deref for the ErrorKind</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tutorial13.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.</strong> Writing a library</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tutorial14.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.</strong> Going back to std</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="end.html">The End</a></li></ol>
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<p><a href="https://crates.io/crates/chainerror"><img src="https://img.shields.io/crates/v/chainerror.svg" alt="Crate" /></a>
<a href="https://docs.rs/chainerror/"><img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/api-rustdoc-blue.svg" alt="Rust Documentation" /></a>
<a href="https://codecov.io/gh/haraldh/chainerror"><img src="https://codecov.io/gh/haraldh/chainerror/branch/master/graph/badge.svg?token=HGLJFGA11B" alt="Coverage Status" /></a>
<img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/maintenance-activly--developed-brightgreen.svg" alt="Maintenance" /></p>
<h1 id="chainerror"><a class="header" href="#chainerror">chainerror</a></h1>
<p><code>chainerror</code> provides an error backtrace without doing a real backtrace, so even after you <code>strip</code> your
binaries, you still have the error backtrace.</p>
<p>Having nested function returning errors, the output doesn't tell where the error originates from.</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">use std::path::PathBuf;
type BoxedError = Box&lt;dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync&gt;;
fn read_config_file(path: PathBuf) -&gt; Result&lt;(), BoxedError&gt; {
// do stuff, return other errors
let _buf = std::fs::read_to_string(&amp;path)?;
// do stuff, return other errors
Ok(())
}
fn process_config_file() -&gt; Result&lt;(), BoxedError&gt; {
// do stuff, return other errors
let _buf = read_config_file(&quot;foo.txt&quot;.into())?;
// do stuff, return other errors
Ok(())
}
fn main() {
if let Err(e) = process_config_file() {
eprintln!(&quot;Error:\n{:?}&quot;, e);
}
}</code></pre></pre>
<p>This gives the output:</p>
<pre><code class="language-console">Error:
Os { code: 2, kind: NotFound, message: &quot;No such file or directory&quot; }
</code></pre>
<p>and you have no idea where it comes from.</p>
<p>With <code>chainerror</code>, you can supply a context and get a nice error backtrace:</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">use chainerror::Context as _;
use std::path::PathBuf;
type BoxedError = Box&lt;dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync&gt;;
fn read_config_file(path: PathBuf) -&gt; Result&lt;(), BoxedError&gt; {
// do stuff, return other errors
let _buf = std::fs::read_to_string(&amp;path).context(format!(&quot;Reading file: {:?}&quot;, &amp;path))?;
// do stuff, return other errors
Ok(())
}
fn process_config_file() -&gt; Result&lt;(), BoxedError&gt; {
// do stuff, return other errors
let _buf = read_config_file(&quot;foo.txt&quot;.into()).context(&quot;read the config file&quot;)?;
// do stuff, return other errors
Ok(())
}
fn main() {
if let Err(e) = process_config_file() {
eprintln!(&quot;Error:\n{:?}&quot;, e);
}
}</code></pre></pre>
<p>with the output:</p>
<pre><code class="language-console">Error:
examples/simple.rs:14:51: read the config file
Caused by:
examples/simple.rs:7:47: Reading file: &quot;foo.txt&quot;
Caused by:
Os { code: 2, kind: NotFound, message: &quot;No such file or directory&quot; }
</code></pre>
<p><code>chainerror</code> uses <code>.source()</code> of <code>std::error::Error</code> along with <code>#[track_caller]</code> and <code>Location</code> to provide a nice debug error backtrace.
It encapsulates all types, which have <code>Display + Debug</code> and can store the error cause internally.</p>
<p>Along with the <code>Error&lt;T&gt;</code> struct, <code>chainerror</code> comes with some useful helper macros to save a lot of typing.</p>
<p><code>chainerror</code> has no dependencies!</p>
<p>Debug information is worth it!</p>
<h2 id="multiple-output-formats"><a class="header" href="#multiple-output-formats">Multiple Output Formats</a></h2>
<p><code>chainerror</code> supports multiple output formats, which can be selected with the different format specifiers:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>{}</code>: Display</li>
</ul>
<pre><code class="language-console">func1 error calling func2
</code></pre>
<ul>
<li><code>{:#}</code>: Alternative Display</li>
</ul>
<pre><code class="language-console">func1 error calling func2
Caused by:
func2 error: calling func3
Caused by:
(passed error)
Caused by:
Error reading 'foo.txt'
Caused by:
entity not found
</code></pre>
<ul>
<li><code>{:?}</code>: Debug</li>
</ul>
<pre><code class="language-console">examples/example.rs:50:13: func1 error calling func2
Caused by:
examples/example.rs:25:13: Func2Error(func2 error: calling func3)
Caused by:
examples/example.rs:18:13: (passed error)
Caused by:
examples/example.rs:13:18: Error reading 'foo.txt'
Caused by:
Kind(NotFound)
</code></pre>
<ul>
<li><code>{:#?}</code>: Alternative Debug</li>
</ul>
<pre><code class="language-console">Error&lt;example::Func1Error&gt; {
occurrence: Some(
&quot;examples/example.rs:50:13&quot;,
),
kind: func1 error calling func2,
source: Some(
Error&lt;example::Func2Error&gt; {
occurrence: Some(
&quot;examples/example.rs:25:13&quot;,
),
kind: Func2Error(func2 error: calling func3),
source: Some(
Error&lt;chainerror::AnnotatedError&gt; {
occurrence: Some(
&quot;examples/example.rs:18:13&quot;,
),
kind: (passed error),
source: Some(
Error&lt;alloc::string::String&gt; {
occurrence: Some(
&quot;examples/example.rs:13:18&quot;,
),
kind: &quot;Error reading 'foo.txt'&quot;,
source: Some(
Kind(
NotFound,
),
),
},
),
},
),
},
),
}
</code></pre>
<h2 id="tutorial"><a class="header" href="#tutorial">Tutorial</a></h2>
<p>Read the <a href="https://haraldh.github.io/chainerror/tutorial1.html">Tutorial</a></p>
<h2 id="license"><a class="header" href="#license">License</a></h2>
<p>Licensed under either of</p>
<ul>
<li>Apache License, Version 2.0, (<a href="LICENSE-APACHE">LICENSE-APACHE</a> or <a href="https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0">https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0</a>)</li>
<li>MIT license (<a href="LICENSE-MIT">LICENSE-MIT</a> or <a href="https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT">https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT</a>)</li>
</ul>
<p>at your option.</p>
<h3 id="contribution"><a class="header" href="#contribution">Contribution</a></h3>
<p>Unless you explicitly state otherwise, any contribution intentionally
submitted for inclusion in the work by you, as defined in the Apache-2.0
license, shall be dual licensed as above, without any additional terms or
conditions.</p>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="simple-string-errors"><a class="header" href="#simple-string-errors">Simple String Errors</a></h1>
<p>An easy way of doing error handling in rust is by returning <code>String</code> as a <code>Box&lt;std::error::Error&gt;</code>.</p>
<p>If the rust <code>main</code> function returns an <code>Err()</code>, this <code>Err()</code> will be displayed with <code>std::fmt::Debug</code>.</p>
<p>As you can see by running the example (by pressing the &quot;Play&quot; button in upper right of the code block),
this only
prints out the last <code>Error</code>.</p>
<pre><code>Error: &quot;func1 error&quot;
</code></pre>
<p>The next chapters of this tutorial show how <code>chainerror</code> adds more information
and improves inspecting the sources of an error.</p>
<p>You can also run the tutorial examples in the checked out
<a href="https://github.com/haraldh/chainerror">chainerror git repo</a>.</p>
<pre><code class="language-console">$ cargo run -q --example tutorial1
</code></pre>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">#![allow(clippy::single_match)]
#![allow(clippy::redundant_pattern_matching)]
use std::error::Error;
use std::io;
fn do_some_io() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
Ok(())
}
fn func2() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
if let Err(_) = do_some_io() {
Err(&quot;func2 error&quot;)?;
}
Ok(())
}
fn func1() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
if let Err(_) = func2() {
Err(&quot;func1 error&quot;)?;
}
Ok(())
}
fn main() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
func1()
}</code></pre></pre>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="simple-chained-string-errors"><a class="header" href="#simple-chained-string-errors">Simple Chained String Errors</a></h1>
<p>With relatively small changes and the help of the <code>context()</code> method of the <code>chainerror</code> crate
the <code>&amp;str</code> errors are now chained together.</p>
<p>Press the play button in the upper right corner and see the nice debug output.</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">use chainerror::Context as _;
use std::error::Error;
use std::io;
fn do_some_io() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
Ok(())
}
fn func2() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
if let Err(e) = do_some_io() {
Err(e).context(&quot;func2 error&quot;)?;
}
Ok(())
}
fn func1() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
if let Err(e) = func2() {
Err(e).context(&quot;func1 error&quot;)?;
}
Ok(())
}
fn main() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
func1()
}
<span class="boring">#[allow(dead_code)]
</span><span class="boring">mod chainerror {
</span><span class="boring">#![doc = include_str!(&quot;../README.md&quot;)]
</span><span class="boring">#![deny(clippy::all)]
</span><span class="boring">#![allow(clippy::needless_doctest_main)]
</span><span class="boring">#![deny(missing_docs)]
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">use std::any::TypeId;
</span><span class="boring">use std::error::Error as StdError;
</span><span class="boring">use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter};
</span><span class="boring">use std::panic::Location;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// chains an inner error kind `T` with a causing error
</span><span class="boring">pub struct Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> occurrence: Option&lt;String&gt;,
</span><span class="boring"> kind: T,
</span><span class="boring"> error_cause: Option&lt;Box&lt;dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync&gt;&gt;,
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// convenience type alias
</span><span class="boring">pub type Result&lt;O, E&gt; = std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;E&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Use the `context()` or `map_context()` Result methods instead of calling this directly
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn new(
</span><span class="boring"> kind: T,
</span><span class="boring"> error_cause: Option&lt;Box&lt;dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync&gt;&gt;,
</span><span class="boring"> occurrence: Option&lt;String&gt;,
</span><span class="boring"> ) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring"> Self {
</span><span class="boring"> occurrence,
</span><span class="boring"> kind,
</span><span class="boring"> error_cause,
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// return the root cause of the error chain, if any exists
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn root_cause(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;(dyn StdError + 'static)&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.iter().last()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Find the first error cause of type U, if any exists
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Examples
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```rust
</span><span class="boring"> /// use chainerror::Context as _;
</span><span class="boring"> /// use chainerror::ErrorDown as _;
</span><span class="boring"> /// use std::error::Error;
</span><span class="boring"> /// use std::io;
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn do_some_io() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// chainerror::str_context!(Func2Error);
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn func2() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// let filename = &quot;foo.txt&quot;;
</span><span class="boring"> /// do_some_io().context(Func2Error(format!(&quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename)))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// chainerror::str_context!(Func1Error);
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn func1() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// func2().context(Func1Error::new(&quot;func1 error&quot;))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// if let Err(e) = func1() {
</span><span class="boring"> /// if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::&lt;Func1Error&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> /// assert!(f1err.find_cause::&lt;io::Error&gt;().is_some());
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::&lt;Func2Error&gt;().is_some());
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> /// # else {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # panic!();
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> /// # else {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # unreachable!();
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn find_cause&lt;U: StdError + 'static&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;U&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.iter()
</span><span class="boring"> .filter_map(&lt;dyn StdError&gt;::downcast_ref::&lt;U&gt;)
</span><span class="boring"> .next()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Find the first error cause of type [`Error&lt;U&gt;`](Error), if any exists
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// Same as `find_cause`, but hides the [`Error&lt;U&gt;`](Error) implementation internals
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Examples
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```rust
</span><span class="boring"> /// # chainerror::str_context!(FooError);
</span><span class="boring"> /// # let err = chainerror::Error::new(String::new(), None, None);
</span><span class="boring"> /// // Instead of writing
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_cause::&lt;chainerror::Error&lt;FooError&gt;&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// // leave out the chainerror::Error&lt;FooError&gt; implementation detail
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_chain_cause::&lt;FooError&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn find_chain_cause&lt;U: StdError + 'static&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;U&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.iter()
</span><span class="boring"> .filter_map(&lt;dyn StdError&gt;::downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;U&gt;&gt;)
</span><span class="boring"> .next()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Find the first error cause of type [`Error&lt;U&gt;`](Error) or `U`, if any exists and return `U`
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// Same as `find_cause` and `find_chain_cause`, but hides the [`Error&lt;U&gt;`](Error) implementation internals
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Examples
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```rust
</span><span class="boring"> /// # chainerror::str_context!(FooErrorKind);
</span><span class="boring"> /// # let err = chainerror::Error::new(String::new(), None, None);
</span><span class="boring"> /// // Instead of writing
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_cause::&lt;chainerror::Error&lt;FooErrorKind&gt;&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> /// // and/or
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_chain_cause::&lt;FooErrorKind&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> /// // and/or
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_cause::&lt;FooErrorKind&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// // leave out the chainerror::Error&lt;FooErrorKind&gt; implementation detail
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_kind_or_cause::&lt;FooErrorKind&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn find_kind_or_cause&lt;U: StdError + 'static&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;U&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.iter()
</span><span class="boring"> .filter_map(|e| {
</span><span class="boring"> e.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;U&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .map(|e| e.kind())
</span><span class="boring"> .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::&lt;U&gt;())
</span><span class="boring"> })
</span><span class="boring"> .next()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Return a reference to T of [`Error&lt;T&gt;`](Error)
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Examples
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```rust
</span><span class="boring"> /// use chainerror::Context as _;
</span><span class="boring"> /// use std::error::Error;
</span><span class="boring"> /// use std::io;
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn do_some_io() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// chainerror::str_context!(Func2Error);
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn func2() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// let filename = &quot;foo.txt&quot;;
</span><span class="boring"> /// do_some_io().context(Func2Error(format!(&quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename)))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// #[derive(Debug)]
</span><span class="boring"> /// enum Func1ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Func2,
</span><span class="boring"> /// IO(String),
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// /// impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {…}
</span><span class="boring"> /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; ::std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # match self {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Func1ErrorKind::Func2 =&gt; write!(f, &quot;func1 error calling func2&quot;),
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) =&gt; write!(f, &quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename),
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn func1() -&gt; chainerror::Result&lt;(), Func1ErrorKind&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// func2().context(Func1ErrorKind::Func2)?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// do_some_io().context(Func1ErrorKind::IO(&quot;bar.txt&quot;.into()))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// if let Err(e) = func1() {
</span><span class="boring"> /// match e.kind() {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Func1ErrorKind::Func2 =&gt; {}
</span><span class="boring"> /// Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) =&gt; panic!(),
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> /// # else {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # unreachable!();
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn kind(&amp;self) -&gt; &amp;T {
</span><span class="boring"> &amp;self.kind
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Returns an Iterator over all error causes/sources
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Example
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn iter(&amp;self) -&gt; impl Iterator&lt;Item = &amp;(dyn StdError + 'static)&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> ErrorIter {
</span><span class="boring"> current: Some(self),
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// Convenience methods for `Result&lt;&gt;` to turn the error into a decorated [`Error`](Error)
</span><span class="boring">pub trait Context&lt;O, E: Into&lt;Box&lt;dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync&gt;&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Decorate the error with a `kind` of type `T` and the source `Location`
</span><span class="boring"> fn context&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(self, kind: T) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Decorate the error just with the source `Location`
</span><span class="boring"> fn annotate(self) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;AnnotatedError&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Decorate the `error` with a `kind` of type `T` produced with a `FnOnce(&amp;error)` and the source `Location`
</span><span class="boring"> fn map_context&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug, F: FnOnce(&amp;E) -&gt; T&gt;(
</span><span class="boring"> self,
</span><span class="boring"> op: F,
</span><span class="boring"> ) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// Convenience type to just decorate the error with the source `Location`
</span><span class="boring">pub struct AnnotatedError(());
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl Display for AnnotatedError {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut Formatter&lt;'_&gt;) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;(passed error)&quot;)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl Debug for AnnotatedError {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut Formatter&lt;'_&gt;) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;(passed error)&quot;)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;O, E: Into&lt;Box&lt;dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync&gt;&gt;&gt; Context&lt;O, E&gt;
</span><span class="boring"> for std::result::Result&lt;O, E&gt;
</span><span class="boring">{
</span><span class="boring"> #[track_caller]
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn context&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(self, kind: T) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> match self {
</span><span class="boring"> Ok(t) =&gt; Ok(t),
</span><span class="boring"> Err(error_cause) =&gt; Err(Error::new(
</span><span class="boring"> kind,
</span><span class="boring"> Some(error_cause.into()),
</span><span class="boring"> Some(Location::caller().to_string()),
</span><span class="boring"> )),
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[track_caller]
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn annotate(self) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;AnnotatedError&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> match self {
</span><span class="boring"> Ok(t) =&gt; Ok(t),
</span><span class="boring"> Err(error_cause) =&gt; Err(Error::new(
</span><span class="boring"> AnnotatedError(()),
</span><span class="boring"> Some(error_cause.into()),
</span><span class="boring"> Some(Location::caller().to_string()),
</span><span class="boring"> )),
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[track_caller]
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn map_context&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug, F: FnOnce(&amp;E) -&gt; T&gt;(
</span><span class="boring"> self,
</span><span class="boring"> op: F,
</span><span class="boring"> ) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> match self {
</span><span class="boring"> Ok(t) =&gt; Ok(t),
</span><span class="boring"> Err(error_cause) =&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> let kind = op(&amp;error_cause);
</span><span class="boring"> Err(Error::new(
</span><span class="boring"> kind,
</span><span class="boring"> Some(error_cause.into()),
</span><span class="boring"> Some(Location::caller().to_string()),
</span><span class="boring"> ))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// An iterator over all error causes/sources
</span><span class="boring">pub struct ErrorIter&lt;'a&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> current: Option&lt;&amp;'a (dyn StdError + 'static)&gt;,
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;'a&gt; Iterator for ErrorIter&lt;'a&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> type Item = &amp;'a (dyn StdError + 'static);
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn next(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;Self::Item&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> let current = self.current;
</span><span class="boring"> self.current = self.current.and_then(StdError::source);
</span><span class="boring"> current
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; std::ops::Deref for Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> type Target = T;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn deref(&amp;self) -&gt; &amp;Self::Target {
</span><span class="boring"> &amp;self.kind
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// Convenience trait to hide the [`Error&lt;T&gt;`](Error) implementation internals
</span><span class="boring">pub trait ErrorDown {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Test if of type `Error&lt;T&gt;`
</span><span class="boring"> fn is_chain&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; bool;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Downcast to a reference of `Error&lt;T&gt;`
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_ref&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Downcast to a mutable reference of `Error&lt;T&gt;`
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_mut&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Downcast to T of `Error&lt;T&gt;`
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_ref&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;T&gt;;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Downcast to T mutable reference of `Error&lt;T&gt;`
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_mut&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut T&gt;;
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;U: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; ErrorDown for Error&lt;U&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn is_chain&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; bool {
</span><span class="boring"> TypeId::of::&lt;T&gt;() == TypeId::of::&lt;U&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_ref&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is_chain::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
</span><span class="boring"> unsafe {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(trivial_casts)]
</span><span class="boring"> Some(*(self as *const dyn StdError as *const &amp;Error&lt;T&gt;))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> None
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_mut&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is_chain::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
</span><span class="boring"> unsafe {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(trivial_casts)]
</span><span class="boring"> Some(&amp;mut *(self as *mut dyn StdError as *mut &amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> None
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_ref&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is_chain::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
</span><span class="boring"> unsafe {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(trivial_casts)]
</span><span class="boring"> Some(&amp;(*(self as *const dyn StdError as *const &amp;Error&lt;T&gt;)).kind)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> None
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_mut&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is_chain::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
</span><span class="boring"> unsafe {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(trivial_casts)]
</span><span class="boring"> Some(&amp;mut (*(self as *mut dyn StdError as *mut &amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;)).kind)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> None
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl ErrorDown for dyn StdError + 'static {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn is_chain&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; bool {
</span><span class="boring"> self.is::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_ref&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_mut&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_ref&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;T&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;().map(|e| e.kind()))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_mut&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> return self.downcast_mut::&lt;T&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::&lt;T&gt;())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl ErrorDown for dyn StdError + 'static + Send {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn is_chain&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; bool {
</span><span class="boring"> self.is::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_ref&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_mut&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_ref&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;T&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;().map(|e| e.kind()))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_mut&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> return self.downcast_mut::&lt;T&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::&lt;T&gt;())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl ErrorDown for dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn is_chain&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; bool {
</span><span class="boring"> self.is::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_ref&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_mut&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_ref&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;T&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;().map(|e| e.kind()))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_mut&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> return self.downcast_mut::&lt;T&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::&lt;T&gt;())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; StdError for Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn source(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;(dyn StdError + 'static)&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.error_cause
</span><span class="boring"> .as_ref()
</span><span class="boring"> .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &amp;(dyn StdError + 'static))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; StdError for &amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn source(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;(dyn StdError + 'static)&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.error_cause
</span><span class="boring"> .as_ref()
</span><span class="boring"> .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &amp;(dyn StdError + 'static))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; Display for Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut Formatter&lt;'_&gt;) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;{}&quot;, self.kind)?;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> if f.alternate() {
</span><span class="boring"> if let Some(e) = self.source() {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;\nCaused by:\n {:#}&quot;, &amp;e)?;
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; Debug for Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut Formatter&lt;'_&gt;) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> if f.alternate() {
</span><span class="boring"> let mut f = f.debug_struct(&amp;format!(&quot;Error&lt;{}&gt;&quot;, std::any::type_name::&lt;T&gt;()));
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> let f = f
</span><span class="boring"> .field(&quot;occurrence&quot;, &amp;self.occurrence)
</span><span class="boring"> .field(&quot;kind&quot;, &amp;self.kind)
</span><span class="boring"> .field(&quot;source&quot;, &amp;self.source());
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> f.finish()
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> if let Some(ref o) = self.occurrence {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;{}: &quot;, o)?;
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> if TypeId::of::&lt;String&gt;() == TypeId::of::&lt;T&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> || TypeId::of::&lt;&amp;str&gt;() == TypeId::of::&lt;T&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> {
</span><span class="boring"> Display::fmt(&amp;self.kind, f)?;
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> Debug::fmt(&amp;self.kind, f)?;
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> if let Some(e) = self.source() {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;\nCaused by:\n{:?}&quot;, &amp;e)?;
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T&gt; From&lt;T&gt; for Error&lt;T&gt;
</span><span class="boring">where
</span><span class="boring"> T: 'static + Display + Debug,
</span><span class="boring">{
</span><span class="boring"> #[track_caller]
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn from(e: T) -&gt; Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> Error::new(e, None, Some(Location::caller().to_string()))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">/// Convenience macro to create a &quot;new type&quot; T(String) and implement Display + Debug for T
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// # Examples
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// ```rust
</span><span class="boring">/// # use chainerror::Context as _;
</span><span class="boring">/// # use chainerror::ErrorDown as _;
</span><span class="boring">/// # use std::error::Error;
</span><span class="boring">/// # use std::io;
</span><span class="boring">/// # use std::result::Result;
</span><span class="boring">/// # fn do_some_io() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// # Ok(())
</span><span class="boring">/// # }
</span><span class="boring">/// chainerror::str_context!(Func2Error);
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// fn func2() -&gt; chainerror::Result&lt;(), Func2Error&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// let filename = &quot;foo.txt&quot;;
</span><span class="boring">/// do_some_io().context(Func2Error(format!(&quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename)))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// chainerror::str_context!(Func1Error);
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// fn func1() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// func2().context(Func1Error::new(&quot;func1 error&quot;))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// # if let Err(e) = func1() {
</span><span class="boring">/// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::&lt;Func1Error&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring">/// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::&lt;chainerror::Error&lt;Func2Error&gt;&gt;().is_some());
</span><span class="boring">/// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::&lt;Func2Error&gt;().is_some());
</span><span class="boring">/// # } else {
</span><span class="boring">/// # panic!();
</span><span class="boring">/// # }
</span><span class="boring">/// # } else {
</span><span class="boring">/// # unreachable!();
</span><span class="boring">/// # }
</span><span class="boring">/// ```
</span><span class="boring">#[macro_export]
</span><span class="boring">macro_rules! str_context {
</span><span class="boring"> ($e:ident) =&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[derive(Clone)]
</span><span class="boring"> pub struct $e(pub String);
</span><span class="boring"> impl $e {
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn new&lt;S: Into&lt;String&gt;&gt;(s: S) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring"> $e(s.into())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> impl ::std::fmt::Display for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; ::std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;{}&quot;, self.0)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> impl ::std::fmt::Debug for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; ::std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;{}({})&quot;, stringify!($e), self.0)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> impl ::std::error::Error for $e {}
</span><span class="boring"> };
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// Derive an Error for an ErrorKind, which wraps a [`Error`](Error) and implements a `kind()` method
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// It basically hides [`Error`](Error) to the outside and only exposes the [`kind()`](Error::kind)
</span><span class="boring">/// method.
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// Error::kind() returns the ErrorKind
</span><span class="boring">/// Error::source() returns the parent error
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// # Examples
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// ```rust
</span><span class="boring">/// use chainerror::Context as _;
</span><span class="boring">/// use std::io;
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// fn do_some_io(_f: &amp;str) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;(), io::Error&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// return Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound));
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
</span><span class="boring">/// pub enum ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring">/// IO(String),
</span><span class="boring">/// FatalError(String),
</span><span class="boring">/// Unknown,
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// chainerror::err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind);
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring">/// fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring">/// match self {
</span><span class="boring">/// ErrorKind::FatalError(e) =&gt; write!(f, &quot;fatal error {}&quot;, e),
</span><span class="boring">/// ErrorKind::Unknown =&gt; write!(f, &quot;unknown error&quot;),
</span><span class="boring">/// ErrorKind::IO(filename) =&gt; write!(f, &quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename),
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// impl ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring">/// fn from_io_error(e: &amp;io::Error, f: String) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring">/// match e.kind() {
</span><span class="boring">/// io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe =&gt; panic!(&quot;Should not happen&quot;),
</span><span class="boring">/// io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset =&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// ErrorKind::FatalError(format!(&quot;While reading `{}`: {}&quot;, f, e))
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// _ =&gt; ErrorKind::IO(f),
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// impl From&lt;&amp;io::Error&gt; for ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring">/// fn from(e: &amp;io::Error) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring">/// ErrorKind::IO(format!(&quot;{}&quot;, e))
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// pub fn func1() -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;(), Error&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// let filename = &quot;bar.txt&quot;;
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// do_some_io(filename).map_context(|e| ErrorKind::from_io_error(e, filename.into()))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// do_some_io(filename).map_context(|e| ErrorKind::IO(filename.into()))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// do_some_io(filename).map_context(|e| ErrorKind::from(e))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// ```
</span><span class="boring">#[macro_export]
</span><span class="boring">macro_rules! err_kind {
</span><span class="boring"> ($e:ident, $k:ident) =&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> pub struct $e($crate::Error&lt;$k&gt;);
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl $e {
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn kind(&amp;self) -&gt; &amp;$k {
</span><span class="boring"> self.0.kind()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl From&lt;$k&gt; for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn from(e: $k) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring"> $e($crate::Error::new(e, None, None))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl From&lt;$crate::Error&lt;$k&gt;&gt; for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn from(e: $crate::Error&lt;$k&gt;) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring"> $e(e)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl From&lt;&amp;$e&gt; for $k
</span><span class="boring"> where
</span><span class="boring"> $k: Clone,
</span><span class="boring"> {
</span><span class="boring"> fn from(e: &amp;$e) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring"> e.kind().clone()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl std::error::Error for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn source(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.0.source()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl std::fmt::Display for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> std::fmt::Display::fmt(&amp;self.0, f)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl std::fmt::Debug for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&amp;self.0, f)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> };
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
<h3 id="what-did-we-do-here"><a class="header" href="#what-did-we-do-here">What did we do here?</a></h3>
<pre><code class="language-rust ignore"> Err(e).context(&quot;func2 error&quot;)?;
}
Ok(())</code></pre>
<p>The function <code>context(newerror)</code> stores <code>olderror</code> as the source/cause of <code>newerror</code>
along with the <code>Location</code> of the <code>context()</code> call and returns <code>Err(newerror)</code>.</p>
<p><code>?</code> then returns the inner error applying <code>.into()</code>, so that we
again have a <code>Err(Box&lt;Error + Send + Sync&gt;)</code> as a result.</p>
<p>The <code>Debug</code> implementation of <code>chainerror::Error&lt;T&gt;</code> (which is returned by <code>context()</code>)
prints the <code>Debug</code> of <code>T</code> prefixed with the stored filename and line number.</p>
<p><code>chainerror::Error&lt;T&gt;</code> in our case is <code>chainerror::Error&lt;&amp;str&gt;</code>.</p>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="mapping-errors"><a class="header" href="#mapping-errors">Mapping Errors</a></h1>
<p>Now let's get more rust idiomatic by using <code>.context()</code> directly on the previous <code>Result</code>.</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">use chainerror::Context as _;
use std::error::Error;
use std::io;
fn do_some_io() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
Ok(())
}
fn func2() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
do_some_io().context(&quot;func2 error&quot;)?;
Ok(())
}
fn func1() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
func2().context(&quot;func1 error&quot;)?;
Ok(())
}
fn main() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
if let Err(e) = func1() {
eprintln!(&quot;{:?}&quot;, e);
std::process::exit(1);
}
Ok(())
}
<span class="boring">#[allow(dead_code)]
</span><span class="boring">mod chainerror {
</span><span class="boring">#![doc = include_str!(&quot;../README.md&quot;)]
</span><span class="boring">#![deny(clippy::all)]
</span><span class="boring">#![allow(clippy::needless_doctest_main)]
</span><span class="boring">#![deny(missing_docs)]
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">use std::any::TypeId;
</span><span class="boring">use std::error::Error as StdError;
</span><span class="boring">use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter};
</span><span class="boring">use std::panic::Location;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// chains an inner error kind `T` with a causing error
</span><span class="boring">pub struct Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> occurrence: Option&lt;String&gt;,
</span><span class="boring"> kind: T,
</span><span class="boring"> error_cause: Option&lt;Box&lt;dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync&gt;&gt;,
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// convenience type alias
</span><span class="boring">pub type Result&lt;O, E&gt; = std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;E&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Use the `context()` or `map_context()` Result methods instead of calling this directly
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn new(
</span><span class="boring"> kind: T,
</span><span class="boring"> error_cause: Option&lt;Box&lt;dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync&gt;&gt;,
</span><span class="boring"> occurrence: Option&lt;String&gt;,
</span><span class="boring"> ) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring"> Self {
</span><span class="boring"> occurrence,
</span><span class="boring"> kind,
</span><span class="boring"> error_cause,
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// return the root cause of the error chain, if any exists
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn root_cause(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;(dyn StdError + 'static)&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.iter().last()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Find the first error cause of type U, if any exists
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Examples
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```rust
</span><span class="boring"> /// use chainerror::Context as _;
</span><span class="boring"> /// use chainerror::ErrorDown as _;
</span><span class="boring"> /// use std::error::Error;
</span><span class="boring"> /// use std::io;
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn do_some_io() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// chainerror::str_context!(Func2Error);
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn func2() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// let filename = &quot;foo.txt&quot;;
</span><span class="boring"> /// do_some_io().context(Func2Error(format!(&quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename)))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// chainerror::str_context!(Func1Error);
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn func1() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// func2().context(Func1Error::new(&quot;func1 error&quot;))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// if let Err(e) = func1() {
</span><span class="boring"> /// if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::&lt;Func1Error&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> /// assert!(f1err.find_cause::&lt;io::Error&gt;().is_some());
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::&lt;Func2Error&gt;().is_some());
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> /// # else {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # panic!();
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> /// # else {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # unreachable!();
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn find_cause&lt;U: StdError + 'static&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;U&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.iter()
</span><span class="boring"> .filter_map(&lt;dyn StdError&gt;::downcast_ref::&lt;U&gt;)
</span><span class="boring"> .next()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Find the first error cause of type [`Error&lt;U&gt;`](Error), if any exists
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// Same as `find_cause`, but hides the [`Error&lt;U&gt;`](Error) implementation internals
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Examples
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```rust
</span><span class="boring"> /// # chainerror::str_context!(FooError);
</span><span class="boring"> /// # let err = chainerror::Error::new(String::new(), None, None);
</span><span class="boring"> /// // Instead of writing
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_cause::&lt;chainerror::Error&lt;FooError&gt;&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// // leave out the chainerror::Error&lt;FooError&gt; implementation detail
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_chain_cause::&lt;FooError&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn find_chain_cause&lt;U: StdError + 'static&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;U&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.iter()
</span><span class="boring"> .filter_map(&lt;dyn StdError&gt;::downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;U&gt;&gt;)
</span><span class="boring"> .next()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Find the first error cause of type [`Error&lt;U&gt;`](Error) or `U`, if any exists and return `U`
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// Same as `find_cause` and `find_chain_cause`, but hides the [`Error&lt;U&gt;`](Error) implementation internals
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Examples
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```rust
</span><span class="boring"> /// # chainerror::str_context!(FooErrorKind);
</span><span class="boring"> /// # let err = chainerror::Error::new(String::new(), None, None);
</span><span class="boring"> /// // Instead of writing
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_cause::&lt;chainerror::Error&lt;FooErrorKind&gt;&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> /// // and/or
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_chain_cause::&lt;FooErrorKind&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> /// // and/or
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_cause::&lt;FooErrorKind&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// // leave out the chainerror::Error&lt;FooErrorKind&gt; implementation detail
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_kind_or_cause::&lt;FooErrorKind&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn find_kind_or_cause&lt;U: StdError + 'static&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;U&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.iter()
</span><span class="boring"> .filter_map(|e| {
</span><span class="boring"> e.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;U&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .map(|e| e.kind())
</span><span class="boring"> .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::&lt;U&gt;())
</span><span class="boring"> })
</span><span class="boring"> .next()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Return a reference to T of [`Error&lt;T&gt;`](Error)
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Examples
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```rust
</span><span class="boring"> /// use chainerror::Context as _;
</span><span class="boring"> /// use std::error::Error;
</span><span class="boring"> /// use std::io;
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn do_some_io() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// chainerror::str_context!(Func2Error);
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn func2() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// let filename = &quot;foo.txt&quot;;
</span><span class="boring"> /// do_some_io().context(Func2Error(format!(&quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename)))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// #[derive(Debug)]
</span><span class="boring"> /// enum Func1ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Func2,
</span><span class="boring"> /// IO(String),
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// /// impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {…}
</span><span class="boring"> /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; ::std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # match self {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Func1ErrorKind::Func2 =&gt; write!(f, &quot;func1 error calling func2&quot;),
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) =&gt; write!(f, &quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename),
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn func1() -&gt; chainerror::Result&lt;(), Func1ErrorKind&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// func2().context(Func1ErrorKind::Func2)?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// do_some_io().context(Func1ErrorKind::IO(&quot;bar.txt&quot;.into()))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// if let Err(e) = func1() {
</span><span class="boring"> /// match e.kind() {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Func1ErrorKind::Func2 =&gt; {}
</span><span class="boring"> /// Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) =&gt; panic!(),
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> /// # else {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # unreachable!();
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn kind(&amp;self) -&gt; &amp;T {
</span><span class="boring"> &amp;self.kind
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Returns an Iterator over all error causes/sources
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Example
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn iter(&amp;self) -&gt; impl Iterator&lt;Item = &amp;(dyn StdError + 'static)&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> ErrorIter {
</span><span class="boring"> current: Some(self),
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// Convenience methods for `Result&lt;&gt;` to turn the error into a decorated [`Error`](Error)
</span><span class="boring">pub trait Context&lt;O, E: Into&lt;Box&lt;dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync&gt;&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Decorate the error with a `kind` of type `T` and the source `Location`
</span><span class="boring"> fn context&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(self, kind: T) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Decorate the error just with the source `Location`
</span><span class="boring"> fn annotate(self) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;AnnotatedError&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Decorate the `error` with a `kind` of type `T` produced with a `FnOnce(&amp;error)` and the source `Location`
</span><span class="boring"> fn map_context&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug, F: FnOnce(&amp;E) -&gt; T&gt;(
</span><span class="boring"> self,
</span><span class="boring"> op: F,
</span><span class="boring"> ) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// Convenience type to just decorate the error with the source `Location`
</span><span class="boring">pub struct AnnotatedError(());
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl Display for AnnotatedError {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut Formatter&lt;'_&gt;) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;(passed error)&quot;)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl Debug for AnnotatedError {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut Formatter&lt;'_&gt;) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;(passed error)&quot;)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;O, E: Into&lt;Box&lt;dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync&gt;&gt;&gt; Context&lt;O, E&gt;
</span><span class="boring"> for std::result::Result&lt;O, E&gt;
</span><span class="boring">{
</span><span class="boring"> #[track_caller]
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn context&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(self, kind: T) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> match self {
</span><span class="boring"> Ok(t) =&gt; Ok(t),
</span><span class="boring"> Err(error_cause) =&gt; Err(Error::new(
</span><span class="boring"> kind,
</span><span class="boring"> Some(error_cause.into()),
</span><span class="boring"> Some(Location::caller().to_string()),
</span><span class="boring"> )),
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[track_caller]
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn annotate(self) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;AnnotatedError&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> match self {
</span><span class="boring"> Ok(t) =&gt; Ok(t),
</span><span class="boring"> Err(error_cause) =&gt; Err(Error::new(
</span><span class="boring"> AnnotatedError(()),
</span><span class="boring"> Some(error_cause.into()),
</span><span class="boring"> Some(Location::caller().to_string()),
</span><span class="boring"> )),
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[track_caller]
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn map_context&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug, F: FnOnce(&amp;E) -&gt; T&gt;(
</span><span class="boring"> self,
</span><span class="boring"> op: F,
</span><span class="boring"> ) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> match self {
</span><span class="boring"> Ok(t) =&gt; Ok(t),
</span><span class="boring"> Err(error_cause) =&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> let kind = op(&amp;error_cause);
</span><span class="boring"> Err(Error::new(
</span><span class="boring"> kind,
</span><span class="boring"> Some(error_cause.into()),
</span><span class="boring"> Some(Location::caller().to_string()),
</span><span class="boring"> ))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// An iterator over all error causes/sources
</span><span class="boring">pub struct ErrorIter&lt;'a&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> current: Option&lt;&amp;'a (dyn StdError + 'static)&gt;,
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;'a&gt; Iterator for ErrorIter&lt;'a&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> type Item = &amp;'a (dyn StdError + 'static);
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn next(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;Self::Item&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> let current = self.current;
</span><span class="boring"> self.current = self.current.and_then(StdError::source);
</span><span class="boring"> current
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; std::ops::Deref for Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> type Target = T;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn deref(&amp;self) -&gt; &amp;Self::Target {
</span><span class="boring"> &amp;self.kind
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// Convenience trait to hide the [`Error&lt;T&gt;`](Error) implementation internals
</span><span class="boring">pub trait ErrorDown {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Test if of type `Error&lt;T&gt;`
</span><span class="boring"> fn is_chain&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; bool;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Downcast to a reference of `Error&lt;T&gt;`
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_ref&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Downcast to a mutable reference of `Error&lt;T&gt;`
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_mut&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Downcast to T of `Error&lt;T&gt;`
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_ref&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;T&gt;;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Downcast to T mutable reference of `Error&lt;T&gt;`
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_mut&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut T&gt;;
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;U: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; ErrorDown for Error&lt;U&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn is_chain&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; bool {
</span><span class="boring"> TypeId::of::&lt;T&gt;() == TypeId::of::&lt;U&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_ref&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is_chain::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
</span><span class="boring"> unsafe {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(trivial_casts)]
</span><span class="boring"> Some(*(self as *const dyn StdError as *const &amp;Error&lt;T&gt;))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> None
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_mut&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is_chain::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
</span><span class="boring"> unsafe {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(trivial_casts)]
</span><span class="boring"> Some(&amp;mut *(self as *mut dyn StdError as *mut &amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> None
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_ref&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is_chain::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
</span><span class="boring"> unsafe {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(trivial_casts)]
</span><span class="boring"> Some(&amp;(*(self as *const dyn StdError as *const &amp;Error&lt;T&gt;)).kind)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> None
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_mut&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is_chain::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
</span><span class="boring"> unsafe {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(trivial_casts)]
</span><span class="boring"> Some(&amp;mut (*(self as *mut dyn StdError as *mut &amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;)).kind)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> None
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl ErrorDown for dyn StdError + 'static {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn is_chain&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; bool {
</span><span class="boring"> self.is::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_ref&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_mut&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_ref&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;T&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;().map(|e| e.kind()))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_mut&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> return self.downcast_mut::&lt;T&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::&lt;T&gt;())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl ErrorDown for dyn StdError + 'static + Send {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn is_chain&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; bool {
</span><span class="boring"> self.is::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_ref&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_mut&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_ref&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;T&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;().map(|e| e.kind()))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_mut&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> return self.downcast_mut::&lt;T&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::&lt;T&gt;())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl ErrorDown for dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn is_chain&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; bool {
</span><span class="boring"> self.is::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_ref&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_mut&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_ref&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;T&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;().map(|e| e.kind()))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_mut&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> return self.downcast_mut::&lt;T&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::&lt;T&gt;())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; StdError for Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn source(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;(dyn StdError + 'static)&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.error_cause
</span><span class="boring"> .as_ref()
</span><span class="boring"> .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &amp;(dyn StdError + 'static))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; StdError for &amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn source(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;(dyn StdError + 'static)&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.error_cause
</span><span class="boring"> .as_ref()
</span><span class="boring"> .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &amp;(dyn StdError + 'static))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; Display for Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut Formatter&lt;'_&gt;) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;{}&quot;, self.kind)?;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> if f.alternate() {
</span><span class="boring"> if let Some(e) = self.source() {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;\nCaused by:\n {:#}&quot;, &amp;e)?;
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; Debug for Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut Formatter&lt;'_&gt;) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> if f.alternate() {
</span><span class="boring"> let mut f = f.debug_struct(&amp;format!(&quot;Error&lt;{}&gt;&quot;, std::any::type_name::&lt;T&gt;()));
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> let f = f
</span><span class="boring"> .field(&quot;occurrence&quot;, &amp;self.occurrence)
</span><span class="boring"> .field(&quot;kind&quot;, &amp;self.kind)
</span><span class="boring"> .field(&quot;source&quot;, &amp;self.source());
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> f.finish()
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> if let Some(ref o) = self.occurrence {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;{}: &quot;, o)?;
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> if TypeId::of::&lt;String&gt;() == TypeId::of::&lt;T&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> || TypeId::of::&lt;&amp;str&gt;() == TypeId::of::&lt;T&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> {
</span><span class="boring"> Display::fmt(&amp;self.kind, f)?;
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> Debug::fmt(&amp;self.kind, f)?;
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> if let Some(e) = self.source() {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;\nCaused by:\n{:?}&quot;, &amp;e)?;
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T&gt; From&lt;T&gt; for Error&lt;T&gt;
</span><span class="boring">where
</span><span class="boring"> T: 'static + Display + Debug,
</span><span class="boring">{
</span><span class="boring"> #[track_caller]
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn from(e: T) -&gt; Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> Error::new(e, None, Some(Location::caller().to_string()))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">/// Convenience macro to create a &quot;new type&quot; T(String) and implement Display + Debug for T
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// # Examples
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// ```rust
</span><span class="boring">/// # use chainerror::Context as _;
</span><span class="boring">/// # use chainerror::ErrorDown as _;
</span><span class="boring">/// # use std::error::Error;
</span><span class="boring">/// # use std::io;
</span><span class="boring">/// # use std::result::Result;
</span><span class="boring">/// # fn do_some_io() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// # Ok(())
</span><span class="boring">/// # }
</span><span class="boring">/// chainerror::str_context!(Func2Error);
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// fn func2() -&gt; chainerror::Result&lt;(), Func2Error&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// let filename = &quot;foo.txt&quot;;
</span><span class="boring">/// do_some_io().context(Func2Error(format!(&quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename)))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// chainerror::str_context!(Func1Error);
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// fn func1() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// func2().context(Func1Error::new(&quot;func1 error&quot;))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// # if let Err(e) = func1() {
</span><span class="boring">/// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::&lt;Func1Error&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring">/// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::&lt;chainerror::Error&lt;Func2Error&gt;&gt;().is_some());
</span><span class="boring">/// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::&lt;Func2Error&gt;().is_some());
</span><span class="boring">/// # } else {
</span><span class="boring">/// # panic!();
</span><span class="boring">/// # }
</span><span class="boring">/// # } else {
</span><span class="boring">/// # unreachable!();
</span><span class="boring">/// # }
</span><span class="boring">/// ```
</span><span class="boring">#[macro_export]
</span><span class="boring">macro_rules! str_context {
</span><span class="boring"> ($e:ident) =&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[derive(Clone)]
</span><span class="boring"> pub struct $e(pub String);
</span><span class="boring"> impl $e {
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn new&lt;S: Into&lt;String&gt;&gt;(s: S) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring"> $e(s.into())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> impl ::std::fmt::Display for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; ::std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;{}&quot;, self.0)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> impl ::std::fmt::Debug for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; ::std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;{}({})&quot;, stringify!($e), self.0)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> impl ::std::error::Error for $e {}
</span><span class="boring"> };
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// Derive an Error for an ErrorKind, which wraps a [`Error`](Error) and implements a `kind()` method
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// It basically hides [`Error`](Error) to the outside and only exposes the [`kind()`](Error::kind)
</span><span class="boring">/// method.
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// Error::kind() returns the ErrorKind
</span><span class="boring">/// Error::source() returns the parent error
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// # Examples
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// ```rust
</span><span class="boring">/// use chainerror::Context as _;
</span><span class="boring">/// use std::io;
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// fn do_some_io(_f: &amp;str) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;(), io::Error&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// return Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound));
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
</span><span class="boring">/// pub enum ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring">/// IO(String),
</span><span class="boring">/// FatalError(String),
</span><span class="boring">/// Unknown,
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// chainerror::err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind);
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring">/// fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring">/// match self {
</span><span class="boring">/// ErrorKind::FatalError(e) =&gt; write!(f, &quot;fatal error {}&quot;, e),
</span><span class="boring">/// ErrorKind::Unknown =&gt; write!(f, &quot;unknown error&quot;),
</span><span class="boring">/// ErrorKind::IO(filename) =&gt; write!(f, &quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename),
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// impl ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring">/// fn from_io_error(e: &amp;io::Error, f: String) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring">/// match e.kind() {
</span><span class="boring">/// io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe =&gt; panic!(&quot;Should not happen&quot;),
</span><span class="boring">/// io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset =&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// ErrorKind::FatalError(format!(&quot;While reading `{}`: {}&quot;, f, e))
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// _ =&gt; ErrorKind::IO(f),
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// impl From&lt;&amp;io::Error&gt; for ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring">/// fn from(e: &amp;io::Error) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring">/// ErrorKind::IO(format!(&quot;{}&quot;, e))
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// pub fn func1() -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;(), Error&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// let filename = &quot;bar.txt&quot;;
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// do_some_io(filename).map_context(|e| ErrorKind::from_io_error(e, filename.into()))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// do_some_io(filename).map_context(|e| ErrorKind::IO(filename.into()))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// do_some_io(filename).map_context(|e| ErrorKind::from(e))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// ```
</span><span class="boring">#[macro_export]
</span><span class="boring">macro_rules! err_kind {
</span><span class="boring"> ($e:ident, $k:ident) =&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> pub struct $e($crate::Error&lt;$k&gt;);
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl $e {
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn kind(&amp;self) -&gt; &amp;$k {
</span><span class="boring"> self.0.kind()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl From&lt;$k&gt; for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn from(e: $k) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring"> $e($crate::Error::new(e, None, None))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl From&lt;$crate::Error&lt;$k&gt;&gt; for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn from(e: $crate::Error&lt;$k&gt;) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring"> $e(e)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl From&lt;&amp;$e&gt; for $k
</span><span class="boring"> where
</span><span class="boring"> $k: Clone,
</span><span class="boring"> {
</span><span class="boring"> fn from(e: &amp;$e) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring"> e.kind().clone()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl std::error::Error for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn source(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.0.source()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl std::fmt::Display for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> std::fmt::Display::fmt(&amp;self.0, f)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl std::fmt::Debug for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&amp;self.0, f)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> };
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>If you compare the output to the previous example, you will see,
that:</p>
<pre><code>Error: examples/tutorial2.rs:20:16: func1 error
</code></pre>
<p>changed to just:</p>
<pre><code>examples/tutorial3.rs:17:13: func1 error
</code></pre>
<p>This is, because we caught the error of <code>func1()</code> in <code>main()</code> and print it out ourselves.</p>
<p>We can now control, whether to output in <code>Debug</code> or <code>Display</code> mode.
Maybe depending on <code>--debug</code> as a CLI argument.</p>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="more-information"><a class="header" href="#more-information">More information</a></h1>
<p>To give more context to the error, you want to use <code>format!</code>
to extend the information in the context string.</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">use chainerror::Context as _;
use std::error::Error;
use std::io;
fn do_some_io() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
Ok(())
}
fn func2() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
let filename = &quot;foo.txt&quot;;
do_some_io().context(format!(&quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename))?;
Ok(())
}
fn func1() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
func2().context(&quot;func1 error&quot;)?;
Ok(())
}
fn main() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
if let Err(e) = func1() {
eprintln!(&quot;{:?}&quot;, e);
std::process::exit(1);
}
Ok(())
}
<span class="boring">#[allow(dead_code)]
</span><span class="boring">mod chainerror {
</span><span class="boring">#![doc = include_str!(&quot;../README.md&quot;)]
</span><span class="boring">#![deny(clippy::all)]
</span><span class="boring">#![allow(clippy::needless_doctest_main)]
</span><span class="boring">#![deny(missing_docs)]
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">use std::any::TypeId;
</span><span class="boring">use std::error::Error as StdError;
</span><span class="boring">use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter};
</span><span class="boring">use std::panic::Location;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// chains an inner error kind `T` with a causing error
</span><span class="boring">pub struct Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> occurrence: Option&lt;String&gt;,
</span><span class="boring"> kind: T,
</span><span class="boring"> error_cause: Option&lt;Box&lt;dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync&gt;&gt;,
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// convenience type alias
</span><span class="boring">pub type Result&lt;O, E&gt; = std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;E&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Use the `context()` or `map_context()` Result methods instead of calling this directly
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn new(
</span><span class="boring"> kind: T,
</span><span class="boring"> error_cause: Option&lt;Box&lt;dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync&gt;&gt;,
</span><span class="boring"> occurrence: Option&lt;String&gt;,
</span><span class="boring"> ) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring"> Self {
</span><span class="boring"> occurrence,
</span><span class="boring"> kind,
</span><span class="boring"> error_cause,
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// return the root cause of the error chain, if any exists
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn root_cause(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;(dyn StdError + 'static)&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.iter().last()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Find the first error cause of type U, if any exists
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Examples
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```rust
</span><span class="boring"> /// use chainerror::Context as _;
</span><span class="boring"> /// use chainerror::ErrorDown as _;
</span><span class="boring"> /// use std::error::Error;
</span><span class="boring"> /// use std::io;
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn do_some_io() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// chainerror::str_context!(Func2Error);
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn func2() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// let filename = &quot;foo.txt&quot;;
</span><span class="boring"> /// do_some_io().context(Func2Error(format!(&quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename)))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// chainerror::str_context!(Func1Error);
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn func1() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// func2().context(Func1Error::new(&quot;func1 error&quot;))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// if let Err(e) = func1() {
</span><span class="boring"> /// if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::&lt;Func1Error&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> /// assert!(f1err.find_cause::&lt;io::Error&gt;().is_some());
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::&lt;Func2Error&gt;().is_some());
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> /// # else {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # panic!();
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> /// # else {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # unreachable!();
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn find_cause&lt;U: StdError + 'static&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;U&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.iter()
</span><span class="boring"> .filter_map(&lt;dyn StdError&gt;::downcast_ref::&lt;U&gt;)
</span><span class="boring"> .next()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Find the first error cause of type [`Error&lt;U&gt;`](Error), if any exists
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// Same as `find_cause`, but hides the [`Error&lt;U&gt;`](Error) implementation internals
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Examples
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```rust
</span><span class="boring"> /// # chainerror::str_context!(FooError);
</span><span class="boring"> /// # let err = chainerror::Error::new(String::new(), None, None);
</span><span class="boring"> /// // Instead of writing
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_cause::&lt;chainerror::Error&lt;FooError&gt;&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// // leave out the chainerror::Error&lt;FooError&gt; implementation detail
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_chain_cause::&lt;FooError&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn find_chain_cause&lt;U: StdError + 'static&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;U&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.iter()
</span><span class="boring"> .filter_map(&lt;dyn StdError&gt;::downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;U&gt;&gt;)
</span><span class="boring"> .next()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Find the first error cause of type [`Error&lt;U&gt;`](Error) or `U`, if any exists and return `U`
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// Same as `find_cause` and `find_chain_cause`, but hides the [`Error&lt;U&gt;`](Error) implementation internals
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Examples
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```rust
</span><span class="boring"> /// # chainerror::str_context!(FooErrorKind);
</span><span class="boring"> /// # let err = chainerror::Error::new(String::new(), None, None);
</span><span class="boring"> /// // Instead of writing
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_cause::&lt;chainerror::Error&lt;FooErrorKind&gt;&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> /// // and/or
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_chain_cause::&lt;FooErrorKind&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> /// // and/or
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_cause::&lt;FooErrorKind&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// // leave out the chainerror::Error&lt;FooErrorKind&gt; implementation detail
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_kind_or_cause::&lt;FooErrorKind&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn find_kind_or_cause&lt;U: StdError + 'static&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;U&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.iter()
</span><span class="boring"> .filter_map(|e| {
</span><span class="boring"> e.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;U&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .map(|e| e.kind())
</span><span class="boring"> .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::&lt;U&gt;())
</span><span class="boring"> })
</span><span class="boring"> .next()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Return a reference to T of [`Error&lt;T&gt;`](Error)
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Examples
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```rust
</span><span class="boring"> /// use chainerror::Context as _;
</span><span class="boring"> /// use std::error::Error;
</span><span class="boring"> /// use std::io;
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn do_some_io() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// chainerror::str_context!(Func2Error);
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn func2() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// let filename = &quot;foo.txt&quot;;
</span><span class="boring"> /// do_some_io().context(Func2Error(format!(&quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename)))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// #[derive(Debug)]
</span><span class="boring"> /// enum Func1ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Func2,
</span><span class="boring"> /// IO(String),
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// /// impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {…}
</span><span class="boring"> /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; ::std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # match self {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Func1ErrorKind::Func2 =&gt; write!(f, &quot;func1 error calling func2&quot;),
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) =&gt; write!(f, &quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename),
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn func1() -&gt; chainerror::Result&lt;(), Func1ErrorKind&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// func2().context(Func1ErrorKind::Func2)?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// do_some_io().context(Func1ErrorKind::IO(&quot;bar.txt&quot;.into()))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// if let Err(e) = func1() {
</span><span class="boring"> /// match e.kind() {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Func1ErrorKind::Func2 =&gt; {}
</span><span class="boring"> /// Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) =&gt; panic!(),
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> /// # else {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # unreachable!();
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn kind(&amp;self) -&gt; &amp;T {
</span><span class="boring"> &amp;self.kind
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Returns an Iterator over all error causes/sources
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Example
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn iter(&amp;self) -&gt; impl Iterator&lt;Item = &amp;(dyn StdError + 'static)&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> ErrorIter {
</span><span class="boring"> current: Some(self),
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// Convenience methods for `Result&lt;&gt;` to turn the error into a decorated [`Error`](Error)
</span><span class="boring">pub trait Context&lt;O, E: Into&lt;Box&lt;dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync&gt;&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Decorate the error with a `kind` of type `T` and the source `Location`
</span><span class="boring"> fn context&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(self, kind: T) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Decorate the error just with the source `Location`
</span><span class="boring"> fn annotate(self) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;AnnotatedError&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Decorate the `error` with a `kind` of type `T` produced with a `FnOnce(&amp;error)` and the source `Location`
</span><span class="boring"> fn map_context&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug, F: FnOnce(&amp;E) -&gt; T&gt;(
</span><span class="boring"> self,
</span><span class="boring"> op: F,
</span><span class="boring"> ) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// Convenience type to just decorate the error with the source `Location`
</span><span class="boring">pub struct AnnotatedError(());
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl Display for AnnotatedError {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut Formatter&lt;'_&gt;) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;(passed error)&quot;)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl Debug for AnnotatedError {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut Formatter&lt;'_&gt;) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;(passed error)&quot;)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;O, E: Into&lt;Box&lt;dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync&gt;&gt;&gt; Context&lt;O, E&gt;
</span><span class="boring"> for std::result::Result&lt;O, E&gt;
</span><span class="boring">{
</span><span class="boring"> #[track_caller]
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn context&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(self, kind: T) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> match self {
</span><span class="boring"> Ok(t) =&gt; Ok(t),
</span><span class="boring"> Err(error_cause) =&gt; Err(Error::new(
</span><span class="boring"> kind,
</span><span class="boring"> Some(error_cause.into()),
</span><span class="boring"> Some(Location::caller().to_string()),
</span><span class="boring"> )),
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[track_caller]
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn annotate(self) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;AnnotatedError&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> match self {
</span><span class="boring"> Ok(t) =&gt; Ok(t),
</span><span class="boring"> Err(error_cause) =&gt; Err(Error::new(
</span><span class="boring"> AnnotatedError(()),
</span><span class="boring"> Some(error_cause.into()),
</span><span class="boring"> Some(Location::caller().to_string()),
</span><span class="boring"> )),
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[track_caller]
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn map_context&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug, F: FnOnce(&amp;E) -&gt; T&gt;(
</span><span class="boring"> self,
</span><span class="boring"> op: F,
</span><span class="boring"> ) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> match self {
</span><span class="boring"> Ok(t) =&gt; Ok(t),
</span><span class="boring"> Err(error_cause) =&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> let kind = op(&amp;error_cause);
</span><span class="boring"> Err(Error::new(
</span><span class="boring"> kind,
</span><span class="boring"> Some(error_cause.into()),
</span><span class="boring"> Some(Location::caller().to_string()),
</span><span class="boring"> ))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// An iterator over all error causes/sources
</span><span class="boring">pub struct ErrorIter&lt;'a&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> current: Option&lt;&amp;'a (dyn StdError + 'static)&gt;,
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;'a&gt; Iterator for ErrorIter&lt;'a&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> type Item = &amp;'a (dyn StdError + 'static);
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn next(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;Self::Item&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> let current = self.current;
</span><span class="boring"> self.current = self.current.and_then(StdError::source);
</span><span class="boring"> current
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; std::ops::Deref for Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> type Target = T;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn deref(&amp;self) -&gt; &amp;Self::Target {
</span><span class="boring"> &amp;self.kind
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// Convenience trait to hide the [`Error&lt;T&gt;`](Error) implementation internals
</span><span class="boring">pub trait ErrorDown {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Test if of type `Error&lt;T&gt;`
</span><span class="boring"> fn is_chain&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; bool;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Downcast to a reference of `Error&lt;T&gt;`
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_ref&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Downcast to a mutable reference of `Error&lt;T&gt;`
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_mut&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Downcast to T of `Error&lt;T&gt;`
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_ref&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;T&gt;;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Downcast to T mutable reference of `Error&lt;T&gt;`
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_mut&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut T&gt;;
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;U: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; ErrorDown for Error&lt;U&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn is_chain&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; bool {
</span><span class="boring"> TypeId::of::&lt;T&gt;() == TypeId::of::&lt;U&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_ref&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is_chain::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
</span><span class="boring"> unsafe {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(trivial_casts)]
</span><span class="boring"> Some(*(self as *const dyn StdError as *const &amp;Error&lt;T&gt;))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> None
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_mut&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is_chain::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
</span><span class="boring"> unsafe {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(trivial_casts)]
</span><span class="boring"> Some(&amp;mut *(self as *mut dyn StdError as *mut &amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> None
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_ref&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is_chain::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
</span><span class="boring"> unsafe {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(trivial_casts)]
</span><span class="boring"> Some(&amp;(*(self as *const dyn StdError as *const &amp;Error&lt;T&gt;)).kind)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> None
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_mut&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is_chain::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
</span><span class="boring"> unsafe {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(trivial_casts)]
</span><span class="boring"> Some(&amp;mut (*(self as *mut dyn StdError as *mut &amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;)).kind)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> None
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl ErrorDown for dyn StdError + 'static {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn is_chain&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; bool {
</span><span class="boring"> self.is::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_ref&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_mut&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_ref&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;T&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;().map(|e| e.kind()))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_mut&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> return self.downcast_mut::&lt;T&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::&lt;T&gt;())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl ErrorDown for dyn StdError + 'static + Send {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn is_chain&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; bool {
</span><span class="boring"> self.is::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_ref&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_mut&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_ref&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;T&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;().map(|e| e.kind()))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_mut&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> return self.downcast_mut::&lt;T&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::&lt;T&gt;())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl ErrorDown for dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn is_chain&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; bool {
</span><span class="boring"> self.is::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_ref&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_mut&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_ref&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;T&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;().map(|e| e.kind()))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_mut&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> return self.downcast_mut::&lt;T&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::&lt;T&gt;())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; StdError for Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn source(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;(dyn StdError + 'static)&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.error_cause
</span><span class="boring"> .as_ref()
</span><span class="boring"> .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &amp;(dyn StdError + 'static))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; StdError for &amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn source(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;(dyn StdError + 'static)&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.error_cause
</span><span class="boring"> .as_ref()
</span><span class="boring"> .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &amp;(dyn StdError + 'static))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; Display for Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut Formatter&lt;'_&gt;) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;{}&quot;, self.kind)?;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> if f.alternate() {
</span><span class="boring"> if let Some(e) = self.source() {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;\nCaused by:\n {:#}&quot;, &amp;e)?;
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; Debug for Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut Formatter&lt;'_&gt;) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> if f.alternate() {
</span><span class="boring"> let mut f = f.debug_struct(&amp;format!(&quot;Error&lt;{}&gt;&quot;, std::any::type_name::&lt;T&gt;()));
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> let f = f
</span><span class="boring"> .field(&quot;occurrence&quot;, &amp;self.occurrence)
</span><span class="boring"> .field(&quot;kind&quot;, &amp;self.kind)
</span><span class="boring"> .field(&quot;source&quot;, &amp;self.source());
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> f.finish()
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> if let Some(ref o) = self.occurrence {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;{}: &quot;, o)?;
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> if TypeId::of::&lt;String&gt;() == TypeId::of::&lt;T&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> || TypeId::of::&lt;&amp;str&gt;() == TypeId::of::&lt;T&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> {
</span><span class="boring"> Display::fmt(&amp;self.kind, f)?;
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> Debug::fmt(&amp;self.kind, f)?;
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> if let Some(e) = self.source() {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;\nCaused by:\n{:?}&quot;, &amp;e)?;
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T&gt; From&lt;T&gt; for Error&lt;T&gt;
</span><span class="boring">where
</span><span class="boring"> T: 'static + Display + Debug,
</span><span class="boring">{
</span><span class="boring"> #[track_caller]
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn from(e: T) -&gt; Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> Error::new(e, None, Some(Location::caller().to_string()))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">/// Convenience macro to create a &quot;new type&quot; T(String) and implement Display + Debug for T
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// # Examples
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// ```rust
</span><span class="boring">/// # use chainerror::Context as _;
</span><span class="boring">/// # use chainerror::ErrorDown as _;
</span><span class="boring">/// # use std::error::Error;
</span><span class="boring">/// # use std::io;
</span><span class="boring">/// # use std::result::Result;
</span><span class="boring">/// # fn do_some_io() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// # Ok(())
</span><span class="boring">/// # }
</span><span class="boring">/// chainerror::str_context!(Func2Error);
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// fn func2() -&gt; chainerror::Result&lt;(), Func2Error&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// let filename = &quot;foo.txt&quot;;
</span><span class="boring">/// do_some_io().context(Func2Error(format!(&quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename)))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// chainerror::str_context!(Func1Error);
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// fn func1() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// func2().context(Func1Error::new(&quot;func1 error&quot;))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// # if let Err(e) = func1() {
</span><span class="boring">/// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::&lt;Func1Error&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring">/// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::&lt;chainerror::Error&lt;Func2Error&gt;&gt;().is_some());
</span><span class="boring">/// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::&lt;Func2Error&gt;().is_some());
</span><span class="boring">/// # } else {
</span><span class="boring">/// # panic!();
</span><span class="boring">/// # }
</span><span class="boring">/// # } else {
</span><span class="boring">/// # unreachable!();
</span><span class="boring">/// # }
</span><span class="boring">/// ```
</span><span class="boring">#[macro_export]
</span><span class="boring">macro_rules! str_context {
</span><span class="boring"> ($e:ident) =&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[derive(Clone)]
</span><span class="boring"> pub struct $e(pub String);
</span><span class="boring"> impl $e {
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn new&lt;S: Into&lt;String&gt;&gt;(s: S) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring"> $e(s.into())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> impl ::std::fmt::Display for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; ::std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;{}&quot;, self.0)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> impl ::std::fmt::Debug for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; ::std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;{}({})&quot;, stringify!($e), self.0)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> impl ::std::error::Error for $e {}
</span><span class="boring"> };
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// Derive an Error for an ErrorKind, which wraps a [`Error`](Error) and implements a `kind()` method
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// It basically hides [`Error`](Error) to the outside and only exposes the [`kind()`](Error::kind)
</span><span class="boring">/// method.
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// Error::kind() returns the ErrorKind
</span><span class="boring">/// Error::source() returns the parent error
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// # Examples
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// ```rust
</span><span class="boring">/// use chainerror::Context as _;
</span><span class="boring">/// use std::io;
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// fn do_some_io(_f: &amp;str) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;(), io::Error&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// return Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound));
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
</span><span class="boring">/// pub enum ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring">/// IO(String),
</span><span class="boring">/// FatalError(String),
</span><span class="boring">/// Unknown,
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// chainerror::err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind);
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring">/// fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring">/// match self {
</span><span class="boring">/// ErrorKind::FatalError(e) =&gt; write!(f, &quot;fatal error {}&quot;, e),
</span><span class="boring">/// ErrorKind::Unknown =&gt; write!(f, &quot;unknown error&quot;),
</span><span class="boring">/// ErrorKind::IO(filename) =&gt; write!(f, &quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename),
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// impl ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring">/// fn from_io_error(e: &amp;io::Error, f: String) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring">/// match e.kind() {
</span><span class="boring">/// io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe =&gt; panic!(&quot;Should not happen&quot;),
</span><span class="boring">/// io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset =&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// ErrorKind::FatalError(format!(&quot;While reading `{}`: {}&quot;, f, e))
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// _ =&gt; ErrorKind::IO(f),
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// impl From&lt;&amp;io::Error&gt; for ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring">/// fn from(e: &amp;io::Error) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring">/// ErrorKind::IO(format!(&quot;{}&quot;, e))
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// pub fn func1() -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;(), Error&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// let filename = &quot;bar.txt&quot;;
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// do_some_io(filename).map_context(|e| ErrorKind::from_io_error(e, filename.into()))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// do_some_io(filename).map_context(|e| ErrorKind::IO(filename.into()))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// do_some_io(filename).map_context(|e| ErrorKind::from(e))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// ```
</span><span class="boring">#[macro_export]
</span><span class="boring">macro_rules! err_kind {
</span><span class="boring"> ($e:ident, $k:ident) =&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> pub struct $e($crate::Error&lt;$k&gt;);
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl $e {
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn kind(&amp;self) -&gt; &amp;$k {
</span><span class="boring"> self.0.kind()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl From&lt;$k&gt; for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn from(e: $k) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring"> $e($crate::Error::new(e, None, None))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl From&lt;$crate::Error&lt;$k&gt;&gt; for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn from(e: $crate::Error&lt;$k&gt;) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring"> $e(e)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl From&lt;&amp;$e&gt; for $k
</span><span class="boring"> where
</span><span class="boring"> $k: Clone,
</span><span class="boring"> {
</span><span class="boring"> fn from(e: &amp;$e) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring"> e.kind().clone()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl std::error::Error for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn source(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.0.source()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl std::fmt::Display for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> std::fmt::Display::fmt(&amp;self.0, f)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl std::fmt::Debug for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&amp;self.0, f)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> };
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="the-source-of-errors"><a class="header" href="#the-source-of-errors">The source() of Errors</a></h1>
<p>Sometimes you want to inspect the <code>source()</code> of an <code>Error</code>.
<code>chainerror</code> implements <code>std::error::Error::source()</code>, so you can get the cause of an error.</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">use chainerror::Context as _;
use std::error::Error;
use std::io;
fn do_some_io() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
Ok(())
}
fn func2() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
let filename = &quot;foo.txt&quot;;
do_some_io().context(format!(&quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename))?;
Ok(())
}
fn func1() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
if let Err(e) = func2() {
if let Some(s) = e.source() {
eprintln!(&quot;func2 failed because of '{}'&quot;, s);
Err(e).context(&quot;func1 error&quot;)?;
}
}
Ok(())
}
fn main() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
if let Err(e) = func1() {
eprintln!(&quot;{}&quot;, e);
std::process::exit(1);
}
Ok(())
}
<span class="boring">#[allow(dead_code)]
</span><span class="boring">mod chainerror {
</span><span class="boring">#![doc = include_str!(&quot;../README.md&quot;)]
</span><span class="boring">#![deny(clippy::all)]
</span><span class="boring">#![allow(clippy::needless_doctest_main)]
</span><span class="boring">#![deny(missing_docs)]
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">use std::any::TypeId;
</span><span class="boring">use std::error::Error as StdError;
</span><span class="boring">use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter};
</span><span class="boring">use std::panic::Location;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// chains an inner error kind `T` with a causing error
</span><span class="boring">pub struct Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> occurrence: Option&lt;String&gt;,
</span><span class="boring"> kind: T,
</span><span class="boring"> error_cause: Option&lt;Box&lt;dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync&gt;&gt;,
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// convenience type alias
</span><span class="boring">pub type Result&lt;O, E&gt; = std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;E&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Use the `context()` or `map_context()` Result methods instead of calling this directly
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn new(
</span><span class="boring"> kind: T,
</span><span class="boring"> error_cause: Option&lt;Box&lt;dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync&gt;&gt;,
</span><span class="boring"> occurrence: Option&lt;String&gt;,
</span><span class="boring"> ) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring"> Self {
</span><span class="boring"> occurrence,
</span><span class="boring"> kind,
</span><span class="boring"> error_cause,
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// return the root cause of the error chain, if any exists
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn root_cause(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;(dyn StdError + 'static)&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.iter().last()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Find the first error cause of type U, if any exists
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Examples
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```rust
</span><span class="boring"> /// use chainerror::Context as _;
</span><span class="boring"> /// use chainerror::ErrorDown as _;
</span><span class="boring"> /// use std::error::Error;
</span><span class="boring"> /// use std::io;
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn do_some_io() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// chainerror::str_context!(Func2Error);
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn func2() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// let filename = &quot;foo.txt&quot;;
</span><span class="boring"> /// do_some_io().context(Func2Error(format!(&quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename)))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// chainerror::str_context!(Func1Error);
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn func1() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// func2().context(Func1Error::new(&quot;func1 error&quot;))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// if let Err(e) = func1() {
</span><span class="boring"> /// if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::&lt;Func1Error&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> /// assert!(f1err.find_cause::&lt;io::Error&gt;().is_some());
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::&lt;Func2Error&gt;().is_some());
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> /// # else {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # panic!();
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> /// # else {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # unreachable!();
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn find_cause&lt;U: StdError + 'static&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;U&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.iter()
</span><span class="boring"> .filter_map(&lt;dyn StdError&gt;::downcast_ref::&lt;U&gt;)
</span><span class="boring"> .next()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Find the first error cause of type [`Error&lt;U&gt;`](Error), if any exists
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// Same as `find_cause`, but hides the [`Error&lt;U&gt;`](Error) implementation internals
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Examples
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```rust
</span><span class="boring"> /// # chainerror::str_context!(FooError);
</span><span class="boring"> /// # let err = chainerror::Error::new(String::new(), None, None);
</span><span class="boring"> /// // Instead of writing
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_cause::&lt;chainerror::Error&lt;FooError&gt;&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// // leave out the chainerror::Error&lt;FooError&gt; implementation detail
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_chain_cause::&lt;FooError&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn find_chain_cause&lt;U: StdError + 'static&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;U&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.iter()
</span><span class="boring"> .filter_map(&lt;dyn StdError&gt;::downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;U&gt;&gt;)
</span><span class="boring"> .next()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Find the first error cause of type [`Error&lt;U&gt;`](Error) or `U`, if any exists and return `U`
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// Same as `find_cause` and `find_chain_cause`, but hides the [`Error&lt;U&gt;`](Error) implementation internals
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Examples
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```rust
</span><span class="boring"> /// # chainerror::str_context!(FooErrorKind);
</span><span class="boring"> /// # let err = chainerror::Error::new(String::new(), None, None);
</span><span class="boring"> /// // Instead of writing
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_cause::&lt;chainerror::Error&lt;FooErrorKind&gt;&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> /// // and/or
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_chain_cause::&lt;FooErrorKind&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> /// // and/or
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_cause::&lt;FooErrorKind&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// // leave out the chainerror::Error&lt;FooErrorKind&gt; implementation detail
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_kind_or_cause::&lt;FooErrorKind&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn find_kind_or_cause&lt;U: StdError + 'static&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;U&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.iter()
</span><span class="boring"> .filter_map(|e| {
</span><span class="boring"> e.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;U&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .map(|e| e.kind())
</span><span class="boring"> .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::&lt;U&gt;())
</span><span class="boring"> })
</span><span class="boring"> .next()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Return a reference to T of [`Error&lt;T&gt;`](Error)
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Examples
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```rust
</span><span class="boring"> /// use chainerror::Context as _;
</span><span class="boring"> /// use std::error::Error;
</span><span class="boring"> /// use std::io;
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn do_some_io() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// chainerror::str_context!(Func2Error);
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn func2() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// let filename = &quot;foo.txt&quot;;
</span><span class="boring"> /// do_some_io().context(Func2Error(format!(&quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename)))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// #[derive(Debug)]
</span><span class="boring"> /// enum Func1ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Func2,
</span><span class="boring"> /// IO(String),
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// /// impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {…}
</span><span class="boring"> /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; ::std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # match self {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Func1ErrorKind::Func2 =&gt; write!(f, &quot;func1 error calling func2&quot;),
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) =&gt; write!(f, &quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename),
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn func1() -&gt; chainerror::Result&lt;(), Func1ErrorKind&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// func2().context(Func1ErrorKind::Func2)?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// do_some_io().context(Func1ErrorKind::IO(&quot;bar.txt&quot;.into()))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// if let Err(e) = func1() {
</span><span class="boring"> /// match e.kind() {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Func1ErrorKind::Func2 =&gt; {}
</span><span class="boring"> /// Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) =&gt; panic!(),
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> /// # else {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # unreachable!();
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn kind(&amp;self) -&gt; &amp;T {
</span><span class="boring"> &amp;self.kind
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Returns an Iterator over all error causes/sources
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Example
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn iter(&amp;self) -&gt; impl Iterator&lt;Item = &amp;(dyn StdError + 'static)&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> ErrorIter {
</span><span class="boring"> current: Some(self),
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// Convenience methods for `Result&lt;&gt;` to turn the error into a decorated [`Error`](Error)
</span><span class="boring">pub trait Context&lt;O, E: Into&lt;Box&lt;dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync&gt;&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Decorate the error with a `kind` of type `T` and the source `Location`
</span><span class="boring"> fn context&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(self, kind: T) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Decorate the error just with the source `Location`
</span><span class="boring"> fn annotate(self) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;AnnotatedError&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Decorate the `error` with a `kind` of type `T` produced with a `FnOnce(&amp;error)` and the source `Location`
</span><span class="boring"> fn map_context&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug, F: FnOnce(&amp;E) -&gt; T&gt;(
</span><span class="boring"> self,
</span><span class="boring"> op: F,
</span><span class="boring"> ) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// Convenience type to just decorate the error with the source `Location`
</span><span class="boring">pub struct AnnotatedError(());
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl Display for AnnotatedError {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut Formatter&lt;'_&gt;) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;(passed error)&quot;)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl Debug for AnnotatedError {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut Formatter&lt;'_&gt;) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;(passed error)&quot;)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;O, E: Into&lt;Box&lt;dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync&gt;&gt;&gt; Context&lt;O, E&gt;
</span><span class="boring"> for std::result::Result&lt;O, E&gt;
</span><span class="boring">{
</span><span class="boring"> #[track_caller]
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn context&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(self, kind: T) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> match self {
</span><span class="boring"> Ok(t) =&gt; Ok(t),
</span><span class="boring"> Err(error_cause) =&gt; Err(Error::new(
</span><span class="boring"> kind,
</span><span class="boring"> Some(error_cause.into()),
</span><span class="boring"> Some(Location::caller().to_string()),
</span><span class="boring"> )),
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[track_caller]
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn annotate(self) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;AnnotatedError&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> match self {
</span><span class="boring"> Ok(t) =&gt; Ok(t),
</span><span class="boring"> Err(error_cause) =&gt; Err(Error::new(
</span><span class="boring"> AnnotatedError(()),
</span><span class="boring"> Some(error_cause.into()),
</span><span class="boring"> Some(Location::caller().to_string()),
</span><span class="boring"> )),
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[track_caller]
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn map_context&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug, F: FnOnce(&amp;E) -&gt; T&gt;(
</span><span class="boring"> self,
</span><span class="boring"> op: F,
</span><span class="boring"> ) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> match self {
</span><span class="boring"> Ok(t) =&gt; Ok(t),
</span><span class="boring"> Err(error_cause) =&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> let kind = op(&amp;error_cause);
</span><span class="boring"> Err(Error::new(
</span><span class="boring"> kind,
</span><span class="boring"> Some(error_cause.into()),
</span><span class="boring"> Some(Location::caller().to_string()),
</span><span class="boring"> ))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// An iterator over all error causes/sources
</span><span class="boring">pub struct ErrorIter&lt;'a&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> current: Option&lt;&amp;'a (dyn StdError + 'static)&gt;,
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;'a&gt; Iterator for ErrorIter&lt;'a&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> type Item = &amp;'a (dyn StdError + 'static);
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn next(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;Self::Item&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> let current = self.current;
</span><span class="boring"> self.current = self.current.and_then(StdError::source);
</span><span class="boring"> current
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; std::ops::Deref for Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> type Target = T;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn deref(&amp;self) -&gt; &amp;Self::Target {
</span><span class="boring"> &amp;self.kind
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// Convenience trait to hide the [`Error&lt;T&gt;`](Error) implementation internals
</span><span class="boring">pub trait ErrorDown {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Test if of type `Error&lt;T&gt;`
</span><span class="boring"> fn is_chain&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; bool;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Downcast to a reference of `Error&lt;T&gt;`
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_ref&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Downcast to a mutable reference of `Error&lt;T&gt;`
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_mut&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Downcast to T of `Error&lt;T&gt;`
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_ref&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;T&gt;;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Downcast to T mutable reference of `Error&lt;T&gt;`
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_mut&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut T&gt;;
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;U: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; ErrorDown for Error&lt;U&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn is_chain&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; bool {
</span><span class="boring"> TypeId::of::&lt;T&gt;() == TypeId::of::&lt;U&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_ref&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is_chain::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
</span><span class="boring"> unsafe {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(trivial_casts)]
</span><span class="boring"> Some(*(self as *const dyn StdError as *const &amp;Error&lt;T&gt;))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> None
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_mut&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is_chain::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
</span><span class="boring"> unsafe {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(trivial_casts)]
</span><span class="boring"> Some(&amp;mut *(self as *mut dyn StdError as *mut &amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> None
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_ref&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is_chain::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
</span><span class="boring"> unsafe {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(trivial_casts)]
</span><span class="boring"> Some(&amp;(*(self as *const dyn StdError as *const &amp;Error&lt;T&gt;)).kind)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> None
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_mut&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is_chain::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
</span><span class="boring"> unsafe {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(trivial_casts)]
</span><span class="boring"> Some(&amp;mut (*(self as *mut dyn StdError as *mut &amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;)).kind)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> None
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl ErrorDown for dyn StdError + 'static {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn is_chain&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; bool {
</span><span class="boring"> self.is::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_ref&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_mut&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_ref&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;T&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;().map(|e| e.kind()))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_mut&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> return self.downcast_mut::&lt;T&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::&lt;T&gt;())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl ErrorDown for dyn StdError + 'static + Send {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn is_chain&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; bool {
</span><span class="boring"> self.is::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_ref&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_mut&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_ref&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;T&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;().map(|e| e.kind()))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_mut&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> return self.downcast_mut::&lt;T&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::&lt;T&gt;())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl ErrorDown for dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn is_chain&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; bool {
</span><span class="boring"> self.is::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_ref&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_mut&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_ref&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;T&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;().map(|e| e.kind()))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_mut&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> return self.downcast_mut::&lt;T&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::&lt;T&gt;())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; StdError for Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn source(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;(dyn StdError + 'static)&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.error_cause
</span><span class="boring"> .as_ref()
</span><span class="boring"> .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &amp;(dyn StdError + 'static))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; StdError for &amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn source(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;(dyn StdError + 'static)&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.error_cause
</span><span class="boring"> .as_ref()
</span><span class="boring"> .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &amp;(dyn StdError + 'static))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; Display for Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut Formatter&lt;'_&gt;) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;{}&quot;, self.kind)?;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> if f.alternate() {
</span><span class="boring"> if let Some(e) = self.source() {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;\nCaused by:\n {:#}&quot;, &amp;e)?;
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; Debug for Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut Formatter&lt;'_&gt;) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> if f.alternate() {
</span><span class="boring"> let mut f = f.debug_struct(&amp;format!(&quot;Error&lt;{}&gt;&quot;, std::any::type_name::&lt;T&gt;()));
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> let f = f
</span><span class="boring"> .field(&quot;occurrence&quot;, &amp;self.occurrence)
</span><span class="boring"> .field(&quot;kind&quot;, &amp;self.kind)
</span><span class="boring"> .field(&quot;source&quot;, &amp;self.source());
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> f.finish()
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> if let Some(ref o) = self.occurrence {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;{}: &quot;, o)?;
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> if TypeId::of::&lt;String&gt;() == TypeId::of::&lt;T&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> || TypeId::of::&lt;&amp;str&gt;() == TypeId::of::&lt;T&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> {
</span><span class="boring"> Display::fmt(&amp;self.kind, f)?;
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> Debug::fmt(&amp;self.kind, f)?;
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> if let Some(e) = self.source() {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;\nCaused by:\n{:?}&quot;, &amp;e)?;
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T&gt; From&lt;T&gt; for Error&lt;T&gt;
</span><span class="boring">where
</span><span class="boring"> T: 'static + Display + Debug,
</span><span class="boring">{
</span><span class="boring"> #[track_caller]
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn from(e: T) -&gt; Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> Error::new(e, None, Some(Location::caller().to_string()))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">/// Convenience macro to create a &quot;new type&quot; T(String) and implement Display + Debug for T
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// # Examples
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// ```rust
</span><span class="boring">/// # use chainerror::Context as _;
</span><span class="boring">/// # use chainerror::ErrorDown as _;
</span><span class="boring">/// # use std::error::Error;
</span><span class="boring">/// # use std::io;
</span><span class="boring">/// # use std::result::Result;
</span><span class="boring">/// # fn do_some_io() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// # Ok(())
</span><span class="boring">/// # }
</span><span class="boring">/// chainerror::str_context!(Func2Error);
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// fn func2() -&gt; chainerror::Result&lt;(), Func2Error&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// let filename = &quot;foo.txt&quot;;
</span><span class="boring">/// do_some_io().context(Func2Error(format!(&quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename)))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// chainerror::str_context!(Func1Error);
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// fn func1() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// func2().context(Func1Error::new(&quot;func1 error&quot;))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// # if let Err(e) = func1() {
</span><span class="boring">/// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::&lt;Func1Error&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring">/// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::&lt;chainerror::Error&lt;Func2Error&gt;&gt;().is_some());
</span><span class="boring">/// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::&lt;Func2Error&gt;().is_some());
</span><span class="boring">/// # } else {
</span><span class="boring">/// # panic!();
</span><span class="boring">/// # }
</span><span class="boring">/// # } else {
</span><span class="boring">/// # unreachable!();
</span><span class="boring">/// # }
</span><span class="boring">/// ```
</span><span class="boring">#[macro_export]
</span><span class="boring">macro_rules! str_context {
</span><span class="boring"> ($e:ident) =&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[derive(Clone)]
</span><span class="boring"> pub struct $e(pub String);
</span><span class="boring"> impl $e {
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn new&lt;S: Into&lt;String&gt;&gt;(s: S) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring"> $e(s.into())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> impl ::std::fmt::Display for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; ::std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;{}&quot;, self.0)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> impl ::std::fmt::Debug for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; ::std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;{}({})&quot;, stringify!($e), self.0)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> impl ::std::error::Error for $e {}
</span><span class="boring"> };
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// Derive an Error for an ErrorKind, which wraps a [`Error`](Error) and implements a `kind()` method
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// It basically hides [`Error`](Error) to the outside and only exposes the [`kind()`](Error::kind)
</span><span class="boring">/// method.
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// Error::kind() returns the ErrorKind
</span><span class="boring">/// Error::source() returns the parent error
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// # Examples
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// ```rust
</span><span class="boring">/// use chainerror::Context as _;
</span><span class="boring">/// use std::io;
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// fn do_some_io(_f: &amp;str) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;(), io::Error&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// return Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound));
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
</span><span class="boring">/// pub enum ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring">/// IO(String),
</span><span class="boring">/// FatalError(String),
</span><span class="boring">/// Unknown,
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// chainerror::err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind);
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring">/// fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring">/// match self {
</span><span class="boring">/// ErrorKind::FatalError(e) =&gt; write!(f, &quot;fatal error {}&quot;, e),
</span><span class="boring">/// ErrorKind::Unknown =&gt; write!(f, &quot;unknown error&quot;),
</span><span class="boring">/// ErrorKind::IO(filename) =&gt; write!(f, &quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename),
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// impl ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring">/// fn from_io_error(e: &amp;io::Error, f: String) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring">/// match e.kind() {
</span><span class="boring">/// io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe =&gt; panic!(&quot;Should not happen&quot;),
</span><span class="boring">/// io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset =&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// ErrorKind::FatalError(format!(&quot;While reading `{}`: {}&quot;, f, e))
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// _ =&gt; ErrorKind::IO(f),
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// impl From&lt;&amp;io::Error&gt; for ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring">/// fn from(e: &amp;io::Error) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring">/// ErrorKind::IO(format!(&quot;{}&quot;, e))
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// pub fn func1() -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;(), Error&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// let filename = &quot;bar.txt&quot;;
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// do_some_io(filename).map_context(|e| ErrorKind::from_io_error(e, filename.into()))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// do_some_io(filename).map_context(|e| ErrorKind::IO(filename.into()))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// do_some_io(filename).map_context(|e| ErrorKind::from(e))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// ```
</span><span class="boring">#[macro_export]
</span><span class="boring">macro_rules! err_kind {
</span><span class="boring"> ($e:ident, $k:ident) =&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> pub struct $e($crate::Error&lt;$k&gt;);
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl $e {
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn kind(&amp;self) -&gt; &amp;$k {
</span><span class="boring"> self.0.kind()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl From&lt;$k&gt; for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn from(e: $k) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring"> $e($crate::Error::new(e, None, None))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl From&lt;$crate::Error&lt;$k&gt;&gt; for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn from(e: $crate::Error&lt;$k&gt;) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring"> $e(e)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl From&lt;&amp;$e&gt; for $k
</span><span class="boring"> where
</span><span class="boring"> $k: Clone,
</span><span class="boring"> {
</span><span class="boring"> fn from(e: &amp;$e) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring"> e.kind().clone()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl std::error::Error for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn source(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.0.source()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl std::fmt::Display for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> std::fmt::Display::fmt(&amp;self.0, f)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl std::fmt::Debug for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&amp;self.0, f)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> };
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>Note, that because we changed the output of the error in <code>main()</code> from
<code>Debug</code> to <code>Display</code>, we don't see the error backtrace with filename and line number.</p>
<p>To use the <code>Display</code> backtrace, you have to use the alternative display format output <code>{:#}</code>.</p>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="downcast-the-errors"><a class="header" href="#downcast-the-errors">Downcast the Errors</a></h1>
<p><code>std::error::Error</code> comes with some helper methods to get to the original object of the
<code>&amp;(dyn Error + 'static)</code> returned by <code>.source()</code>.</p>
<pre><code class="language-rust ignore">pub fn downcast_ref&lt;T: Error + 'static&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;T&gt;
pub fn downcast_mut&lt;T: Error + 'static&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut T&gt;</code></pre>
<p>This is how it looks like, when using those:</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">#![allow(clippy::single_match)]
#![allow(clippy::redundant_pattern_matching)]
use chainerror::Context as _;
use std::error::Error;
use std::io;
fn do_some_io() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
Ok(())
}
fn func2() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
let filename = &quot;foo.txt&quot;;
do_some_io().context(format!(&quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename))?;
Ok(())
}
fn func1() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
func2().context(&quot;func1 error&quot;)?;
Ok(())
}
fn main() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
if let Err(e) = func1() {
eprintln!(&quot;Error: {}&quot;, e);
let mut s: &amp;(dyn Error) = e.as_ref();
while let Some(c) = s.source() {
if let Some(ioerror) = c.downcast_ref::&lt;io::Error&gt;() {
eprintln!(&quot;caused by: std::io::Error: {}&quot;, ioerror);
match ioerror.kind() {
io::ErrorKind::NotFound =&gt; eprintln!(&quot;of kind: std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound&quot;),
_ =&gt; {}
}
} else {
eprintln!(&quot;caused by: {}&quot;, c);
}
s = c;
}
std::process::exit(1);
}
Ok(())
}
<span class="boring">#[allow(dead_code)]
</span><span class="boring">mod chainerror {
</span><span class="boring">#![doc = include_str!(&quot;../README.md&quot;)]
</span><span class="boring">#![deny(clippy::all)]
</span><span class="boring">#![allow(clippy::needless_doctest_main)]
</span><span class="boring">#![deny(missing_docs)]
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">use std::any::TypeId;
</span><span class="boring">use std::error::Error as StdError;
</span><span class="boring">use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter};
</span><span class="boring">use std::panic::Location;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// chains an inner error kind `T` with a causing error
</span><span class="boring">pub struct Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> occurrence: Option&lt;String&gt;,
</span><span class="boring"> kind: T,
</span><span class="boring"> error_cause: Option&lt;Box&lt;dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync&gt;&gt;,
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// convenience type alias
</span><span class="boring">pub type Result&lt;O, E&gt; = std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;E&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Use the `context()` or `map_context()` Result methods instead of calling this directly
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn new(
</span><span class="boring"> kind: T,
</span><span class="boring"> error_cause: Option&lt;Box&lt;dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync&gt;&gt;,
</span><span class="boring"> occurrence: Option&lt;String&gt;,
</span><span class="boring"> ) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring"> Self {
</span><span class="boring"> occurrence,
</span><span class="boring"> kind,
</span><span class="boring"> error_cause,
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// return the root cause of the error chain, if any exists
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn root_cause(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;(dyn StdError + 'static)&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.iter().last()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Find the first error cause of type U, if any exists
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Examples
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```rust
</span><span class="boring"> /// use chainerror::Context as _;
</span><span class="boring"> /// use chainerror::ErrorDown as _;
</span><span class="boring"> /// use std::error::Error;
</span><span class="boring"> /// use std::io;
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn do_some_io() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// chainerror::str_context!(Func2Error);
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn func2() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// let filename = &quot;foo.txt&quot;;
</span><span class="boring"> /// do_some_io().context(Func2Error(format!(&quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename)))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// chainerror::str_context!(Func1Error);
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn func1() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// func2().context(Func1Error::new(&quot;func1 error&quot;))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// if let Err(e) = func1() {
</span><span class="boring"> /// if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::&lt;Func1Error&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> /// assert!(f1err.find_cause::&lt;io::Error&gt;().is_some());
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::&lt;Func2Error&gt;().is_some());
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> /// # else {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # panic!();
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> /// # else {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # unreachable!();
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn find_cause&lt;U: StdError + 'static&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;U&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.iter()
</span><span class="boring"> .filter_map(&lt;dyn StdError&gt;::downcast_ref::&lt;U&gt;)
</span><span class="boring"> .next()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Find the first error cause of type [`Error&lt;U&gt;`](Error), if any exists
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// Same as `find_cause`, but hides the [`Error&lt;U&gt;`](Error) implementation internals
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Examples
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```rust
</span><span class="boring"> /// # chainerror::str_context!(FooError);
</span><span class="boring"> /// # let err = chainerror::Error::new(String::new(), None, None);
</span><span class="boring"> /// // Instead of writing
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_cause::&lt;chainerror::Error&lt;FooError&gt;&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// // leave out the chainerror::Error&lt;FooError&gt; implementation detail
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_chain_cause::&lt;FooError&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn find_chain_cause&lt;U: StdError + 'static&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;U&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.iter()
</span><span class="boring"> .filter_map(&lt;dyn StdError&gt;::downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;U&gt;&gt;)
</span><span class="boring"> .next()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Find the first error cause of type [`Error&lt;U&gt;`](Error) or `U`, if any exists and return `U`
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// Same as `find_cause` and `find_chain_cause`, but hides the [`Error&lt;U&gt;`](Error) implementation internals
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Examples
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```rust
</span><span class="boring"> /// # chainerror::str_context!(FooErrorKind);
</span><span class="boring"> /// # let err = chainerror::Error::new(String::new(), None, None);
</span><span class="boring"> /// // Instead of writing
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_cause::&lt;chainerror::Error&lt;FooErrorKind&gt;&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> /// // and/or
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_chain_cause::&lt;FooErrorKind&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> /// // and/or
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_cause::&lt;FooErrorKind&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// // leave out the chainerror::Error&lt;FooErrorKind&gt; implementation detail
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_kind_or_cause::&lt;FooErrorKind&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn find_kind_or_cause&lt;U: StdError + 'static&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;U&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.iter()
</span><span class="boring"> .filter_map(|e| {
</span><span class="boring"> e.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;U&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .map(|e| e.kind())
</span><span class="boring"> .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::&lt;U&gt;())
</span><span class="boring"> })
</span><span class="boring"> .next()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Return a reference to T of [`Error&lt;T&gt;`](Error)
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Examples
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```rust
</span><span class="boring"> /// use chainerror::Context as _;
</span><span class="boring"> /// use std::error::Error;
</span><span class="boring"> /// use std::io;
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn do_some_io() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// chainerror::str_context!(Func2Error);
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn func2() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// let filename = &quot;foo.txt&quot;;
</span><span class="boring"> /// do_some_io().context(Func2Error(format!(&quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename)))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// #[derive(Debug)]
</span><span class="boring"> /// enum Func1ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Func2,
</span><span class="boring"> /// IO(String),
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// /// impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {…}
</span><span class="boring"> /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; ::std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # match self {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Func1ErrorKind::Func2 =&gt; write!(f, &quot;func1 error calling func2&quot;),
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) =&gt; write!(f, &quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename),
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn func1() -&gt; chainerror::Result&lt;(), Func1ErrorKind&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// func2().context(Func1ErrorKind::Func2)?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// do_some_io().context(Func1ErrorKind::IO(&quot;bar.txt&quot;.into()))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// if let Err(e) = func1() {
</span><span class="boring"> /// match e.kind() {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Func1ErrorKind::Func2 =&gt; {}
</span><span class="boring"> /// Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) =&gt; panic!(),
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> /// # else {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # unreachable!();
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn kind(&amp;self) -&gt; &amp;T {
</span><span class="boring"> &amp;self.kind
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Returns an Iterator over all error causes/sources
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Example
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn iter(&amp;self) -&gt; impl Iterator&lt;Item = &amp;(dyn StdError + 'static)&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> ErrorIter {
</span><span class="boring"> current: Some(self),
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// Convenience methods for `Result&lt;&gt;` to turn the error into a decorated [`Error`](Error)
</span><span class="boring">pub trait Context&lt;O, E: Into&lt;Box&lt;dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync&gt;&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Decorate the error with a `kind` of type `T` and the source `Location`
</span><span class="boring"> fn context&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(self, kind: T) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Decorate the error just with the source `Location`
</span><span class="boring"> fn annotate(self) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;AnnotatedError&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Decorate the `error` with a `kind` of type `T` produced with a `FnOnce(&amp;error)` and the source `Location`
</span><span class="boring"> fn map_context&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug, F: FnOnce(&amp;E) -&gt; T&gt;(
</span><span class="boring"> self,
</span><span class="boring"> op: F,
</span><span class="boring"> ) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// Convenience type to just decorate the error with the source `Location`
</span><span class="boring">pub struct AnnotatedError(());
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl Display for AnnotatedError {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut Formatter&lt;'_&gt;) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;(passed error)&quot;)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl Debug for AnnotatedError {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut Formatter&lt;'_&gt;) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;(passed error)&quot;)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;O, E: Into&lt;Box&lt;dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync&gt;&gt;&gt; Context&lt;O, E&gt;
</span><span class="boring"> for std::result::Result&lt;O, E&gt;
</span><span class="boring">{
</span><span class="boring"> #[track_caller]
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn context&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(self, kind: T) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> match self {
</span><span class="boring"> Ok(t) =&gt; Ok(t),
</span><span class="boring"> Err(error_cause) =&gt; Err(Error::new(
</span><span class="boring"> kind,
</span><span class="boring"> Some(error_cause.into()),
</span><span class="boring"> Some(Location::caller().to_string()),
</span><span class="boring"> )),
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[track_caller]
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn annotate(self) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;AnnotatedError&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> match self {
</span><span class="boring"> Ok(t) =&gt; Ok(t),
</span><span class="boring"> Err(error_cause) =&gt; Err(Error::new(
</span><span class="boring"> AnnotatedError(()),
</span><span class="boring"> Some(error_cause.into()),
</span><span class="boring"> Some(Location::caller().to_string()),
</span><span class="boring"> )),
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[track_caller]
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn map_context&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug, F: FnOnce(&amp;E) -&gt; T&gt;(
</span><span class="boring"> self,
</span><span class="boring"> op: F,
</span><span class="boring"> ) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> match self {
</span><span class="boring"> Ok(t) =&gt; Ok(t),
</span><span class="boring"> Err(error_cause) =&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> let kind = op(&amp;error_cause);
</span><span class="boring"> Err(Error::new(
</span><span class="boring"> kind,
</span><span class="boring"> Some(error_cause.into()),
</span><span class="boring"> Some(Location::caller().to_string()),
</span><span class="boring"> ))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// An iterator over all error causes/sources
</span><span class="boring">pub struct ErrorIter&lt;'a&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> current: Option&lt;&amp;'a (dyn StdError + 'static)&gt;,
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;'a&gt; Iterator for ErrorIter&lt;'a&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> type Item = &amp;'a (dyn StdError + 'static);
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn next(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;Self::Item&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> let current = self.current;
</span><span class="boring"> self.current = self.current.and_then(StdError::source);
</span><span class="boring"> current
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; std::ops::Deref for Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> type Target = T;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn deref(&amp;self) -&gt; &amp;Self::Target {
</span><span class="boring"> &amp;self.kind
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// Convenience trait to hide the [`Error&lt;T&gt;`](Error) implementation internals
</span><span class="boring">pub trait ErrorDown {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Test if of type `Error&lt;T&gt;`
</span><span class="boring"> fn is_chain&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; bool;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Downcast to a reference of `Error&lt;T&gt;`
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_ref&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Downcast to a mutable reference of `Error&lt;T&gt;`
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_mut&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Downcast to T of `Error&lt;T&gt;`
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_ref&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;T&gt;;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Downcast to T mutable reference of `Error&lt;T&gt;`
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_mut&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut T&gt;;
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;U: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; ErrorDown for Error&lt;U&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn is_chain&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; bool {
</span><span class="boring"> TypeId::of::&lt;T&gt;() == TypeId::of::&lt;U&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_ref&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is_chain::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
</span><span class="boring"> unsafe {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(trivial_casts)]
</span><span class="boring"> Some(*(self as *const dyn StdError as *const &amp;Error&lt;T&gt;))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> None
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_mut&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is_chain::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
</span><span class="boring"> unsafe {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(trivial_casts)]
</span><span class="boring"> Some(&amp;mut *(self as *mut dyn StdError as *mut &amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> None
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_ref&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is_chain::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
</span><span class="boring"> unsafe {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(trivial_casts)]
</span><span class="boring"> Some(&amp;(*(self as *const dyn StdError as *const &amp;Error&lt;T&gt;)).kind)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> None
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_mut&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is_chain::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
</span><span class="boring"> unsafe {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(trivial_casts)]
</span><span class="boring"> Some(&amp;mut (*(self as *mut dyn StdError as *mut &amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;)).kind)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> None
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl ErrorDown for dyn StdError + 'static {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn is_chain&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; bool {
</span><span class="boring"> self.is::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_ref&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_mut&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_ref&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;T&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;().map(|e| e.kind()))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_mut&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> return self.downcast_mut::&lt;T&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::&lt;T&gt;())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl ErrorDown for dyn StdError + 'static + Send {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn is_chain&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; bool {
</span><span class="boring"> self.is::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_ref&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_mut&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_ref&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;T&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;().map(|e| e.kind()))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_mut&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> return self.downcast_mut::&lt;T&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::&lt;T&gt;())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl ErrorDown for dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn is_chain&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; bool {
</span><span class="boring"> self.is::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_ref&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_mut&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_ref&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;T&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;().map(|e| e.kind()))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_mut&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> return self.downcast_mut::&lt;T&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::&lt;T&gt;())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; StdError for Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn source(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;(dyn StdError + 'static)&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.error_cause
</span><span class="boring"> .as_ref()
</span><span class="boring"> .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &amp;(dyn StdError + 'static))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; StdError for &amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn source(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;(dyn StdError + 'static)&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.error_cause
</span><span class="boring"> .as_ref()
</span><span class="boring"> .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &amp;(dyn StdError + 'static))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; Display for Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut Formatter&lt;'_&gt;) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;{}&quot;, self.kind)?;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> if f.alternate() {
</span><span class="boring"> if let Some(e) = self.source() {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;\nCaused by:\n {:#}&quot;, &amp;e)?;
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; Debug for Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut Formatter&lt;'_&gt;) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> if f.alternate() {
</span><span class="boring"> let mut f = f.debug_struct(&amp;format!(&quot;Error&lt;{}&gt;&quot;, std::any::type_name::&lt;T&gt;()));
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> let f = f
</span><span class="boring"> .field(&quot;occurrence&quot;, &amp;self.occurrence)
</span><span class="boring"> .field(&quot;kind&quot;, &amp;self.kind)
</span><span class="boring"> .field(&quot;source&quot;, &amp;self.source());
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> f.finish()
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> if let Some(ref o) = self.occurrence {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;{}: &quot;, o)?;
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> if TypeId::of::&lt;String&gt;() == TypeId::of::&lt;T&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> || TypeId::of::&lt;&amp;str&gt;() == TypeId::of::&lt;T&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> {
</span><span class="boring"> Display::fmt(&amp;self.kind, f)?;
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> Debug::fmt(&amp;self.kind, f)?;
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> if let Some(e) = self.source() {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;\nCaused by:\n{:?}&quot;, &amp;e)?;
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T&gt; From&lt;T&gt; for Error&lt;T&gt;
</span><span class="boring">where
</span><span class="boring"> T: 'static + Display + Debug,
</span><span class="boring">{
</span><span class="boring"> #[track_caller]
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn from(e: T) -&gt; Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> Error::new(e, None, Some(Location::caller().to_string()))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">/// Convenience macro to create a &quot;new type&quot; T(String) and implement Display + Debug for T
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// # Examples
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// ```rust
</span><span class="boring">/// # use chainerror::Context as _;
</span><span class="boring">/// # use chainerror::ErrorDown as _;
</span><span class="boring">/// # use std::error::Error;
</span><span class="boring">/// # use std::io;
</span><span class="boring">/// # use std::result::Result;
</span><span class="boring">/// # fn do_some_io() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// # Ok(())
</span><span class="boring">/// # }
</span><span class="boring">/// chainerror::str_context!(Func2Error);
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// fn func2() -&gt; chainerror::Result&lt;(), Func2Error&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// let filename = &quot;foo.txt&quot;;
</span><span class="boring">/// do_some_io().context(Func2Error(format!(&quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename)))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// chainerror::str_context!(Func1Error);
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// fn func1() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// func2().context(Func1Error::new(&quot;func1 error&quot;))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// # if let Err(e) = func1() {
</span><span class="boring">/// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::&lt;Func1Error&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring">/// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::&lt;chainerror::Error&lt;Func2Error&gt;&gt;().is_some());
</span><span class="boring">/// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::&lt;Func2Error&gt;().is_some());
</span><span class="boring">/// # } else {
</span><span class="boring">/// # panic!();
</span><span class="boring">/// # }
</span><span class="boring">/// # } else {
</span><span class="boring">/// # unreachable!();
</span><span class="boring">/// # }
</span><span class="boring">/// ```
</span><span class="boring">#[macro_export]
</span><span class="boring">macro_rules! str_context {
</span><span class="boring"> ($e:ident) =&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[derive(Clone)]
</span><span class="boring"> pub struct $e(pub String);
</span><span class="boring"> impl $e {
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn new&lt;S: Into&lt;String&gt;&gt;(s: S) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring"> $e(s.into())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> impl ::std::fmt::Display for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; ::std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;{}&quot;, self.0)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> impl ::std::fmt::Debug for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; ::std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;{}({})&quot;, stringify!($e), self.0)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> impl ::std::error::Error for $e {}
</span><span class="boring"> };
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// Derive an Error for an ErrorKind, which wraps a [`Error`](Error) and implements a `kind()` method
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// It basically hides [`Error`](Error) to the outside and only exposes the [`kind()`](Error::kind)
</span><span class="boring">/// method.
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// Error::kind() returns the ErrorKind
</span><span class="boring">/// Error::source() returns the parent error
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// # Examples
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// ```rust
</span><span class="boring">/// use chainerror::Context as _;
</span><span class="boring">/// use std::io;
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// fn do_some_io(_f: &amp;str) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;(), io::Error&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// return Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound));
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
</span><span class="boring">/// pub enum ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring">/// IO(String),
</span><span class="boring">/// FatalError(String),
</span><span class="boring">/// Unknown,
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// chainerror::err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind);
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring">/// fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring">/// match self {
</span><span class="boring">/// ErrorKind::FatalError(e) =&gt; write!(f, &quot;fatal error {}&quot;, e),
</span><span class="boring">/// ErrorKind::Unknown =&gt; write!(f, &quot;unknown error&quot;),
</span><span class="boring">/// ErrorKind::IO(filename) =&gt; write!(f, &quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename),
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// impl ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring">/// fn from_io_error(e: &amp;io::Error, f: String) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring">/// match e.kind() {
</span><span class="boring">/// io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe =&gt; panic!(&quot;Should not happen&quot;),
</span><span class="boring">/// io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset =&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// ErrorKind::FatalError(format!(&quot;While reading `{}`: {}&quot;, f, e))
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// _ =&gt; ErrorKind::IO(f),
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// impl From&lt;&amp;io::Error&gt; for ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring">/// fn from(e: &amp;io::Error) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring">/// ErrorKind::IO(format!(&quot;{}&quot;, e))
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// pub fn func1() -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;(), Error&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// let filename = &quot;bar.txt&quot;;
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// do_some_io(filename).map_context(|e| ErrorKind::from_io_error(e, filename.into()))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// do_some_io(filename).map_context(|e| ErrorKind::IO(filename.into()))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// do_some_io(filename).map_context(|e| ErrorKind::from(e))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// ```
</span><span class="boring">#[macro_export]
</span><span class="boring">macro_rules! err_kind {
</span><span class="boring"> ($e:ident, $k:ident) =&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> pub struct $e($crate::Error&lt;$k&gt;);
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl $e {
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn kind(&amp;self) -&gt; &amp;$k {
</span><span class="boring"> self.0.kind()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl From&lt;$k&gt; for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn from(e: $k) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring"> $e($crate::Error::new(e, None, None))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl From&lt;$crate::Error&lt;$k&gt;&gt; for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn from(e: $crate::Error&lt;$k&gt;) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring"> $e(e)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl From&lt;&amp;$e&gt; for $k
</span><span class="boring"> where
</span><span class="boring"> $k: Clone,
</span><span class="boring"> {
</span><span class="boring"> fn from(e: &amp;$e) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring"> e.kind().clone()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl std::error::Error for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn source(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.0.source()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl std::fmt::Display for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> std::fmt::Display::fmt(&amp;self.0, f)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl std::fmt::Debug for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&amp;self.0, f)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> };
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="the-root-cause-of-all-errors"><a class="header" href="#the-root-cause-of-all-errors">The root cause of all Errors</a></h1>
<p><code>chainerror</code> also has some helper methods:</p>
<pre><code class="language-rust ignore">fn is_chain&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; bool
fn downcast_chain_ref&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;chainerror::Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;
fn downcast_chain_mut&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut chainerror::Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;
fn root_cause(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;(dyn Error + 'static)&gt;
fn find_cause&lt;U: Error + 'static&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;U&gt;
fn find_chain_cause&lt;U: Error + 'static&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;chainerror::Error&lt;U&gt;&gt;
fn kind&lt;'a&gt;(&amp;'a self) -&gt; &amp;'a T</code></pre>
<p>Using <code>downcast_chain_ref::&lt;String&gt;()</code> gives a <code>chainerror::Error&lt;String&gt;</code>, which can be used
to call <code>.find_cause::&lt;io::Error&gt;()</code>. </p>
<pre><code class="language-rust ignore"> if let Some(s) = e.downcast_chain_ref::&lt;String&gt;() {
if let Some(ioerror) = s.find_cause::&lt;io::Error&gt;() {</code></pre>
<p>or to use <code>.root_cause()</code>, which of course can be of any type implementing <code>std::error::Error</code>.</p>
<pre><code class="language-rust ignore"> if let Some(e) = s.root_cause() {</code></pre>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">#![allow(clippy::single_match)]
#![allow(clippy::redundant_pattern_matching)]
use chainerror::{Context as _, ErrorDown as _};
use std::error::Error;
use std::io;
fn do_some_io() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
Ok(())
}
fn func2() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
let filename = &quot;foo.txt&quot;;
do_some_io().context(format!(&quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename))?;
Ok(())
}
fn func1() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
func2().context(&quot;func1 error&quot;)?;
Ok(())
}
fn main() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
if let Err(e) = func1() {
eprintln!(&quot;Error: {}&quot;, e);
if let Some(s) = e.downcast_chain_ref::&lt;String&gt;() {
if let Some(ioerror) = s.find_cause::&lt;io::Error&gt;() {
eprintln!(&quot;caused by: std::io::Error: {}&quot;, ioerror);
match ioerror.kind() {
io::ErrorKind::NotFound =&gt; eprintln!(&quot;of kind: std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound&quot;),
_ =&gt; {}
}
}
if let Some(e) = s.root_cause() {
let ioerror = e.downcast_ref::&lt;io::Error&gt;().unwrap();
eprintln!(&quot;The root cause was: std::io::Error: {:#?}&quot;, ioerror);
}
}
std::process::exit(1);
}
Ok(())
}
<span class="boring">#[allow(dead_code)]
</span><span class="boring">mod chainerror {
</span><span class="boring">#![doc = include_str!(&quot;../README.md&quot;)]
</span><span class="boring">#![deny(clippy::all)]
</span><span class="boring">#![allow(clippy::needless_doctest_main)]
</span><span class="boring">#![deny(missing_docs)]
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">use std::any::TypeId;
</span><span class="boring">use std::error::Error as StdError;
</span><span class="boring">use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter};
</span><span class="boring">use std::panic::Location;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// chains an inner error kind `T` with a causing error
</span><span class="boring">pub struct Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> occurrence: Option&lt;String&gt;,
</span><span class="boring"> kind: T,
</span><span class="boring"> error_cause: Option&lt;Box&lt;dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync&gt;&gt;,
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// convenience type alias
</span><span class="boring">pub type Result&lt;O, E&gt; = std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;E&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Use the `context()` or `map_context()` Result methods instead of calling this directly
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn new(
</span><span class="boring"> kind: T,
</span><span class="boring"> error_cause: Option&lt;Box&lt;dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync&gt;&gt;,
</span><span class="boring"> occurrence: Option&lt;String&gt;,
</span><span class="boring"> ) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring"> Self {
</span><span class="boring"> occurrence,
</span><span class="boring"> kind,
</span><span class="boring"> error_cause,
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// return the root cause of the error chain, if any exists
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn root_cause(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;(dyn StdError + 'static)&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.iter().last()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Find the first error cause of type U, if any exists
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Examples
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```rust
</span><span class="boring"> /// use chainerror::Context as _;
</span><span class="boring"> /// use chainerror::ErrorDown as _;
</span><span class="boring"> /// use std::error::Error;
</span><span class="boring"> /// use std::io;
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn do_some_io() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// chainerror::str_context!(Func2Error);
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn func2() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// let filename = &quot;foo.txt&quot;;
</span><span class="boring"> /// do_some_io().context(Func2Error(format!(&quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename)))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// chainerror::str_context!(Func1Error);
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn func1() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// func2().context(Func1Error::new(&quot;func1 error&quot;))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// if let Err(e) = func1() {
</span><span class="boring"> /// if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::&lt;Func1Error&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> /// assert!(f1err.find_cause::&lt;io::Error&gt;().is_some());
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::&lt;Func2Error&gt;().is_some());
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> /// # else {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # panic!();
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> /// # else {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # unreachable!();
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn find_cause&lt;U: StdError + 'static&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;U&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.iter()
</span><span class="boring"> .filter_map(&lt;dyn StdError&gt;::downcast_ref::&lt;U&gt;)
</span><span class="boring"> .next()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Find the first error cause of type [`Error&lt;U&gt;`](Error), if any exists
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// Same as `find_cause`, but hides the [`Error&lt;U&gt;`](Error) implementation internals
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Examples
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```rust
</span><span class="boring"> /// # chainerror::str_context!(FooError);
</span><span class="boring"> /// # let err = chainerror::Error::new(String::new(), None, None);
</span><span class="boring"> /// // Instead of writing
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_cause::&lt;chainerror::Error&lt;FooError&gt;&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// // leave out the chainerror::Error&lt;FooError&gt; implementation detail
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_chain_cause::&lt;FooError&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn find_chain_cause&lt;U: StdError + 'static&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;U&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.iter()
</span><span class="boring"> .filter_map(&lt;dyn StdError&gt;::downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;U&gt;&gt;)
</span><span class="boring"> .next()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Find the first error cause of type [`Error&lt;U&gt;`](Error) or `U`, if any exists and return `U`
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// Same as `find_cause` and `find_chain_cause`, but hides the [`Error&lt;U&gt;`](Error) implementation internals
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Examples
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```rust
</span><span class="boring"> /// # chainerror::str_context!(FooErrorKind);
</span><span class="boring"> /// # let err = chainerror::Error::new(String::new(), None, None);
</span><span class="boring"> /// // Instead of writing
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_cause::&lt;chainerror::Error&lt;FooErrorKind&gt;&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> /// // and/or
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_chain_cause::&lt;FooErrorKind&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> /// // and/or
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_cause::&lt;FooErrorKind&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// // leave out the chainerror::Error&lt;FooErrorKind&gt; implementation detail
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_kind_or_cause::&lt;FooErrorKind&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn find_kind_or_cause&lt;U: StdError + 'static&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;U&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.iter()
</span><span class="boring"> .filter_map(|e| {
</span><span class="boring"> e.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;U&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .map(|e| e.kind())
</span><span class="boring"> .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::&lt;U&gt;())
</span><span class="boring"> })
</span><span class="boring"> .next()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Return a reference to T of [`Error&lt;T&gt;`](Error)
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Examples
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```rust
</span><span class="boring"> /// use chainerror::Context as _;
</span><span class="boring"> /// use std::error::Error;
</span><span class="boring"> /// use std::io;
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn do_some_io() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// chainerror::str_context!(Func2Error);
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn func2() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// let filename = &quot;foo.txt&quot;;
</span><span class="boring"> /// do_some_io().context(Func2Error(format!(&quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename)))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// #[derive(Debug)]
</span><span class="boring"> /// enum Func1ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Func2,
</span><span class="boring"> /// IO(String),
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// /// impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {…}
</span><span class="boring"> /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; ::std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # match self {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Func1ErrorKind::Func2 =&gt; write!(f, &quot;func1 error calling func2&quot;),
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) =&gt; write!(f, &quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename),
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn func1() -&gt; chainerror::Result&lt;(), Func1ErrorKind&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// func2().context(Func1ErrorKind::Func2)?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// do_some_io().context(Func1ErrorKind::IO(&quot;bar.txt&quot;.into()))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// if let Err(e) = func1() {
</span><span class="boring"> /// match e.kind() {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Func1ErrorKind::Func2 =&gt; {}
</span><span class="boring"> /// Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) =&gt; panic!(),
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> /// # else {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # unreachable!();
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn kind(&amp;self) -&gt; &amp;T {
</span><span class="boring"> &amp;self.kind
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Returns an Iterator over all error causes/sources
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Example
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn iter(&amp;self) -&gt; impl Iterator&lt;Item = &amp;(dyn StdError + 'static)&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> ErrorIter {
</span><span class="boring"> current: Some(self),
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// Convenience methods for `Result&lt;&gt;` to turn the error into a decorated [`Error`](Error)
</span><span class="boring">pub trait Context&lt;O, E: Into&lt;Box&lt;dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync&gt;&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Decorate the error with a `kind` of type `T` and the source `Location`
</span><span class="boring"> fn context&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(self, kind: T) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Decorate the error just with the source `Location`
</span><span class="boring"> fn annotate(self) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;AnnotatedError&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Decorate the `error` with a `kind` of type `T` produced with a `FnOnce(&amp;error)` and the source `Location`
</span><span class="boring"> fn map_context&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug, F: FnOnce(&amp;E) -&gt; T&gt;(
</span><span class="boring"> self,
</span><span class="boring"> op: F,
</span><span class="boring"> ) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// Convenience type to just decorate the error with the source `Location`
</span><span class="boring">pub struct AnnotatedError(());
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl Display for AnnotatedError {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut Formatter&lt;'_&gt;) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;(passed error)&quot;)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl Debug for AnnotatedError {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut Formatter&lt;'_&gt;) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;(passed error)&quot;)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;O, E: Into&lt;Box&lt;dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync&gt;&gt;&gt; Context&lt;O, E&gt;
</span><span class="boring"> for std::result::Result&lt;O, E&gt;
</span><span class="boring">{
</span><span class="boring"> #[track_caller]
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn context&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(self, kind: T) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> match self {
</span><span class="boring"> Ok(t) =&gt; Ok(t),
</span><span class="boring"> Err(error_cause) =&gt; Err(Error::new(
</span><span class="boring"> kind,
</span><span class="boring"> Some(error_cause.into()),
</span><span class="boring"> Some(Location::caller().to_string()),
</span><span class="boring"> )),
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[track_caller]
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn annotate(self) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;AnnotatedError&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> match self {
</span><span class="boring"> Ok(t) =&gt; Ok(t),
</span><span class="boring"> Err(error_cause) =&gt; Err(Error::new(
</span><span class="boring"> AnnotatedError(()),
</span><span class="boring"> Some(error_cause.into()),
</span><span class="boring"> Some(Location::caller().to_string()),
</span><span class="boring"> )),
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[track_caller]
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn map_context&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug, F: FnOnce(&amp;E) -&gt; T&gt;(
</span><span class="boring"> self,
</span><span class="boring"> op: F,
</span><span class="boring"> ) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> match self {
</span><span class="boring"> Ok(t) =&gt; Ok(t),
</span><span class="boring"> Err(error_cause) =&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> let kind = op(&amp;error_cause);
</span><span class="boring"> Err(Error::new(
</span><span class="boring"> kind,
</span><span class="boring"> Some(error_cause.into()),
</span><span class="boring"> Some(Location::caller().to_string()),
</span><span class="boring"> ))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// An iterator over all error causes/sources
</span><span class="boring">pub struct ErrorIter&lt;'a&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> current: Option&lt;&amp;'a (dyn StdError + 'static)&gt;,
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;'a&gt; Iterator for ErrorIter&lt;'a&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> type Item = &amp;'a (dyn StdError + 'static);
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn next(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;Self::Item&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> let current = self.current;
</span><span class="boring"> self.current = self.current.and_then(StdError::source);
</span><span class="boring"> current
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; std::ops::Deref for Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> type Target = T;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn deref(&amp;self) -&gt; &amp;Self::Target {
</span><span class="boring"> &amp;self.kind
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// Convenience trait to hide the [`Error&lt;T&gt;`](Error) implementation internals
</span><span class="boring">pub trait ErrorDown {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Test if of type `Error&lt;T&gt;`
</span><span class="boring"> fn is_chain&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; bool;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Downcast to a reference of `Error&lt;T&gt;`
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_ref&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Downcast to a mutable reference of `Error&lt;T&gt;`
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_mut&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Downcast to T of `Error&lt;T&gt;`
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_ref&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;T&gt;;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Downcast to T mutable reference of `Error&lt;T&gt;`
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_mut&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut T&gt;;
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;U: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; ErrorDown for Error&lt;U&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn is_chain&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; bool {
</span><span class="boring"> TypeId::of::&lt;T&gt;() == TypeId::of::&lt;U&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_ref&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is_chain::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
</span><span class="boring"> unsafe {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(trivial_casts)]
</span><span class="boring"> Some(*(self as *const dyn StdError as *const &amp;Error&lt;T&gt;))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> None
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_mut&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is_chain::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
</span><span class="boring"> unsafe {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(trivial_casts)]
</span><span class="boring"> Some(&amp;mut *(self as *mut dyn StdError as *mut &amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> None
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_ref&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is_chain::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
</span><span class="boring"> unsafe {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(trivial_casts)]
</span><span class="boring"> Some(&amp;(*(self as *const dyn StdError as *const &amp;Error&lt;T&gt;)).kind)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> None
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_mut&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is_chain::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
</span><span class="boring"> unsafe {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(trivial_casts)]
</span><span class="boring"> Some(&amp;mut (*(self as *mut dyn StdError as *mut &amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;)).kind)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> None
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl ErrorDown for dyn StdError + 'static {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn is_chain&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; bool {
</span><span class="boring"> self.is::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_ref&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_mut&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_ref&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;T&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;().map(|e| e.kind()))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_mut&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> return self.downcast_mut::&lt;T&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::&lt;T&gt;())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl ErrorDown for dyn StdError + 'static + Send {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn is_chain&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; bool {
</span><span class="boring"> self.is::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_ref&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_mut&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_ref&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;T&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;().map(|e| e.kind()))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_mut&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> return self.downcast_mut::&lt;T&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::&lt;T&gt;())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl ErrorDown for dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn is_chain&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; bool {
</span><span class="boring"> self.is::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_ref&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_mut&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_ref&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;T&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;().map(|e| e.kind()))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_mut&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> return self.downcast_mut::&lt;T&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::&lt;T&gt;())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; StdError for Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn source(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;(dyn StdError + 'static)&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.error_cause
</span><span class="boring"> .as_ref()
</span><span class="boring"> .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &amp;(dyn StdError + 'static))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; StdError for &amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn source(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;(dyn StdError + 'static)&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.error_cause
</span><span class="boring"> .as_ref()
</span><span class="boring"> .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &amp;(dyn StdError + 'static))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; Display for Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut Formatter&lt;'_&gt;) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;{}&quot;, self.kind)?;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> if f.alternate() {
</span><span class="boring"> if let Some(e) = self.source() {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;\nCaused by:\n {:#}&quot;, &amp;e)?;
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; Debug for Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut Formatter&lt;'_&gt;) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> if f.alternate() {
</span><span class="boring"> let mut f = f.debug_struct(&amp;format!(&quot;Error&lt;{}&gt;&quot;, std::any::type_name::&lt;T&gt;()));
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> let f = f
</span><span class="boring"> .field(&quot;occurrence&quot;, &amp;self.occurrence)
</span><span class="boring"> .field(&quot;kind&quot;, &amp;self.kind)
</span><span class="boring"> .field(&quot;source&quot;, &amp;self.source());
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> f.finish()
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> if let Some(ref o) = self.occurrence {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;{}: &quot;, o)?;
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> if TypeId::of::&lt;String&gt;() == TypeId::of::&lt;T&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> || TypeId::of::&lt;&amp;str&gt;() == TypeId::of::&lt;T&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> {
</span><span class="boring"> Display::fmt(&amp;self.kind, f)?;
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> Debug::fmt(&amp;self.kind, f)?;
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> if let Some(e) = self.source() {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;\nCaused by:\n{:?}&quot;, &amp;e)?;
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T&gt; From&lt;T&gt; for Error&lt;T&gt;
</span><span class="boring">where
</span><span class="boring"> T: 'static + Display + Debug,
</span><span class="boring">{
</span><span class="boring"> #[track_caller]
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn from(e: T) -&gt; Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> Error::new(e, None, Some(Location::caller().to_string()))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">/// Convenience macro to create a &quot;new type&quot; T(String) and implement Display + Debug for T
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// # Examples
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// ```rust
</span><span class="boring">/// # use chainerror::Context as _;
</span><span class="boring">/// # use chainerror::ErrorDown as _;
</span><span class="boring">/// # use std::error::Error;
</span><span class="boring">/// # use std::io;
</span><span class="boring">/// # use std::result::Result;
</span><span class="boring">/// # fn do_some_io() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// # Ok(())
</span><span class="boring">/// # }
</span><span class="boring">/// chainerror::str_context!(Func2Error);
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// fn func2() -&gt; chainerror::Result&lt;(), Func2Error&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// let filename = &quot;foo.txt&quot;;
</span><span class="boring">/// do_some_io().context(Func2Error(format!(&quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename)))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// chainerror::str_context!(Func1Error);
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// fn func1() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// func2().context(Func1Error::new(&quot;func1 error&quot;))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// # if let Err(e) = func1() {
</span><span class="boring">/// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::&lt;Func1Error&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring">/// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::&lt;chainerror::Error&lt;Func2Error&gt;&gt;().is_some());
</span><span class="boring">/// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::&lt;Func2Error&gt;().is_some());
</span><span class="boring">/// # } else {
</span><span class="boring">/// # panic!();
</span><span class="boring">/// # }
</span><span class="boring">/// # } else {
</span><span class="boring">/// # unreachable!();
</span><span class="boring">/// # }
</span><span class="boring">/// ```
</span><span class="boring">#[macro_export]
</span><span class="boring">macro_rules! str_context {
</span><span class="boring"> ($e:ident) =&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[derive(Clone)]
</span><span class="boring"> pub struct $e(pub String);
</span><span class="boring"> impl $e {
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn new&lt;S: Into&lt;String&gt;&gt;(s: S) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring"> $e(s.into())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> impl ::std::fmt::Display for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; ::std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;{}&quot;, self.0)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> impl ::std::fmt::Debug for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; ::std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;{}({})&quot;, stringify!($e), self.0)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> impl ::std::error::Error for $e {}
</span><span class="boring"> };
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// Derive an Error for an ErrorKind, which wraps a [`Error`](Error) and implements a `kind()` method
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// It basically hides [`Error`](Error) to the outside and only exposes the [`kind()`](Error::kind)
</span><span class="boring">/// method.
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// Error::kind() returns the ErrorKind
</span><span class="boring">/// Error::source() returns the parent error
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// # Examples
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// ```rust
</span><span class="boring">/// use chainerror::Context as _;
</span><span class="boring">/// use std::io;
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// fn do_some_io(_f: &amp;str) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;(), io::Error&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// return Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound));
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
</span><span class="boring">/// pub enum ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring">/// IO(String),
</span><span class="boring">/// FatalError(String),
</span><span class="boring">/// Unknown,
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// chainerror::err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind);
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring">/// fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring">/// match self {
</span><span class="boring">/// ErrorKind::FatalError(e) =&gt; write!(f, &quot;fatal error {}&quot;, e),
</span><span class="boring">/// ErrorKind::Unknown =&gt; write!(f, &quot;unknown error&quot;),
</span><span class="boring">/// ErrorKind::IO(filename) =&gt; write!(f, &quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename),
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// impl ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring">/// fn from_io_error(e: &amp;io::Error, f: String) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring">/// match e.kind() {
</span><span class="boring">/// io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe =&gt; panic!(&quot;Should not happen&quot;),
</span><span class="boring">/// io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset =&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// ErrorKind::FatalError(format!(&quot;While reading `{}`: {}&quot;, f, e))
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// _ =&gt; ErrorKind::IO(f),
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// impl From&lt;&amp;io::Error&gt; for ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring">/// fn from(e: &amp;io::Error) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring">/// ErrorKind::IO(format!(&quot;{}&quot;, e))
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// pub fn func1() -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;(), Error&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// let filename = &quot;bar.txt&quot;;
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// do_some_io(filename).map_context(|e| ErrorKind::from_io_error(e, filename.into()))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// do_some_io(filename).map_context(|e| ErrorKind::IO(filename.into()))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// do_some_io(filename).map_context(|e| ErrorKind::from(e))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// ```
</span><span class="boring">#[macro_export]
</span><span class="boring">macro_rules! err_kind {
</span><span class="boring"> ($e:ident, $k:ident) =&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> pub struct $e($crate::Error&lt;$k&gt;);
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl $e {
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn kind(&amp;self) -&gt; &amp;$k {
</span><span class="boring"> self.0.kind()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl From&lt;$k&gt; for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn from(e: $k) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring"> $e($crate::Error::new(e, None, None))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl From&lt;$crate::Error&lt;$k&gt;&gt; for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn from(e: $crate::Error&lt;$k&gt;) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring"> $e(e)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl From&lt;&amp;$e&gt; for $k
</span><span class="boring"> where
</span><span class="boring"> $k: Clone,
</span><span class="boring"> {
</span><span class="boring"> fn from(e: &amp;$e) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring"> e.kind().clone()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl std::error::Error for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn source(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.0.source()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl std::fmt::Display for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> std::fmt::Display::fmt(&amp;self.0, f)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl std::fmt::Debug for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&amp;self.0, f)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> };
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="finding-an-error-cause"><a class="header" href="#finding-an-error-cause">Finding an Error cause</a></h1>
<p>To distinguish the errors occurring in various places, we can define named string errors with the
&quot;new type&quot; pattern.</p>
<pre><code class="language-rust ignore">chainerror::str_context!(Func2Error);
chainerror::str_context!(Func1Error);</code></pre>
<p>Instead of <code>chainerror::Error&lt;String&gt;</code> we now have <code>struct Func1Error(String)</code> and <code>chainerror::Error&lt;Func1Error&gt;</code>.</p>
<p>In the <code>main</code> function you can see, how we can match the different errors.</p>
<p>Also see:</p>
<pre><code class="language-rust ignore"> if let Some(f2err) = f1err.find_chain_cause::&lt;Func2Error&gt;() {</code></pre>
<p>as a shortcut to</p>
<pre><code class="language-rust ignore"> if let Some(f2err) = f1err.find_cause::&lt;chainerror::Error&lt;Func2Error&gt;&gt;() {</code></pre>
<p>hiding the <code>chainerror::Error&lt;T&gt;</code> implementation detail.</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">use chainerror::{Context as _, ErrorDown as _};
use std::error::Error;
use std::io;
fn do_some_io() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
Ok(())
}
chainerror::str_context!(Func2Error);
fn func2() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
let filename = &quot;foo.txt&quot;;
do_some_io().context(Func2Error(format!(&quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename)))?;
Ok(())
}
chainerror::str_context!(Func1Error);
fn func1() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
func2().context(Func1Error::new(&quot;func1 error&quot;))?;
Ok(())
}
fn main() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
if let Err(e) = func1() {
if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::&lt;Func1Error&gt;() {
eprintln!(&quot;Func1Error: {}&quot;, f1err);
if let Some(f2err) = f1err.find_cause::&lt;chainerror::Error&lt;Func2Error&gt;&gt;() {
eprintln!(&quot;Func2Error: {}&quot;, f2err);
}
if let Some(f2err) = f1err.find_chain_cause::&lt;Func2Error&gt;() {
eprintln!(&quot;Debug Func2Error:\n{:?}&quot;, f2err);
}
}
std::process::exit(1);
}
Ok(())
}
<span class="boring">#[allow(dead_code)]
</span><span class="boring">mod chainerror {
</span><span class="boring">#![doc = include_str!(&quot;../README.md&quot;)]
</span><span class="boring">#![deny(clippy::all)]
</span><span class="boring">#![allow(clippy::needless_doctest_main)]
</span><span class="boring">#![deny(missing_docs)]
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">use std::any::TypeId;
</span><span class="boring">use std::error::Error as StdError;
</span><span class="boring">use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter};
</span><span class="boring">use std::panic::Location;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// chains an inner error kind `T` with a causing error
</span><span class="boring">pub struct Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> occurrence: Option&lt;String&gt;,
</span><span class="boring"> kind: T,
</span><span class="boring"> error_cause: Option&lt;Box&lt;dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync&gt;&gt;,
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// convenience type alias
</span><span class="boring">pub type Result&lt;O, E&gt; = std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;E&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Use the `context()` or `map_context()` Result methods instead of calling this directly
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn new(
</span><span class="boring"> kind: T,
</span><span class="boring"> error_cause: Option&lt;Box&lt;dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync&gt;&gt;,
</span><span class="boring"> occurrence: Option&lt;String&gt;,
</span><span class="boring"> ) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring"> Self {
</span><span class="boring"> occurrence,
</span><span class="boring"> kind,
</span><span class="boring"> error_cause,
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// return the root cause of the error chain, if any exists
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn root_cause(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;(dyn StdError + 'static)&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.iter().last()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Find the first error cause of type U, if any exists
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Examples
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```rust
</span><span class="boring"> /// use chainerror::Context as _;
</span><span class="boring"> /// use chainerror::ErrorDown as _;
</span><span class="boring"> /// use std::error::Error;
</span><span class="boring"> /// use std::io;
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn do_some_io() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// chainerror::str_context!(Func2Error);
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn func2() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// let filename = &quot;foo.txt&quot;;
</span><span class="boring"> /// do_some_io().context(Func2Error(format!(&quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename)))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// chainerror::str_context!(Func1Error);
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn func1() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// func2().context(Func1Error::new(&quot;func1 error&quot;))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// if let Err(e) = func1() {
</span><span class="boring"> /// if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::&lt;Func1Error&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> /// assert!(f1err.find_cause::&lt;io::Error&gt;().is_some());
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::&lt;Func2Error&gt;().is_some());
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> /// # else {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # panic!();
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> /// # else {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # unreachable!();
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn find_cause&lt;U: StdError + 'static&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;U&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.iter()
</span><span class="boring"> .filter_map(&lt;dyn StdError&gt;::downcast_ref::&lt;U&gt;)
</span><span class="boring"> .next()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Find the first error cause of type [`Error&lt;U&gt;`](Error), if any exists
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// Same as `find_cause`, but hides the [`Error&lt;U&gt;`](Error) implementation internals
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Examples
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```rust
</span><span class="boring"> /// # chainerror::str_context!(FooError);
</span><span class="boring"> /// # let err = chainerror::Error::new(String::new(), None, None);
</span><span class="boring"> /// // Instead of writing
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_cause::&lt;chainerror::Error&lt;FooError&gt;&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// // leave out the chainerror::Error&lt;FooError&gt; implementation detail
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_chain_cause::&lt;FooError&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn find_chain_cause&lt;U: StdError + 'static&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;U&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.iter()
</span><span class="boring"> .filter_map(&lt;dyn StdError&gt;::downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;U&gt;&gt;)
</span><span class="boring"> .next()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Find the first error cause of type [`Error&lt;U&gt;`](Error) or `U`, if any exists and return `U`
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// Same as `find_cause` and `find_chain_cause`, but hides the [`Error&lt;U&gt;`](Error) implementation internals
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Examples
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```rust
</span><span class="boring"> /// # chainerror::str_context!(FooErrorKind);
</span><span class="boring"> /// # let err = chainerror::Error::new(String::new(), None, None);
</span><span class="boring"> /// // Instead of writing
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_cause::&lt;chainerror::Error&lt;FooErrorKind&gt;&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> /// // and/or
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_chain_cause::&lt;FooErrorKind&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> /// // and/or
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_cause::&lt;FooErrorKind&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// // leave out the chainerror::Error&lt;FooErrorKind&gt; implementation detail
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_kind_or_cause::&lt;FooErrorKind&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn find_kind_or_cause&lt;U: StdError + 'static&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;U&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.iter()
</span><span class="boring"> .filter_map(|e| {
</span><span class="boring"> e.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;U&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .map(|e| e.kind())
</span><span class="boring"> .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::&lt;U&gt;())
</span><span class="boring"> })
</span><span class="boring"> .next()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Return a reference to T of [`Error&lt;T&gt;`](Error)
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Examples
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```rust
</span><span class="boring"> /// use chainerror::Context as _;
</span><span class="boring"> /// use std::error::Error;
</span><span class="boring"> /// use std::io;
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn do_some_io() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// chainerror::str_context!(Func2Error);
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn func2() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// let filename = &quot;foo.txt&quot;;
</span><span class="boring"> /// do_some_io().context(Func2Error(format!(&quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename)))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// #[derive(Debug)]
</span><span class="boring"> /// enum Func1ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Func2,
</span><span class="boring"> /// IO(String),
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// /// impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {…}
</span><span class="boring"> /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; ::std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # match self {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Func1ErrorKind::Func2 =&gt; write!(f, &quot;func1 error calling func2&quot;),
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) =&gt; write!(f, &quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename),
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn func1() -&gt; chainerror::Result&lt;(), Func1ErrorKind&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// func2().context(Func1ErrorKind::Func2)?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// do_some_io().context(Func1ErrorKind::IO(&quot;bar.txt&quot;.into()))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// if let Err(e) = func1() {
</span><span class="boring"> /// match e.kind() {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Func1ErrorKind::Func2 =&gt; {}
</span><span class="boring"> /// Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) =&gt; panic!(),
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> /// # else {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # unreachable!();
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn kind(&amp;self) -&gt; &amp;T {
</span><span class="boring"> &amp;self.kind
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Returns an Iterator over all error causes/sources
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Example
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn iter(&amp;self) -&gt; impl Iterator&lt;Item = &amp;(dyn StdError + 'static)&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> ErrorIter {
</span><span class="boring"> current: Some(self),
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// Convenience methods for `Result&lt;&gt;` to turn the error into a decorated [`Error`](Error)
</span><span class="boring">pub trait Context&lt;O, E: Into&lt;Box&lt;dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync&gt;&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Decorate the error with a `kind` of type `T` and the source `Location`
</span><span class="boring"> fn context&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(self, kind: T) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Decorate the error just with the source `Location`
</span><span class="boring"> fn annotate(self) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;AnnotatedError&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Decorate the `error` with a `kind` of type `T` produced with a `FnOnce(&amp;error)` and the source `Location`
</span><span class="boring"> fn map_context&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug, F: FnOnce(&amp;E) -&gt; T&gt;(
</span><span class="boring"> self,
</span><span class="boring"> op: F,
</span><span class="boring"> ) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// Convenience type to just decorate the error with the source `Location`
</span><span class="boring">pub struct AnnotatedError(());
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl Display for AnnotatedError {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut Formatter&lt;'_&gt;) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;(passed error)&quot;)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl Debug for AnnotatedError {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut Formatter&lt;'_&gt;) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;(passed error)&quot;)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;O, E: Into&lt;Box&lt;dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync&gt;&gt;&gt; Context&lt;O, E&gt;
</span><span class="boring"> for std::result::Result&lt;O, E&gt;
</span><span class="boring">{
</span><span class="boring"> #[track_caller]
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn context&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(self, kind: T) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> match self {
</span><span class="boring"> Ok(t) =&gt; Ok(t),
</span><span class="boring"> Err(error_cause) =&gt; Err(Error::new(
</span><span class="boring"> kind,
</span><span class="boring"> Some(error_cause.into()),
</span><span class="boring"> Some(Location::caller().to_string()),
</span><span class="boring"> )),
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[track_caller]
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn annotate(self) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;AnnotatedError&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> match self {
</span><span class="boring"> Ok(t) =&gt; Ok(t),
</span><span class="boring"> Err(error_cause) =&gt; Err(Error::new(
</span><span class="boring"> AnnotatedError(()),
</span><span class="boring"> Some(error_cause.into()),
</span><span class="boring"> Some(Location::caller().to_string()),
</span><span class="boring"> )),
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[track_caller]
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn map_context&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug, F: FnOnce(&amp;E) -&gt; T&gt;(
</span><span class="boring"> self,
</span><span class="boring"> op: F,
</span><span class="boring"> ) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> match self {
</span><span class="boring"> Ok(t) =&gt; Ok(t),
</span><span class="boring"> Err(error_cause) =&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> let kind = op(&amp;error_cause);
</span><span class="boring"> Err(Error::new(
</span><span class="boring"> kind,
</span><span class="boring"> Some(error_cause.into()),
</span><span class="boring"> Some(Location::caller().to_string()),
</span><span class="boring"> ))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// An iterator over all error causes/sources
</span><span class="boring">pub struct ErrorIter&lt;'a&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> current: Option&lt;&amp;'a (dyn StdError + 'static)&gt;,
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;'a&gt; Iterator for ErrorIter&lt;'a&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> type Item = &amp;'a (dyn StdError + 'static);
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn next(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;Self::Item&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> let current = self.current;
</span><span class="boring"> self.current = self.current.and_then(StdError::source);
</span><span class="boring"> current
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; std::ops::Deref for Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> type Target = T;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn deref(&amp;self) -&gt; &amp;Self::Target {
</span><span class="boring"> &amp;self.kind
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// Convenience trait to hide the [`Error&lt;T&gt;`](Error) implementation internals
</span><span class="boring">pub trait ErrorDown {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Test if of type `Error&lt;T&gt;`
</span><span class="boring"> fn is_chain&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; bool;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Downcast to a reference of `Error&lt;T&gt;`
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_ref&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Downcast to a mutable reference of `Error&lt;T&gt;`
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_mut&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Downcast to T of `Error&lt;T&gt;`
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_ref&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;T&gt;;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Downcast to T mutable reference of `Error&lt;T&gt;`
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_mut&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut T&gt;;
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;U: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; ErrorDown for Error&lt;U&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn is_chain&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; bool {
</span><span class="boring"> TypeId::of::&lt;T&gt;() == TypeId::of::&lt;U&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_ref&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is_chain::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
</span><span class="boring"> unsafe {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(trivial_casts)]
</span><span class="boring"> Some(*(self as *const dyn StdError as *const &amp;Error&lt;T&gt;))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> None
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_mut&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is_chain::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
</span><span class="boring"> unsafe {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(trivial_casts)]
</span><span class="boring"> Some(&amp;mut *(self as *mut dyn StdError as *mut &amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> None
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_ref&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is_chain::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
</span><span class="boring"> unsafe {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(trivial_casts)]
</span><span class="boring"> Some(&amp;(*(self as *const dyn StdError as *const &amp;Error&lt;T&gt;)).kind)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> None
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_mut&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is_chain::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
</span><span class="boring"> unsafe {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(trivial_casts)]
</span><span class="boring"> Some(&amp;mut (*(self as *mut dyn StdError as *mut &amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;)).kind)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> None
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl ErrorDown for dyn StdError + 'static {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn is_chain&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; bool {
</span><span class="boring"> self.is::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_ref&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_mut&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_ref&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;T&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;().map(|e| e.kind()))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_mut&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> return self.downcast_mut::&lt;T&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::&lt;T&gt;())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl ErrorDown for dyn StdError + 'static + Send {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn is_chain&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; bool {
</span><span class="boring"> self.is::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_ref&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_mut&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_ref&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;T&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;().map(|e| e.kind()))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_mut&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> return self.downcast_mut::&lt;T&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::&lt;T&gt;())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl ErrorDown for dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn is_chain&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; bool {
</span><span class="boring"> self.is::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_ref&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_mut&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_ref&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;T&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;().map(|e| e.kind()))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_mut&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> return self.downcast_mut::&lt;T&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::&lt;T&gt;())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; StdError for Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn source(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;(dyn StdError + 'static)&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.error_cause
</span><span class="boring"> .as_ref()
</span><span class="boring"> .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &amp;(dyn StdError + 'static))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; StdError for &amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn source(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;(dyn StdError + 'static)&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.error_cause
</span><span class="boring"> .as_ref()
</span><span class="boring"> .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &amp;(dyn StdError + 'static))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; Display for Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut Formatter&lt;'_&gt;) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;{}&quot;, self.kind)?;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> if f.alternate() {
</span><span class="boring"> if let Some(e) = self.source() {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;\nCaused by:\n {:#}&quot;, &amp;e)?;
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; Debug for Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut Formatter&lt;'_&gt;) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> if f.alternate() {
</span><span class="boring"> let mut f = f.debug_struct(&amp;format!(&quot;Error&lt;{}&gt;&quot;, std::any::type_name::&lt;T&gt;()));
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> let f = f
</span><span class="boring"> .field(&quot;occurrence&quot;, &amp;self.occurrence)
</span><span class="boring"> .field(&quot;kind&quot;, &amp;self.kind)
</span><span class="boring"> .field(&quot;source&quot;, &amp;self.source());
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> f.finish()
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> if let Some(ref o) = self.occurrence {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;{}: &quot;, o)?;
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> if TypeId::of::&lt;String&gt;() == TypeId::of::&lt;T&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> || TypeId::of::&lt;&amp;str&gt;() == TypeId::of::&lt;T&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> {
</span><span class="boring"> Display::fmt(&amp;self.kind, f)?;
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> Debug::fmt(&amp;self.kind, f)?;
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> if let Some(e) = self.source() {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;\nCaused by:\n{:?}&quot;, &amp;e)?;
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T&gt; From&lt;T&gt; for Error&lt;T&gt;
</span><span class="boring">where
</span><span class="boring"> T: 'static + Display + Debug,
</span><span class="boring">{
</span><span class="boring"> #[track_caller]
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn from(e: T) -&gt; Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> Error::new(e, None, Some(Location::caller().to_string()))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">/// Convenience macro to create a &quot;new type&quot; T(String) and implement Display + Debug for T
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// # Examples
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// ```rust
</span><span class="boring">/// # use chainerror::Context as _;
</span><span class="boring">/// # use chainerror::ErrorDown as _;
</span><span class="boring">/// # use std::error::Error;
</span><span class="boring">/// # use std::io;
</span><span class="boring">/// # use std::result::Result;
</span><span class="boring">/// # fn do_some_io() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// # Ok(())
</span><span class="boring">/// # }
</span><span class="boring">/// chainerror::str_context!(Func2Error);
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// fn func2() -&gt; chainerror::Result&lt;(), Func2Error&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// let filename = &quot;foo.txt&quot;;
</span><span class="boring">/// do_some_io().context(Func2Error(format!(&quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename)))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// chainerror::str_context!(Func1Error);
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// fn func1() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// func2().context(Func1Error::new(&quot;func1 error&quot;))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// # if let Err(e) = func1() {
</span><span class="boring">/// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::&lt;Func1Error&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring">/// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::&lt;chainerror::Error&lt;Func2Error&gt;&gt;().is_some());
</span><span class="boring">/// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::&lt;Func2Error&gt;().is_some());
</span><span class="boring">/// # } else {
</span><span class="boring">/// # panic!();
</span><span class="boring">/// # }
</span><span class="boring">/// # } else {
</span><span class="boring">/// # unreachable!();
</span><span class="boring">/// # }
</span><span class="boring">/// ```
</span><span class="boring">#[macro_export]
</span><span class="boring">macro_rules! str_context {
</span><span class="boring"> ($e:ident) =&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[derive(Clone)]
</span><span class="boring"> pub struct $e(pub String);
</span><span class="boring"> impl $e {
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn new&lt;S: Into&lt;String&gt;&gt;(s: S) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring"> $e(s.into())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> impl ::std::fmt::Display for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; ::std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;{}&quot;, self.0)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> impl ::std::fmt::Debug for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; ::std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;{}({})&quot;, stringify!($e), self.0)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> impl ::std::error::Error for $e {}
</span><span class="boring"> };
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// Derive an Error for an ErrorKind, which wraps a [`Error`](Error) and implements a `kind()` method
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// It basically hides [`Error`](Error) to the outside and only exposes the [`kind()`](Error::kind)
</span><span class="boring">/// method.
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// Error::kind() returns the ErrorKind
</span><span class="boring">/// Error::source() returns the parent error
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// # Examples
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// ```rust
</span><span class="boring">/// use chainerror::Context as _;
</span><span class="boring">/// use std::io;
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// fn do_some_io(_f: &amp;str) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;(), io::Error&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// return Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound));
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
</span><span class="boring">/// pub enum ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring">/// IO(String),
</span><span class="boring">/// FatalError(String),
</span><span class="boring">/// Unknown,
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// chainerror::err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind);
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring">/// fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring">/// match self {
</span><span class="boring">/// ErrorKind::FatalError(e) =&gt; write!(f, &quot;fatal error {}&quot;, e),
</span><span class="boring">/// ErrorKind::Unknown =&gt; write!(f, &quot;unknown error&quot;),
</span><span class="boring">/// ErrorKind::IO(filename) =&gt; write!(f, &quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename),
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// impl ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring">/// fn from_io_error(e: &amp;io::Error, f: String) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring">/// match e.kind() {
</span><span class="boring">/// io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe =&gt; panic!(&quot;Should not happen&quot;),
</span><span class="boring">/// io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset =&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// ErrorKind::FatalError(format!(&quot;While reading `{}`: {}&quot;, f, e))
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// _ =&gt; ErrorKind::IO(f),
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// impl From&lt;&amp;io::Error&gt; for ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring">/// fn from(e: &amp;io::Error) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring">/// ErrorKind::IO(format!(&quot;{}&quot;, e))
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// pub fn func1() -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;(), Error&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// let filename = &quot;bar.txt&quot;;
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// do_some_io(filename).map_context(|e| ErrorKind::from_io_error(e, filename.into()))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// do_some_io(filename).map_context(|e| ErrorKind::IO(filename.into()))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// do_some_io(filename).map_context(|e| ErrorKind::from(e))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// ```
</span><span class="boring">#[macro_export]
</span><span class="boring">macro_rules! err_kind {
</span><span class="boring"> ($e:ident, $k:ident) =&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> pub struct $e($crate::Error&lt;$k&gt;);
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl $e {
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn kind(&amp;self) -&gt; &amp;$k {
</span><span class="boring"> self.0.kind()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl From&lt;$k&gt; for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn from(e: $k) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring"> $e($crate::Error::new(e, None, None))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl From&lt;$crate::Error&lt;$k&gt;&gt; for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn from(e: $crate::Error&lt;$k&gt;) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring"> $e(e)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl From&lt;&amp;$e&gt; for $k
</span><span class="boring"> where
</span><span class="boring"> $k: Clone,
</span><span class="boring"> {
</span><span class="boring"> fn from(e: &amp;$e) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring"> e.kind().clone()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl std::error::Error for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn source(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.0.source()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl std::fmt::Display for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> std::fmt::Display::fmt(&amp;self.0, f)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl std::fmt::Debug for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&amp;self.0, f)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> };
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="selective-error-handling"><a class="header" href="#selective-error-handling">Selective Error Handling</a></h1>
<p>What about functions returning different Error types?</p>
<p>In this example <code>func1()</code> can return either <code>Func1ErrorFunc2</code> or <code>Func1ErrorIO</code>.</p>
<p>We might want to <code>match</code> on <code>func1()</code> with something like:</p>
<pre><code class="language-rust ignore">fn main() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
match func1() {
Err(e) if let Some(s) = e.downcast_chain_ref::&lt;Func1ErrorIO&gt;() =&gt;
eprintln!(&quot;Func1ErrorIO:\n{:?}&quot;, s),
Err(e) if let Some(s) = e.downcast_chain_ref::&lt;Func1ErrorFunc2&gt;() =&gt;
eprintln!(&quot;Func1ErrorFunc2:\n{:?}&quot;, s),
Ok(_) =&gt; {},
}
Ok(())
}</code></pre>
<p>but this is not valid rust code, so we end up doing it the hard way.
In the next chapter, we will see, how to solve this more elegantly.</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">use chainerror::{Context as _, ErrorDown};
use std::error::Error;
use std::io;
fn do_some_io() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
Ok(())
}
chainerror::str_context!(Func2Error);
fn func2() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
let filename = &quot;foo.txt&quot;;
do_some_io().context(Func2Error(format!(&quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename)))?;
Ok(())
}
chainerror::str_context!(Func1ErrorFunc2);
chainerror::str_context!(Func1ErrorIO);
fn func1() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
func2().context(Func1ErrorFunc2::new(&quot;func1 error calling func2&quot;))?;
let filename = &quot;bar.txt&quot;;
do_some_io().context(Func1ErrorIO(format!(&quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename)))?;
Ok(())
}
fn main() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
if let Err(e) = func1() {
if let Some(s) = e.downcast_ref::&lt;chainerror::Error&lt;Func1ErrorIO&gt;&gt;() {
eprintln!(&quot;Func1ErrorIO:\n{:?}&quot;, s);
}
if let Some(s) = e.downcast_chain_ref::&lt;Func1ErrorFunc2&gt;() {
eprintln!(&quot;Func1ErrorFunc2:\n{:?}&quot;, s);
}
std::process::exit(1);
}
Ok(())
}
<span class="boring">#[allow(dead_code)]
</span><span class="boring">mod chainerror {
</span><span class="boring">#![doc = include_str!(&quot;../README.md&quot;)]
</span><span class="boring">#![deny(clippy::all)]
</span><span class="boring">#![allow(clippy::needless_doctest_main)]
</span><span class="boring">#![deny(missing_docs)]
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">use std::any::TypeId;
</span><span class="boring">use std::error::Error as StdError;
</span><span class="boring">use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter};
</span><span class="boring">use std::panic::Location;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// chains an inner error kind `T` with a causing error
</span><span class="boring">pub struct Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> occurrence: Option&lt;String&gt;,
</span><span class="boring"> kind: T,
</span><span class="boring"> error_cause: Option&lt;Box&lt;dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync&gt;&gt;,
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// convenience type alias
</span><span class="boring">pub type Result&lt;O, E&gt; = std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;E&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Use the `context()` or `map_context()` Result methods instead of calling this directly
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn new(
</span><span class="boring"> kind: T,
</span><span class="boring"> error_cause: Option&lt;Box&lt;dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync&gt;&gt;,
</span><span class="boring"> occurrence: Option&lt;String&gt;,
</span><span class="boring"> ) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring"> Self {
</span><span class="boring"> occurrence,
</span><span class="boring"> kind,
</span><span class="boring"> error_cause,
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// return the root cause of the error chain, if any exists
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn root_cause(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;(dyn StdError + 'static)&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.iter().last()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Find the first error cause of type U, if any exists
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Examples
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```rust
</span><span class="boring"> /// use chainerror::Context as _;
</span><span class="boring"> /// use chainerror::ErrorDown as _;
</span><span class="boring"> /// use std::error::Error;
</span><span class="boring"> /// use std::io;
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn do_some_io() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// chainerror::str_context!(Func2Error);
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn func2() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// let filename = &quot;foo.txt&quot;;
</span><span class="boring"> /// do_some_io().context(Func2Error(format!(&quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename)))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// chainerror::str_context!(Func1Error);
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn func1() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// func2().context(Func1Error::new(&quot;func1 error&quot;))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// if let Err(e) = func1() {
</span><span class="boring"> /// if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::&lt;Func1Error&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> /// assert!(f1err.find_cause::&lt;io::Error&gt;().is_some());
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::&lt;Func2Error&gt;().is_some());
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> /// # else {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # panic!();
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> /// # else {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # unreachable!();
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn find_cause&lt;U: StdError + 'static&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;U&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.iter()
</span><span class="boring"> .filter_map(&lt;dyn StdError&gt;::downcast_ref::&lt;U&gt;)
</span><span class="boring"> .next()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Find the first error cause of type [`Error&lt;U&gt;`](Error), if any exists
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// Same as `find_cause`, but hides the [`Error&lt;U&gt;`](Error) implementation internals
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Examples
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```rust
</span><span class="boring"> /// # chainerror::str_context!(FooError);
</span><span class="boring"> /// # let err = chainerror::Error::new(String::new(), None, None);
</span><span class="boring"> /// // Instead of writing
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_cause::&lt;chainerror::Error&lt;FooError&gt;&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// // leave out the chainerror::Error&lt;FooError&gt; implementation detail
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_chain_cause::&lt;FooError&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn find_chain_cause&lt;U: StdError + 'static&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;U&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.iter()
</span><span class="boring"> .filter_map(&lt;dyn StdError&gt;::downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;U&gt;&gt;)
</span><span class="boring"> .next()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Find the first error cause of type [`Error&lt;U&gt;`](Error) or `U`, if any exists and return `U`
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// Same as `find_cause` and `find_chain_cause`, but hides the [`Error&lt;U&gt;`](Error) implementation internals
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Examples
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```rust
</span><span class="boring"> /// # chainerror::str_context!(FooErrorKind);
</span><span class="boring"> /// # let err = chainerror::Error::new(String::new(), None, None);
</span><span class="boring"> /// // Instead of writing
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_cause::&lt;chainerror::Error&lt;FooErrorKind&gt;&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> /// // and/or
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_chain_cause::&lt;FooErrorKind&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> /// // and/or
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_cause::&lt;FooErrorKind&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// // leave out the chainerror::Error&lt;FooErrorKind&gt; implementation detail
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_kind_or_cause::&lt;FooErrorKind&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn find_kind_or_cause&lt;U: StdError + 'static&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;U&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.iter()
</span><span class="boring"> .filter_map(|e| {
</span><span class="boring"> e.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;U&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .map(|e| e.kind())
</span><span class="boring"> .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::&lt;U&gt;())
</span><span class="boring"> })
</span><span class="boring"> .next()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Return a reference to T of [`Error&lt;T&gt;`](Error)
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Examples
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```rust
</span><span class="boring"> /// use chainerror::Context as _;
</span><span class="boring"> /// use std::error::Error;
</span><span class="boring"> /// use std::io;
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn do_some_io() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// chainerror::str_context!(Func2Error);
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn func2() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// let filename = &quot;foo.txt&quot;;
</span><span class="boring"> /// do_some_io().context(Func2Error(format!(&quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename)))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// #[derive(Debug)]
</span><span class="boring"> /// enum Func1ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Func2,
</span><span class="boring"> /// IO(String),
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// /// impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {…}
</span><span class="boring"> /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; ::std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # match self {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Func1ErrorKind::Func2 =&gt; write!(f, &quot;func1 error calling func2&quot;),
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) =&gt; write!(f, &quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename),
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn func1() -&gt; chainerror::Result&lt;(), Func1ErrorKind&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// func2().context(Func1ErrorKind::Func2)?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// do_some_io().context(Func1ErrorKind::IO(&quot;bar.txt&quot;.into()))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// if let Err(e) = func1() {
</span><span class="boring"> /// match e.kind() {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Func1ErrorKind::Func2 =&gt; {}
</span><span class="boring"> /// Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) =&gt; panic!(),
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> /// # else {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # unreachable!();
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn kind(&amp;self) -&gt; &amp;T {
</span><span class="boring"> &amp;self.kind
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Returns an Iterator over all error causes/sources
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Example
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn iter(&amp;self) -&gt; impl Iterator&lt;Item = &amp;(dyn StdError + 'static)&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> ErrorIter {
</span><span class="boring"> current: Some(self),
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// Convenience methods for `Result&lt;&gt;` to turn the error into a decorated [`Error`](Error)
</span><span class="boring">pub trait Context&lt;O, E: Into&lt;Box&lt;dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync&gt;&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Decorate the error with a `kind` of type `T` and the source `Location`
</span><span class="boring"> fn context&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(self, kind: T) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Decorate the error just with the source `Location`
</span><span class="boring"> fn annotate(self) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;AnnotatedError&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Decorate the `error` with a `kind` of type `T` produced with a `FnOnce(&amp;error)` and the source `Location`
</span><span class="boring"> fn map_context&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug, F: FnOnce(&amp;E) -&gt; T&gt;(
</span><span class="boring"> self,
</span><span class="boring"> op: F,
</span><span class="boring"> ) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// Convenience type to just decorate the error with the source `Location`
</span><span class="boring">pub struct AnnotatedError(());
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl Display for AnnotatedError {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut Formatter&lt;'_&gt;) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;(passed error)&quot;)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl Debug for AnnotatedError {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut Formatter&lt;'_&gt;) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;(passed error)&quot;)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;O, E: Into&lt;Box&lt;dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync&gt;&gt;&gt; Context&lt;O, E&gt;
</span><span class="boring"> for std::result::Result&lt;O, E&gt;
</span><span class="boring">{
</span><span class="boring"> #[track_caller]
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn context&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(self, kind: T) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> match self {
</span><span class="boring"> Ok(t) =&gt; Ok(t),
</span><span class="boring"> Err(error_cause) =&gt; Err(Error::new(
</span><span class="boring"> kind,
</span><span class="boring"> Some(error_cause.into()),
</span><span class="boring"> Some(Location::caller().to_string()),
</span><span class="boring"> )),
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[track_caller]
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn annotate(self) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;AnnotatedError&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> match self {
</span><span class="boring"> Ok(t) =&gt; Ok(t),
</span><span class="boring"> Err(error_cause) =&gt; Err(Error::new(
</span><span class="boring"> AnnotatedError(()),
</span><span class="boring"> Some(error_cause.into()),
</span><span class="boring"> Some(Location::caller().to_string()),
</span><span class="boring"> )),
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[track_caller]
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn map_context&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug, F: FnOnce(&amp;E) -&gt; T&gt;(
</span><span class="boring"> self,
</span><span class="boring"> op: F,
</span><span class="boring"> ) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> match self {
</span><span class="boring"> Ok(t) =&gt; Ok(t),
</span><span class="boring"> Err(error_cause) =&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> let kind = op(&amp;error_cause);
</span><span class="boring"> Err(Error::new(
</span><span class="boring"> kind,
</span><span class="boring"> Some(error_cause.into()),
</span><span class="boring"> Some(Location::caller().to_string()),
</span><span class="boring"> ))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// An iterator over all error causes/sources
</span><span class="boring">pub struct ErrorIter&lt;'a&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> current: Option&lt;&amp;'a (dyn StdError + 'static)&gt;,
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;'a&gt; Iterator for ErrorIter&lt;'a&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> type Item = &amp;'a (dyn StdError + 'static);
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn next(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;Self::Item&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> let current = self.current;
</span><span class="boring"> self.current = self.current.and_then(StdError::source);
</span><span class="boring"> current
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; std::ops::Deref for Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> type Target = T;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn deref(&amp;self) -&gt; &amp;Self::Target {
</span><span class="boring"> &amp;self.kind
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// Convenience trait to hide the [`Error&lt;T&gt;`](Error) implementation internals
</span><span class="boring">pub trait ErrorDown {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Test if of type `Error&lt;T&gt;`
</span><span class="boring"> fn is_chain&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; bool;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Downcast to a reference of `Error&lt;T&gt;`
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_ref&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Downcast to a mutable reference of `Error&lt;T&gt;`
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_mut&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Downcast to T of `Error&lt;T&gt;`
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_ref&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;T&gt;;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Downcast to T mutable reference of `Error&lt;T&gt;`
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_mut&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut T&gt;;
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;U: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; ErrorDown for Error&lt;U&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn is_chain&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; bool {
</span><span class="boring"> TypeId::of::&lt;T&gt;() == TypeId::of::&lt;U&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_ref&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is_chain::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
</span><span class="boring"> unsafe {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(trivial_casts)]
</span><span class="boring"> Some(*(self as *const dyn StdError as *const &amp;Error&lt;T&gt;))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> None
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_mut&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is_chain::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
</span><span class="boring"> unsafe {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(trivial_casts)]
</span><span class="boring"> Some(&amp;mut *(self as *mut dyn StdError as *mut &amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> None
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_ref&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is_chain::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
</span><span class="boring"> unsafe {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(trivial_casts)]
</span><span class="boring"> Some(&amp;(*(self as *const dyn StdError as *const &amp;Error&lt;T&gt;)).kind)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> None
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_mut&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is_chain::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
</span><span class="boring"> unsafe {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(trivial_casts)]
</span><span class="boring"> Some(&amp;mut (*(self as *mut dyn StdError as *mut &amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;)).kind)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> None
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl ErrorDown for dyn StdError + 'static {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn is_chain&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; bool {
</span><span class="boring"> self.is::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_ref&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_mut&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_ref&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;T&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;().map(|e| e.kind()))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_mut&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> return self.downcast_mut::&lt;T&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::&lt;T&gt;())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl ErrorDown for dyn StdError + 'static + Send {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn is_chain&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; bool {
</span><span class="boring"> self.is::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_ref&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_mut&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_ref&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;T&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;().map(|e| e.kind()))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_mut&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> return self.downcast_mut::&lt;T&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::&lt;T&gt;())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl ErrorDown for dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn is_chain&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; bool {
</span><span class="boring"> self.is::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_ref&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_mut&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_ref&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;T&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;().map(|e| e.kind()))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_mut&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> return self.downcast_mut::&lt;T&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::&lt;T&gt;())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; StdError for Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn source(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;(dyn StdError + 'static)&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.error_cause
</span><span class="boring"> .as_ref()
</span><span class="boring"> .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &amp;(dyn StdError + 'static))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; StdError for &amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn source(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;(dyn StdError + 'static)&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.error_cause
</span><span class="boring"> .as_ref()
</span><span class="boring"> .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &amp;(dyn StdError + 'static))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; Display for Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut Formatter&lt;'_&gt;) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;{}&quot;, self.kind)?;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> if f.alternate() {
</span><span class="boring"> if let Some(e) = self.source() {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;\nCaused by:\n {:#}&quot;, &amp;e)?;
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; Debug for Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut Formatter&lt;'_&gt;) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> if f.alternate() {
</span><span class="boring"> let mut f = f.debug_struct(&amp;format!(&quot;Error&lt;{}&gt;&quot;, std::any::type_name::&lt;T&gt;()));
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> let f = f
</span><span class="boring"> .field(&quot;occurrence&quot;, &amp;self.occurrence)
</span><span class="boring"> .field(&quot;kind&quot;, &amp;self.kind)
</span><span class="boring"> .field(&quot;source&quot;, &amp;self.source());
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> f.finish()
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> if let Some(ref o) = self.occurrence {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;{}: &quot;, o)?;
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> if TypeId::of::&lt;String&gt;() == TypeId::of::&lt;T&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> || TypeId::of::&lt;&amp;str&gt;() == TypeId::of::&lt;T&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> {
</span><span class="boring"> Display::fmt(&amp;self.kind, f)?;
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> Debug::fmt(&amp;self.kind, f)?;
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> if let Some(e) = self.source() {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;\nCaused by:\n{:?}&quot;, &amp;e)?;
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T&gt; From&lt;T&gt; for Error&lt;T&gt;
</span><span class="boring">where
</span><span class="boring"> T: 'static + Display + Debug,
</span><span class="boring">{
</span><span class="boring"> #[track_caller]
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn from(e: T) -&gt; Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> Error::new(e, None, Some(Location::caller().to_string()))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">/// Convenience macro to create a &quot;new type&quot; T(String) and implement Display + Debug for T
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// # Examples
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// ```rust
</span><span class="boring">/// # use chainerror::Context as _;
</span><span class="boring">/// # use chainerror::ErrorDown as _;
</span><span class="boring">/// # use std::error::Error;
</span><span class="boring">/// # use std::io;
</span><span class="boring">/// # use std::result::Result;
</span><span class="boring">/// # fn do_some_io() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// # Ok(())
</span><span class="boring">/// # }
</span><span class="boring">/// chainerror::str_context!(Func2Error);
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// fn func2() -&gt; chainerror::Result&lt;(), Func2Error&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// let filename = &quot;foo.txt&quot;;
</span><span class="boring">/// do_some_io().context(Func2Error(format!(&quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename)))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// chainerror::str_context!(Func1Error);
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// fn func1() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// func2().context(Func1Error::new(&quot;func1 error&quot;))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// # if let Err(e) = func1() {
</span><span class="boring">/// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::&lt;Func1Error&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring">/// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::&lt;chainerror::Error&lt;Func2Error&gt;&gt;().is_some());
</span><span class="boring">/// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::&lt;Func2Error&gt;().is_some());
</span><span class="boring">/// # } else {
</span><span class="boring">/// # panic!();
</span><span class="boring">/// # }
</span><span class="boring">/// # } else {
</span><span class="boring">/// # unreachable!();
</span><span class="boring">/// # }
</span><span class="boring">/// ```
</span><span class="boring">#[macro_export]
</span><span class="boring">macro_rules! str_context {
</span><span class="boring"> ($e:ident) =&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[derive(Clone)]
</span><span class="boring"> pub struct $e(pub String);
</span><span class="boring"> impl $e {
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn new&lt;S: Into&lt;String&gt;&gt;(s: S) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring"> $e(s.into())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> impl ::std::fmt::Display for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; ::std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;{}&quot;, self.0)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> impl ::std::fmt::Debug for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; ::std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;{}({})&quot;, stringify!($e), self.0)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> impl ::std::error::Error for $e {}
</span><span class="boring"> };
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// Derive an Error for an ErrorKind, which wraps a [`Error`](Error) and implements a `kind()` method
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// It basically hides [`Error`](Error) to the outside and only exposes the [`kind()`](Error::kind)
</span><span class="boring">/// method.
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// Error::kind() returns the ErrorKind
</span><span class="boring">/// Error::source() returns the parent error
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// # Examples
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// ```rust
</span><span class="boring">/// use chainerror::Context as _;
</span><span class="boring">/// use std::io;
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// fn do_some_io(_f: &amp;str) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;(), io::Error&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// return Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound));
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
</span><span class="boring">/// pub enum ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring">/// IO(String),
</span><span class="boring">/// FatalError(String),
</span><span class="boring">/// Unknown,
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// chainerror::err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind);
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring">/// fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring">/// match self {
</span><span class="boring">/// ErrorKind::FatalError(e) =&gt; write!(f, &quot;fatal error {}&quot;, e),
</span><span class="boring">/// ErrorKind::Unknown =&gt; write!(f, &quot;unknown error&quot;),
</span><span class="boring">/// ErrorKind::IO(filename) =&gt; write!(f, &quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename),
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// impl ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring">/// fn from_io_error(e: &amp;io::Error, f: String) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring">/// match e.kind() {
</span><span class="boring">/// io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe =&gt; panic!(&quot;Should not happen&quot;),
</span><span class="boring">/// io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset =&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// ErrorKind::FatalError(format!(&quot;While reading `{}`: {}&quot;, f, e))
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// _ =&gt; ErrorKind::IO(f),
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// impl From&lt;&amp;io::Error&gt; for ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring">/// fn from(e: &amp;io::Error) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring">/// ErrorKind::IO(format!(&quot;{}&quot;, e))
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// pub fn func1() -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;(), Error&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// let filename = &quot;bar.txt&quot;;
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// do_some_io(filename).map_context(|e| ErrorKind::from_io_error(e, filename.into()))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// do_some_io(filename).map_context(|e| ErrorKind::IO(filename.into()))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// do_some_io(filename).map_context(|e| ErrorKind::from(e))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// ```
</span><span class="boring">#[macro_export]
</span><span class="boring">macro_rules! err_kind {
</span><span class="boring"> ($e:ident, $k:ident) =&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> pub struct $e($crate::Error&lt;$k&gt;);
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl $e {
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn kind(&amp;self) -&gt; &amp;$k {
</span><span class="boring"> self.0.kind()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl From&lt;$k&gt; for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn from(e: $k) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring"> $e($crate::Error::new(e, None, None))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl From&lt;$crate::Error&lt;$k&gt;&gt; for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn from(e: $crate::Error&lt;$k&gt;) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring"> $e(e)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl From&lt;&amp;$e&gt; for $k
</span><span class="boring"> where
</span><span class="boring"> $k: Clone,
</span><span class="boring"> {
</span><span class="boring"> fn from(e: &amp;$e) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring"> e.kind().clone()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl std::error::Error for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn source(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.0.source()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl std::fmt::Display for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> std::fmt::Display::fmt(&amp;self.0, f)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl std::fmt::Debug for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&amp;self.0, f)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> };
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="errorkind-to-the-rescue"><a class="header" href="#errorkind-to-the-rescue">ErrorKind to the rescue</a></h1>
<p>To cope with different kind of errors, we introduce the <code>kind</code> of an error <code>Func1ErrorKind</code> with an enum.</p>
<p>Because we derive <code>Debug</code> and implement <code>Display</code> our <code>Func1ErrorKind</code> enum, this enum can be used as
a <code>std::error::Error</code>.</p>
<p>Only returning <code>Func1ErrorKind</code> in <code>func1()</code> now let us get rid of <code>Result&lt;(), Box&lt;Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt;</code> and we can
use <code>ChainResult&lt;(), Func1ErrorKind&gt;</code>.</p>
<p>In <code>main</code> we can now directly use the methods of <code>chainerror::Error&lt;T&gt;</code> without downcasting the error first.</p>
<p>Also, a nice <code>match</code> on <code>chainerror::Error&lt;T&gt;.kind()</code> is now possible, which returns <code>&amp;T</code>, meaning <code>&amp;Func1ErrorKind</code> here.</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">use chainerror::Context as _;
use std::error::Error;
use std::io;
fn do_some_io() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
Ok(())
}
chainerror::str_context!(Func2Error);
fn func2() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
let filename = &quot;foo.txt&quot;;
do_some_io().context(Func2Error(format!(&quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename)))?;
Ok(())
}
#[derive(Debug)]
enum Func1ErrorKind {
Func2,
IO(String),
}
impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {
fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; ::std::fmt::Result {
match self {
Func1ErrorKind::Func2 =&gt; write!(f, &quot;func1 error calling func2&quot;),
Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) =&gt; write!(f, &quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename),
}
}
}
impl ::std::error::Error for Func1ErrorKind {}
fn func1() -&gt; chainerror::Result&lt;(), Func1ErrorKind&gt; {
func2().context(Func1ErrorKind::Func2)?;
let filename = String::from(&quot;bar.txt&quot;);
do_some_io().context(Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename))?;
Ok(())
}
fn main() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
if let Err(e) = func1() {
match e.kind() {
Func1ErrorKind::Func2 =&gt; eprintln!(&quot;Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2&quot;),
Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) =&gt; {
eprintln!(&quot;Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'&quot;, filename)
}
}
if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::&lt;Func2Error&gt;() {
eprintln!(&quot;\nError reported by Func2Error: {}&quot;, e)
}
eprintln!(&quot;\nDebug Error:\n{:?}&quot;, e);
std::process::exit(1);
}
Ok(())
}
<span class="boring">#[allow(dead_code)]
</span><span class="boring">mod chainerror {
</span><span class="boring">#![doc = include_str!(&quot;../README.md&quot;)]
</span><span class="boring">#![deny(clippy::all)]
</span><span class="boring">#![allow(clippy::needless_doctest_main)]
</span><span class="boring">#![deny(missing_docs)]
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">use std::any::TypeId;
</span><span class="boring">use std::error::Error as StdError;
</span><span class="boring">use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter};
</span><span class="boring">use std::panic::Location;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// chains an inner error kind `T` with a causing error
</span><span class="boring">pub struct Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> occurrence: Option&lt;String&gt;,
</span><span class="boring"> kind: T,
</span><span class="boring"> error_cause: Option&lt;Box&lt;dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync&gt;&gt;,
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// convenience type alias
</span><span class="boring">pub type Result&lt;O, E&gt; = std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;E&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Use the `context()` or `map_context()` Result methods instead of calling this directly
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn new(
</span><span class="boring"> kind: T,
</span><span class="boring"> error_cause: Option&lt;Box&lt;dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync&gt;&gt;,
</span><span class="boring"> occurrence: Option&lt;String&gt;,
</span><span class="boring"> ) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring"> Self {
</span><span class="boring"> occurrence,
</span><span class="boring"> kind,
</span><span class="boring"> error_cause,
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// return the root cause of the error chain, if any exists
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn root_cause(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;(dyn StdError + 'static)&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.iter().last()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Find the first error cause of type U, if any exists
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Examples
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```rust
</span><span class="boring"> /// use chainerror::Context as _;
</span><span class="boring"> /// use chainerror::ErrorDown as _;
</span><span class="boring"> /// use std::error::Error;
</span><span class="boring"> /// use std::io;
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn do_some_io() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// chainerror::str_context!(Func2Error);
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn func2() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// let filename = &quot;foo.txt&quot;;
</span><span class="boring"> /// do_some_io().context(Func2Error(format!(&quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename)))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// chainerror::str_context!(Func1Error);
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn func1() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// func2().context(Func1Error::new(&quot;func1 error&quot;))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// if let Err(e) = func1() {
</span><span class="boring"> /// if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::&lt;Func1Error&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> /// assert!(f1err.find_cause::&lt;io::Error&gt;().is_some());
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::&lt;Func2Error&gt;().is_some());
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> /// # else {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # panic!();
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> /// # else {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # unreachable!();
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn find_cause&lt;U: StdError + 'static&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;U&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.iter()
</span><span class="boring"> .filter_map(&lt;dyn StdError&gt;::downcast_ref::&lt;U&gt;)
</span><span class="boring"> .next()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Find the first error cause of type [`Error&lt;U&gt;`](Error), if any exists
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// Same as `find_cause`, but hides the [`Error&lt;U&gt;`](Error) implementation internals
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Examples
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```rust
</span><span class="boring"> /// # chainerror::str_context!(FooError);
</span><span class="boring"> /// # let err = chainerror::Error::new(String::new(), None, None);
</span><span class="boring"> /// // Instead of writing
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_cause::&lt;chainerror::Error&lt;FooError&gt;&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// // leave out the chainerror::Error&lt;FooError&gt; implementation detail
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_chain_cause::&lt;FooError&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn find_chain_cause&lt;U: StdError + 'static&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;U&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.iter()
</span><span class="boring"> .filter_map(&lt;dyn StdError&gt;::downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;U&gt;&gt;)
</span><span class="boring"> .next()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Find the first error cause of type [`Error&lt;U&gt;`](Error) or `U`, if any exists and return `U`
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// Same as `find_cause` and `find_chain_cause`, but hides the [`Error&lt;U&gt;`](Error) implementation internals
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Examples
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```rust
</span><span class="boring"> /// # chainerror::str_context!(FooErrorKind);
</span><span class="boring"> /// # let err = chainerror::Error::new(String::new(), None, None);
</span><span class="boring"> /// // Instead of writing
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_cause::&lt;chainerror::Error&lt;FooErrorKind&gt;&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> /// // and/or
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_chain_cause::&lt;FooErrorKind&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> /// // and/or
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_cause::&lt;FooErrorKind&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// // leave out the chainerror::Error&lt;FooErrorKind&gt; implementation detail
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_kind_or_cause::&lt;FooErrorKind&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn find_kind_or_cause&lt;U: StdError + 'static&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;U&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.iter()
</span><span class="boring"> .filter_map(|e| {
</span><span class="boring"> e.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;U&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .map(|e| e.kind())
</span><span class="boring"> .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::&lt;U&gt;())
</span><span class="boring"> })
</span><span class="boring"> .next()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Return a reference to T of [`Error&lt;T&gt;`](Error)
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Examples
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```rust
</span><span class="boring"> /// use chainerror::Context as _;
</span><span class="boring"> /// use std::error::Error;
</span><span class="boring"> /// use std::io;
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn do_some_io() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// chainerror::str_context!(Func2Error);
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn func2() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// let filename = &quot;foo.txt&quot;;
</span><span class="boring"> /// do_some_io().context(Func2Error(format!(&quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename)))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// #[derive(Debug)]
</span><span class="boring"> /// enum Func1ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Func2,
</span><span class="boring"> /// IO(String),
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// /// impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {…}
</span><span class="boring"> /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; ::std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # match self {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Func1ErrorKind::Func2 =&gt; write!(f, &quot;func1 error calling func2&quot;),
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) =&gt; write!(f, &quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename),
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn func1() -&gt; chainerror::Result&lt;(), Func1ErrorKind&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// func2().context(Func1ErrorKind::Func2)?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// do_some_io().context(Func1ErrorKind::IO(&quot;bar.txt&quot;.into()))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// if let Err(e) = func1() {
</span><span class="boring"> /// match e.kind() {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Func1ErrorKind::Func2 =&gt; {}
</span><span class="boring"> /// Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) =&gt; panic!(),
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> /// # else {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # unreachable!();
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn kind(&amp;self) -&gt; &amp;T {
</span><span class="boring"> &amp;self.kind
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Returns an Iterator over all error causes/sources
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Example
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn iter(&amp;self) -&gt; impl Iterator&lt;Item = &amp;(dyn StdError + 'static)&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> ErrorIter {
</span><span class="boring"> current: Some(self),
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// Convenience methods for `Result&lt;&gt;` to turn the error into a decorated [`Error`](Error)
</span><span class="boring">pub trait Context&lt;O, E: Into&lt;Box&lt;dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync&gt;&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Decorate the error with a `kind` of type `T` and the source `Location`
</span><span class="boring"> fn context&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(self, kind: T) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Decorate the error just with the source `Location`
</span><span class="boring"> fn annotate(self) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;AnnotatedError&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Decorate the `error` with a `kind` of type `T` produced with a `FnOnce(&amp;error)` and the source `Location`
</span><span class="boring"> fn map_context&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug, F: FnOnce(&amp;E) -&gt; T&gt;(
</span><span class="boring"> self,
</span><span class="boring"> op: F,
</span><span class="boring"> ) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// Convenience type to just decorate the error with the source `Location`
</span><span class="boring">pub struct AnnotatedError(());
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl Display for AnnotatedError {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut Formatter&lt;'_&gt;) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;(passed error)&quot;)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl Debug for AnnotatedError {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut Formatter&lt;'_&gt;) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;(passed error)&quot;)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;O, E: Into&lt;Box&lt;dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync&gt;&gt;&gt; Context&lt;O, E&gt;
</span><span class="boring"> for std::result::Result&lt;O, E&gt;
</span><span class="boring">{
</span><span class="boring"> #[track_caller]
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn context&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(self, kind: T) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> match self {
</span><span class="boring"> Ok(t) =&gt; Ok(t),
</span><span class="boring"> Err(error_cause) =&gt; Err(Error::new(
</span><span class="boring"> kind,
</span><span class="boring"> Some(error_cause.into()),
</span><span class="boring"> Some(Location::caller().to_string()),
</span><span class="boring"> )),
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[track_caller]
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn annotate(self) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;AnnotatedError&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> match self {
</span><span class="boring"> Ok(t) =&gt; Ok(t),
</span><span class="boring"> Err(error_cause) =&gt; Err(Error::new(
</span><span class="boring"> AnnotatedError(()),
</span><span class="boring"> Some(error_cause.into()),
</span><span class="boring"> Some(Location::caller().to_string()),
</span><span class="boring"> )),
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[track_caller]
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn map_context&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug, F: FnOnce(&amp;E) -&gt; T&gt;(
</span><span class="boring"> self,
</span><span class="boring"> op: F,
</span><span class="boring"> ) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> match self {
</span><span class="boring"> Ok(t) =&gt; Ok(t),
</span><span class="boring"> Err(error_cause) =&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> let kind = op(&amp;error_cause);
</span><span class="boring"> Err(Error::new(
</span><span class="boring"> kind,
</span><span class="boring"> Some(error_cause.into()),
</span><span class="boring"> Some(Location::caller().to_string()),
</span><span class="boring"> ))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// An iterator over all error causes/sources
</span><span class="boring">pub struct ErrorIter&lt;'a&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> current: Option&lt;&amp;'a (dyn StdError + 'static)&gt;,
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;'a&gt; Iterator for ErrorIter&lt;'a&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> type Item = &amp;'a (dyn StdError + 'static);
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn next(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;Self::Item&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> let current = self.current;
</span><span class="boring"> self.current = self.current.and_then(StdError::source);
</span><span class="boring"> current
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; std::ops::Deref for Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> type Target = T;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn deref(&amp;self) -&gt; &amp;Self::Target {
</span><span class="boring"> &amp;self.kind
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// Convenience trait to hide the [`Error&lt;T&gt;`](Error) implementation internals
</span><span class="boring">pub trait ErrorDown {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Test if of type `Error&lt;T&gt;`
</span><span class="boring"> fn is_chain&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; bool;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Downcast to a reference of `Error&lt;T&gt;`
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_ref&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Downcast to a mutable reference of `Error&lt;T&gt;`
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_mut&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Downcast to T of `Error&lt;T&gt;`
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_ref&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;T&gt;;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Downcast to T mutable reference of `Error&lt;T&gt;`
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_mut&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut T&gt;;
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;U: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; ErrorDown for Error&lt;U&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn is_chain&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; bool {
</span><span class="boring"> TypeId::of::&lt;T&gt;() == TypeId::of::&lt;U&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_ref&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is_chain::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
</span><span class="boring"> unsafe {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(trivial_casts)]
</span><span class="boring"> Some(*(self as *const dyn StdError as *const &amp;Error&lt;T&gt;))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> None
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_mut&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is_chain::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
</span><span class="boring"> unsafe {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(trivial_casts)]
</span><span class="boring"> Some(&amp;mut *(self as *mut dyn StdError as *mut &amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> None
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_ref&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is_chain::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
</span><span class="boring"> unsafe {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(trivial_casts)]
</span><span class="boring"> Some(&amp;(*(self as *const dyn StdError as *const &amp;Error&lt;T&gt;)).kind)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> None
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_mut&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is_chain::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
</span><span class="boring"> unsafe {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(trivial_casts)]
</span><span class="boring"> Some(&amp;mut (*(self as *mut dyn StdError as *mut &amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;)).kind)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> None
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl ErrorDown for dyn StdError + 'static {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn is_chain&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; bool {
</span><span class="boring"> self.is::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_ref&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_mut&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_ref&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;T&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;().map(|e| e.kind()))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_mut&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> return self.downcast_mut::&lt;T&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::&lt;T&gt;())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl ErrorDown for dyn StdError + 'static + Send {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn is_chain&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; bool {
</span><span class="boring"> self.is::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_ref&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_mut&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_ref&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;T&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;().map(|e| e.kind()))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_mut&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> return self.downcast_mut::&lt;T&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::&lt;T&gt;())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl ErrorDown for dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn is_chain&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; bool {
</span><span class="boring"> self.is::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_ref&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_mut&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_ref&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;T&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;().map(|e| e.kind()))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_mut&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> return self.downcast_mut::&lt;T&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::&lt;T&gt;())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; StdError for Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn source(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;(dyn StdError + 'static)&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.error_cause
</span><span class="boring"> .as_ref()
</span><span class="boring"> .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &amp;(dyn StdError + 'static))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; StdError for &amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn source(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;(dyn StdError + 'static)&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.error_cause
</span><span class="boring"> .as_ref()
</span><span class="boring"> .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &amp;(dyn StdError + 'static))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; Display for Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut Formatter&lt;'_&gt;) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;{}&quot;, self.kind)?;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> if f.alternate() {
</span><span class="boring"> if let Some(e) = self.source() {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;\nCaused by:\n {:#}&quot;, &amp;e)?;
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; Debug for Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut Formatter&lt;'_&gt;) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> if f.alternate() {
</span><span class="boring"> let mut f = f.debug_struct(&amp;format!(&quot;Error&lt;{}&gt;&quot;, std::any::type_name::&lt;T&gt;()));
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> let f = f
</span><span class="boring"> .field(&quot;occurrence&quot;, &amp;self.occurrence)
</span><span class="boring"> .field(&quot;kind&quot;, &amp;self.kind)
</span><span class="boring"> .field(&quot;source&quot;, &amp;self.source());
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> f.finish()
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> if let Some(ref o) = self.occurrence {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;{}: &quot;, o)?;
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> if TypeId::of::&lt;String&gt;() == TypeId::of::&lt;T&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> || TypeId::of::&lt;&amp;str&gt;() == TypeId::of::&lt;T&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> {
</span><span class="boring"> Display::fmt(&amp;self.kind, f)?;
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> Debug::fmt(&amp;self.kind, f)?;
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> if let Some(e) = self.source() {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;\nCaused by:\n{:?}&quot;, &amp;e)?;
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T&gt; From&lt;T&gt; for Error&lt;T&gt;
</span><span class="boring">where
</span><span class="boring"> T: 'static + Display + Debug,
</span><span class="boring">{
</span><span class="boring"> #[track_caller]
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn from(e: T) -&gt; Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> Error::new(e, None, Some(Location::caller().to_string()))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">/// Convenience macro to create a &quot;new type&quot; T(String) and implement Display + Debug for T
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// # Examples
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// ```rust
</span><span class="boring">/// # use chainerror::Context as _;
</span><span class="boring">/// # use chainerror::ErrorDown as _;
</span><span class="boring">/// # use std::error::Error;
</span><span class="boring">/// # use std::io;
</span><span class="boring">/// # use std::result::Result;
</span><span class="boring">/// # fn do_some_io() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// # Ok(())
</span><span class="boring">/// # }
</span><span class="boring">/// chainerror::str_context!(Func2Error);
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// fn func2() -&gt; chainerror::Result&lt;(), Func2Error&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// let filename = &quot;foo.txt&quot;;
</span><span class="boring">/// do_some_io().context(Func2Error(format!(&quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename)))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// chainerror::str_context!(Func1Error);
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// fn func1() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// func2().context(Func1Error::new(&quot;func1 error&quot;))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// # if let Err(e) = func1() {
</span><span class="boring">/// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::&lt;Func1Error&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring">/// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::&lt;chainerror::Error&lt;Func2Error&gt;&gt;().is_some());
</span><span class="boring">/// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::&lt;Func2Error&gt;().is_some());
</span><span class="boring">/// # } else {
</span><span class="boring">/// # panic!();
</span><span class="boring">/// # }
</span><span class="boring">/// # } else {
</span><span class="boring">/// # unreachable!();
</span><span class="boring">/// # }
</span><span class="boring">/// ```
</span><span class="boring">#[macro_export]
</span><span class="boring">macro_rules! str_context {
</span><span class="boring"> ($e:ident) =&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[derive(Clone)]
</span><span class="boring"> pub struct $e(pub String);
</span><span class="boring"> impl $e {
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn new&lt;S: Into&lt;String&gt;&gt;(s: S) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring"> $e(s.into())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> impl ::std::fmt::Display for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; ::std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;{}&quot;, self.0)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> impl ::std::fmt::Debug for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; ::std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;{}({})&quot;, stringify!($e), self.0)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> impl ::std::error::Error for $e {}
</span><span class="boring"> };
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// Derive an Error for an ErrorKind, which wraps a [`Error`](Error) and implements a `kind()` method
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// It basically hides [`Error`](Error) to the outside and only exposes the [`kind()`](Error::kind)
</span><span class="boring">/// method.
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// Error::kind() returns the ErrorKind
</span><span class="boring">/// Error::source() returns the parent error
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// # Examples
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// ```rust
</span><span class="boring">/// use chainerror::Context as _;
</span><span class="boring">/// use std::io;
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// fn do_some_io(_f: &amp;str) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;(), io::Error&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// return Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound));
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
</span><span class="boring">/// pub enum ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring">/// IO(String),
</span><span class="boring">/// FatalError(String),
</span><span class="boring">/// Unknown,
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// chainerror::err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind);
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring">/// fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring">/// match self {
</span><span class="boring">/// ErrorKind::FatalError(e) =&gt; write!(f, &quot;fatal error {}&quot;, e),
</span><span class="boring">/// ErrorKind::Unknown =&gt; write!(f, &quot;unknown error&quot;),
</span><span class="boring">/// ErrorKind::IO(filename) =&gt; write!(f, &quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename),
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// impl ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring">/// fn from_io_error(e: &amp;io::Error, f: String) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring">/// match e.kind() {
</span><span class="boring">/// io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe =&gt; panic!(&quot;Should not happen&quot;),
</span><span class="boring">/// io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset =&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// ErrorKind::FatalError(format!(&quot;While reading `{}`: {}&quot;, f, e))
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// _ =&gt; ErrorKind::IO(f),
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// impl From&lt;&amp;io::Error&gt; for ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring">/// fn from(e: &amp;io::Error) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring">/// ErrorKind::IO(format!(&quot;{}&quot;, e))
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// pub fn func1() -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;(), Error&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// let filename = &quot;bar.txt&quot;;
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// do_some_io(filename).map_context(|e| ErrorKind::from_io_error(e, filename.into()))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// do_some_io(filename).map_context(|e| ErrorKind::IO(filename.into()))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// do_some_io(filename).map_context(|e| ErrorKind::from(e))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// ```
</span><span class="boring">#[macro_export]
</span><span class="boring">macro_rules! err_kind {
</span><span class="boring"> ($e:ident, $k:ident) =&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> pub struct $e($crate::Error&lt;$k&gt;);
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl $e {
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn kind(&amp;self) -&gt; &amp;$k {
</span><span class="boring"> self.0.kind()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl From&lt;$k&gt; for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn from(e: $k) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring"> $e($crate::Error::new(e, None, None))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl From&lt;$crate::Error&lt;$k&gt;&gt; for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn from(e: $crate::Error&lt;$k&gt;) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring"> $e(e)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl From&lt;&amp;$e&gt; for $k
</span><span class="boring"> where
</span><span class="boring"> $k: Clone,
</span><span class="boring"> {
</span><span class="boring"> fn from(e: &amp;$e) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring"> e.kind().clone()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl std::error::Error for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn source(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.0.source()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl std::fmt::Display for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> std::fmt::Display::fmt(&amp;self.0, f)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl std::fmt::Debug for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&amp;self.0, f)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> };
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="debug-for-the-errorkind"><a class="header" href="#debug-for-the-errorkind">Debug for the ErrorKind</a></h1>
<p>One small improvement is to fix the debug output of
<code>Func1ErrorKind</code>. As you probably noticed, the output doesn't say much of the enum.</p>
<pre><code>Debug Error:
src/main.rs:35: Func2
[…]
</code></pre>
<p>As a lazy shortcut, we implement <code>Debug</code> by calling <code>Display</code> and end up with</p>
<pre><code>Debug Error:
src/main.rs:40: func1 error calling func2
[…}
</code></pre>
<p>which gives us a lot more detail.</p>
<p>To create your own Errors, you might find <a href="https://crates.io">crates</a> which create enum <code>Display+Debug</code> via derive macros.</p>
<p>Also, noteworthy is <a href="https://crates.io/crates/custom_error">custom_error</a> to define your custom errors,
which can then be used with <code>chainerror</code>.</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">use chainerror::Context as _;
use std::error::Error;
use std::io;
fn do_some_io() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
Ok(())
}
chainerror::str_context!(Func2Error);
fn func2() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
let filename = &quot;foo.txt&quot;;
do_some_io().context(Func2Error(format!(&quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename)))?;
Ok(())
}
enum Func1ErrorKind {
Func2,
IO(String),
}
impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {
fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; ::std::fmt::Result {
match self {
Func1ErrorKind::Func2 =&gt; write!(f, &quot;func1 error calling func2&quot;),
Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) =&gt; write!(f, &quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename),
}
}
}
impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Func1ErrorKind {
fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; ::std::fmt::Result {
write!(f, &quot;{}&quot;, self)
}
}
impl ::std::error::Error for Func1ErrorKind {}
fn func1() -&gt; chainerror::Result&lt;(), Func1ErrorKind&gt; {
func2().context(Func1ErrorKind::Func2)?;
let filename = String::from(&quot;bar.txt&quot;);
do_some_io().context(Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename))?;
Ok(())
}
fn main() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
if let Err(e) = func1() {
match e.kind() {
Func1ErrorKind::Func2 =&gt; eprintln!(&quot;Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2&quot;),
Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) =&gt; {
eprintln!(&quot;Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'&quot;, filename)
}
}
if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::&lt;Func2Error&gt;() {
eprintln!(&quot;\nError reported by Func2Error: {}&quot;, e)
}
eprintln!(&quot;\nDebug Error:\n{:?}&quot;, e);
std::process::exit(1);
}
Ok(())
}
<span class="boring">#[allow(dead_code)]
</span><span class="boring">mod chainerror {
</span><span class="boring">#![doc = include_str!(&quot;../README.md&quot;)]
</span><span class="boring">#![deny(clippy::all)]
</span><span class="boring">#![allow(clippy::needless_doctest_main)]
</span><span class="boring">#![deny(missing_docs)]
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">use std::any::TypeId;
</span><span class="boring">use std::error::Error as StdError;
</span><span class="boring">use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter};
</span><span class="boring">use std::panic::Location;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// chains an inner error kind `T` with a causing error
</span><span class="boring">pub struct Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> occurrence: Option&lt;String&gt;,
</span><span class="boring"> kind: T,
</span><span class="boring"> error_cause: Option&lt;Box&lt;dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync&gt;&gt;,
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// convenience type alias
</span><span class="boring">pub type Result&lt;O, E&gt; = std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;E&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Use the `context()` or `map_context()` Result methods instead of calling this directly
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn new(
</span><span class="boring"> kind: T,
</span><span class="boring"> error_cause: Option&lt;Box&lt;dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync&gt;&gt;,
</span><span class="boring"> occurrence: Option&lt;String&gt;,
</span><span class="boring"> ) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring"> Self {
</span><span class="boring"> occurrence,
</span><span class="boring"> kind,
</span><span class="boring"> error_cause,
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// return the root cause of the error chain, if any exists
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn root_cause(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;(dyn StdError + 'static)&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.iter().last()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Find the first error cause of type U, if any exists
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Examples
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```rust
</span><span class="boring"> /// use chainerror::Context as _;
</span><span class="boring"> /// use chainerror::ErrorDown as _;
</span><span class="boring"> /// use std::error::Error;
</span><span class="boring"> /// use std::io;
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn do_some_io() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// chainerror::str_context!(Func2Error);
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn func2() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// let filename = &quot;foo.txt&quot;;
</span><span class="boring"> /// do_some_io().context(Func2Error(format!(&quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename)))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// chainerror::str_context!(Func1Error);
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn func1() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// func2().context(Func1Error::new(&quot;func1 error&quot;))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// if let Err(e) = func1() {
</span><span class="boring"> /// if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::&lt;Func1Error&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> /// assert!(f1err.find_cause::&lt;io::Error&gt;().is_some());
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::&lt;Func2Error&gt;().is_some());
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> /// # else {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # panic!();
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> /// # else {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # unreachable!();
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn find_cause&lt;U: StdError + 'static&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;U&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.iter()
</span><span class="boring"> .filter_map(&lt;dyn StdError&gt;::downcast_ref::&lt;U&gt;)
</span><span class="boring"> .next()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Find the first error cause of type [`Error&lt;U&gt;`](Error), if any exists
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// Same as `find_cause`, but hides the [`Error&lt;U&gt;`](Error) implementation internals
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Examples
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```rust
</span><span class="boring"> /// # chainerror::str_context!(FooError);
</span><span class="boring"> /// # let err = chainerror::Error::new(String::new(), None, None);
</span><span class="boring"> /// // Instead of writing
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_cause::&lt;chainerror::Error&lt;FooError&gt;&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// // leave out the chainerror::Error&lt;FooError&gt; implementation detail
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_chain_cause::&lt;FooError&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn find_chain_cause&lt;U: StdError + 'static&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;U&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.iter()
</span><span class="boring"> .filter_map(&lt;dyn StdError&gt;::downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;U&gt;&gt;)
</span><span class="boring"> .next()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Find the first error cause of type [`Error&lt;U&gt;`](Error) or `U`, if any exists and return `U`
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// Same as `find_cause` and `find_chain_cause`, but hides the [`Error&lt;U&gt;`](Error) implementation internals
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Examples
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```rust
</span><span class="boring"> /// # chainerror::str_context!(FooErrorKind);
</span><span class="boring"> /// # let err = chainerror::Error::new(String::new(), None, None);
</span><span class="boring"> /// // Instead of writing
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_cause::&lt;chainerror::Error&lt;FooErrorKind&gt;&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> /// // and/or
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_chain_cause::&lt;FooErrorKind&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> /// // and/or
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_cause::&lt;FooErrorKind&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// // leave out the chainerror::Error&lt;FooErrorKind&gt; implementation detail
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_kind_or_cause::&lt;FooErrorKind&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn find_kind_or_cause&lt;U: StdError + 'static&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;U&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.iter()
</span><span class="boring"> .filter_map(|e| {
</span><span class="boring"> e.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;U&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .map(|e| e.kind())
</span><span class="boring"> .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::&lt;U&gt;())
</span><span class="boring"> })
</span><span class="boring"> .next()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Return a reference to T of [`Error&lt;T&gt;`](Error)
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Examples
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```rust
</span><span class="boring"> /// use chainerror::Context as _;
</span><span class="boring"> /// use std::error::Error;
</span><span class="boring"> /// use std::io;
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn do_some_io() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// chainerror::str_context!(Func2Error);
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn func2() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// let filename = &quot;foo.txt&quot;;
</span><span class="boring"> /// do_some_io().context(Func2Error(format!(&quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename)))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// #[derive(Debug)]
</span><span class="boring"> /// enum Func1ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Func2,
</span><span class="boring"> /// IO(String),
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// /// impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {…}
</span><span class="boring"> /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; ::std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # match self {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Func1ErrorKind::Func2 =&gt; write!(f, &quot;func1 error calling func2&quot;),
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) =&gt; write!(f, &quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename),
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn func1() -&gt; chainerror::Result&lt;(), Func1ErrorKind&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// func2().context(Func1ErrorKind::Func2)?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// do_some_io().context(Func1ErrorKind::IO(&quot;bar.txt&quot;.into()))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// if let Err(e) = func1() {
</span><span class="boring"> /// match e.kind() {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Func1ErrorKind::Func2 =&gt; {}
</span><span class="boring"> /// Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) =&gt; panic!(),
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> /// # else {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # unreachable!();
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn kind(&amp;self) -&gt; &amp;T {
</span><span class="boring"> &amp;self.kind
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Returns an Iterator over all error causes/sources
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Example
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn iter(&amp;self) -&gt; impl Iterator&lt;Item = &amp;(dyn StdError + 'static)&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> ErrorIter {
</span><span class="boring"> current: Some(self),
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// Convenience methods for `Result&lt;&gt;` to turn the error into a decorated [`Error`](Error)
</span><span class="boring">pub trait Context&lt;O, E: Into&lt;Box&lt;dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync&gt;&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Decorate the error with a `kind` of type `T` and the source `Location`
</span><span class="boring"> fn context&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(self, kind: T) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Decorate the error just with the source `Location`
</span><span class="boring"> fn annotate(self) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;AnnotatedError&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Decorate the `error` with a `kind` of type `T` produced with a `FnOnce(&amp;error)` and the source `Location`
</span><span class="boring"> fn map_context&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug, F: FnOnce(&amp;E) -&gt; T&gt;(
</span><span class="boring"> self,
</span><span class="boring"> op: F,
</span><span class="boring"> ) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// Convenience type to just decorate the error with the source `Location`
</span><span class="boring">pub struct AnnotatedError(());
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl Display for AnnotatedError {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut Formatter&lt;'_&gt;) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;(passed error)&quot;)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl Debug for AnnotatedError {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut Formatter&lt;'_&gt;) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;(passed error)&quot;)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;O, E: Into&lt;Box&lt;dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync&gt;&gt;&gt; Context&lt;O, E&gt;
</span><span class="boring"> for std::result::Result&lt;O, E&gt;
</span><span class="boring">{
</span><span class="boring"> #[track_caller]
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn context&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(self, kind: T) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> match self {
</span><span class="boring"> Ok(t) =&gt; Ok(t),
</span><span class="boring"> Err(error_cause) =&gt; Err(Error::new(
</span><span class="boring"> kind,
</span><span class="boring"> Some(error_cause.into()),
</span><span class="boring"> Some(Location::caller().to_string()),
</span><span class="boring"> )),
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[track_caller]
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn annotate(self) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;AnnotatedError&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> match self {
</span><span class="boring"> Ok(t) =&gt; Ok(t),
</span><span class="boring"> Err(error_cause) =&gt; Err(Error::new(
</span><span class="boring"> AnnotatedError(()),
</span><span class="boring"> Some(error_cause.into()),
</span><span class="boring"> Some(Location::caller().to_string()),
</span><span class="boring"> )),
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[track_caller]
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn map_context&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug, F: FnOnce(&amp;E) -&gt; T&gt;(
</span><span class="boring"> self,
</span><span class="boring"> op: F,
</span><span class="boring"> ) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> match self {
</span><span class="boring"> Ok(t) =&gt; Ok(t),
</span><span class="boring"> Err(error_cause) =&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> let kind = op(&amp;error_cause);
</span><span class="boring"> Err(Error::new(
</span><span class="boring"> kind,
</span><span class="boring"> Some(error_cause.into()),
</span><span class="boring"> Some(Location::caller().to_string()),
</span><span class="boring"> ))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// An iterator over all error causes/sources
</span><span class="boring">pub struct ErrorIter&lt;'a&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> current: Option&lt;&amp;'a (dyn StdError + 'static)&gt;,
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;'a&gt; Iterator for ErrorIter&lt;'a&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> type Item = &amp;'a (dyn StdError + 'static);
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn next(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;Self::Item&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> let current = self.current;
</span><span class="boring"> self.current = self.current.and_then(StdError::source);
</span><span class="boring"> current
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; std::ops::Deref for Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> type Target = T;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn deref(&amp;self) -&gt; &amp;Self::Target {
</span><span class="boring"> &amp;self.kind
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// Convenience trait to hide the [`Error&lt;T&gt;`](Error) implementation internals
</span><span class="boring">pub trait ErrorDown {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Test if of type `Error&lt;T&gt;`
</span><span class="boring"> fn is_chain&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; bool;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Downcast to a reference of `Error&lt;T&gt;`
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_ref&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Downcast to a mutable reference of `Error&lt;T&gt;`
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_mut&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Downcast to T of `Error&lt;T&gt;`
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_ref&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;T&gt;;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Downcast to T mutable reference of `Error&lt;T&gt;`
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_mut&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut T&gt;;
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;U: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; ErrorDown for Error&lt;U&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn is_chain&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; bool {
</span><span class="boring"> TypeId::of::&lt;T&gt;() == TypeId::of::&lt;U&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_ref&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is_chain::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
</span><span class="boring"> unsafe {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(trivial_casts)]
</span><span class="boring"> Some(*(self as *const dyn StdError as *const &amp;Error&lt;T&gt;))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> None
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_mut&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is_chain::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
</span><span class="boring"> unsafe {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(trivial_casts)]
</span><span class="boring"> Some(&amp;mut *(self as *mut dyn StdError as *mut &amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> None
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_ref&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is_chain::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
</span><span class="boring"> unsafe {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(trivial_casts)]
</span><span class="boring"> Some(&amp;(*(self as *const dyn StdError as *const &amp;Error&lt;T&gt;)).kind)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> None
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_mut&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is_chain::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
</span><span class="boring"> unsafe {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(trivial_casts)]
</span><span class="boring"> Some(&amp;mut (*(self as *mut dyn StdError as *mut &amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;)).kind)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> None
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl ErrorDown for dyn StdError + 'static {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn is_chain&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; bool {
</span><span class="boring"> self.is::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_ref&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_mut&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_ref&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;T&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;().map(|e| e.kind()))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_mut&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> return self.downcast_mut::&lt;T&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::&lt;T&gt;())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl ErrorDown for dyn StdError + 'static + Send {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn is_chain&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; bool {
</span><span class="boring"> self.is::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_ref&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_mut&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_ref&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;T&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;().map(|e| e.kind()))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_mut&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> return self.downcast_mut::&lt;T&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::&lt;T&gt;())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl ErrorDown for dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn is_chain&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; bool {
</span><span class="boring"> self.is::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_ref&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_mut&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_ref&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;T&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;().map(|e| e.kind()))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_mut&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> return self.downcast_mut::&lt;T&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::&lt;T&gt;())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; StdError for Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn source(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;(dyn StdError + 'static)&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.error_cause
</span><span class="boring"> .as_ref()
</span><span class="boring"> .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &amp;(dyn StdError + 'static))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; StdError for &amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn source(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;(dyn StdError + 'static)&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.error_cause
</span><span class="boring"> .as_ref()
</span><span class="boring"> .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &amp;(dyn StdError + 'static))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; Display for Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut Formatter&lt;'_&gt;) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;{}&quot;, self.kind)?;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> if f.alternate() {
</span><span class="boring"> if let Some(e) = self.source() {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;\nCaused by:\n {:#}&quot;, &amp;e)?;
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; Debug for Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut Formatter&lt;'_&gt;) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> if f.alternate() {
</span><span class="boring"> let mut f = f.debug_struct(&amp;format!(&quot;Error&lt;{}&gt;&quot;, std::any::type_name::&lt;T&gt;()));
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> let f = f
</span><span class="boring"> .field(&quot;occurrence&quot;, &amp;self.occurrence)
</span><span class="boring"> .field(&quot;kind&quot;, &amp;self.kind)
</span><span class="boring"> .field(&quot;source&quot;, &amp;self.source());
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> f.finish()
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> if let Some(ref o) = self.occurrence {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;{}: &quot;, o)?;
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> if TypeId::of::&lt;String&gt;() == TypeId::of::&lt;T&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> || TypeId::of::&lt;&amp;str&gt;() == TypeId::of::&lt;T&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> {
</span><span class="boring"> Display::fmt(&amp;self.kind, f)?;
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> Debug::fmt(&amp;self.kind, f)?;
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> if let Some(e) = self.source() {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;\nCaused by:\n{:?}&quot;, &amp;e)?;
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T&gt; From&lt;T&gt; for Error&lt;T&gt;
</span><span class="boring">where
</span><span class="boring"> T: 'static + Display + Debug,
</span><span class="boring">{
</span><span class="boring"> #[track_caller]
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn from(e: T) -&gt; Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> Error::new(e, None, Some(Location::caller().to_string()))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">/// Convenience macro to create a &quot;new type&quot; T(String) and implement Display + Debug for T
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// # Examples
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// ```rust
</span><span class="boring">/// # use chainerror::Context as _;
</span><span class="boring">/// # use chainerror::ErrorDown as _;
</span><span class="boring">/// # use std::error::Error;
</span><span class="boring">/// # use std::io;
</span><span class="boring">/// # use std::result::Result;
</span><span class="boring">/// # fn do_some_io() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// # Ok(())
</span><span class="boring">/// # }
</span><span class="boring">/// chainerror::str_context!(Func2Error);
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// fn func2() -&gt; chainerror::Result&lt;(), Func2Error&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// let filename = &quot;foo.txt&quot;;
</span><span class="boring">/// do_some_io().context(Func2Error(format!(&quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename)))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// chainerror::str_context!(Func1Error);
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// fn func1() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// func2().context(Func1Error::new(&quot;func1 error&quot;))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// # if let Err(e) = func1() {
</span><span class="boring">/// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::&lt;Func1Error&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring">/// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::&lt;chainerror::Error&lt;Func2Error&gt;&gt;().is_some());
</span><span class="boring">/// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::&lt;Func2Error&gt;().is_some());
</span><span class="boring">/// # } else {
</span><span class="boring">/// # panic!();
</span><span class="boring">/// # }
</span><span class="boring">/// # } else {
</span><span class="boring">/// # unreachable!();
</span><span class="boring">/// # }
</span><span class="boring">/// ```
</span><span class="boring">#[macro_export]
</span><span class="boring">macro_rules! str_context {
</span><span class="boring"> ($e:ident) =&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[derive(Clone)]
</span><span class="boring"> pub struct $e(pub String);
</span><span class="boring"> impl $e {
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn new&lt;S: Into&lt;String&gt;&gt;(s: S) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring"> $e(s.into())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> impl ::std::fmt::Display for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; ::std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;{}&quot;, self.0)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> impl ::std::fmt::Debug for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; ::std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;{}({})&quot;, stringify!($e), self.0)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> impl ::std::error::Error for $e {}
</span><span class="boring"> };
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// Derive an Error for an ErrorKind, which wraps a [`Error`](Error) and implements a `kind()` method
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// It basically hides [`Error`](Error) to the outside and only exposes the [`kind()`](Error::kind)
</span><span class="boring">/// method.
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// Error::kind() returns the ErrorKind
</span><span class="boring">/// Error::source() returns the parent error
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// # Examples
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// ```rust
</span><span class="boring">/// use chainerror::Context as _;
</span><span class="boring">/// use std::io;
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// fn do_some_io(_f: &amp;str) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;(), io::Error&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// return Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound));
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
</span><span class="boring">/// pub enum ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring">/// IO(String),
</span><span class="boring">/// FatalError(String),
</span><span class="boring">/// Unknown,
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// chainerror::err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind);
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring">/// fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring">/// match self {
</span><span class="boring">/// ErrorKind::FatalError(e) =&gt; write!(f, &quot;fatal error {}&quot;, e),
</span><span class="boring">/// ErrorKind::Unknown =&gt; write!(f, &quot;unknown error&quot;),
</span><span class="boring">/// ErrorKind::IO(filename) =&gt; write!(f, &quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename),
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// impl ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring">/// fn from_io_error(e: &amp;io::Error, f: String) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring">/// match e.kind() {
</span><span class="boring">/// io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe =&gt; panic!(&quot;Should not happen&quot;),
</span><span class="boring">/// io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset =&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// ErrorKind::FatalError(format!(&quot;While reading `{}`: {}&quot;, f, e))
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// _ =&gt; ErrorKind::IO(f),
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// impl From&lt;&amp;io::Error&gt; for ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring">/// fn from(e: &amp;io::Error) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring">/// ErrorKind::IO(format!(&quot;{}&quot;, e))
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// pub fn func1() -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;(), Error&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// let filename = &quot;bar.txt&quot;;
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// do_some_io(filename).map_context(|e| ErrorKind::from_io_error(e, filename.into()))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// do_some_io(filename).map_context(|e| ErrorKind::IO(filename.into()))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// do_some_io(filename).map_context(|e| ErrorKind::from(e))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// ```
</span><span class="boring">#[macro_export]
</span><span class="boring">macro_rules! err_kind {
</span><span class="boring"> ($e:ident, $k:ident) =&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> pub struct $e($crate::Error&lt;$k&gt;);
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl $e {
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn kind(&amp;self) -&gt; &amp;$k {
</span><span class="boring"> self.0.kind()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl From&lt;$k&gt; for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn from(e: $k) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring"> $e($crate::Error::new(e, None, None))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl From&lt;$crate::Error&lt;$k&gt;&gt; for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn from(e: $crate::Error&lt;$k&gt;) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring"> $e(e)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl From&lt;&amp;$e&gt; for $k
</span><span class="boring"> where
</span><span class="boring"> $k: Clone,
</span><span class="boring"> {
</span><span class="boring"> fn from(e: &amp;$e) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring"> e.kind().clone()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl std::error::Error for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn source(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.0.source()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl std::fmt::Display for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> std::fmt::Display::fmt(&amp;self.0, f)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl std::fmt::Debug for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&amp;self.0, f)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> };
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="deref-for-the-errorkind"><a class="header" href="#deref-for-the-errorkind">Deref for the ErrorKind</a></h1>
<p>Because chainerror::Error<T> implements Deref to &amp;T, we can also match on <code>*e</code> instead of <code>e.kind()</code>
or call a function with <code>&amp;e</code></p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">use chainerror::Context as _;
use std::error::Error;
use std::io;
fn do_some_io() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
Ok(())
}
chainerror::str_context!(Func2Error);
fn func2() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
let filename = &quot;foo.txt&quot;;
do_some_io().context(Func2Error(format!(&quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename)))?;
Ok(())
}
enum Func1ErrorKind {
Func2,
IO(String),
}
impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {
fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; ::std::fmt::Result {
match self {
Func1ErrorKind::Func2 =&gt; write!(f, &quot;func1 error calling func2&quot;),
Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) =&gt; write!(f, &quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename),
}
}
}
impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Func1ErrorKind {
fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; ::std::fmt::Result {
write!(f, &quot;{}&quot;, self)
}
}
impl ::std::error::Error for Func1ErrorKind {}
fn func1() -&gt; chainerror::Result&lt;(), Func1ErrorKind&gt; {
func2().context(Func1ErrorKind::Func2)?;
let filename = String::from(&quot;bar.txt&quot;);
do_some_io().context(Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename))?;
Ok(())
}
fn handle_func1errorkind(e: &amp;Func1ErrorKind) {
match e {
Func1ErrorKind::Func2 =&gt; eprintln!(&quot;Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2&quot;),
Func1ErrorKind::IO(ref filename) =&gt; {
eprintln!(&quot;Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'&quot;, filename)
}
}
}
fn main() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
if let Err(e) = func1() {
match *e {
Func1ErrorKind::Func2 =&gt; eprintln!(&quot;Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2&quot;),
Func1ErrorKind::IO(ref filename) =&gt; {
eprintln!(&quot;Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'&quot;, filename)
}
}
handle_func1errorkind(&amp;e);
if let Some(e) = e.find_chain_cause::&lt;Func2Error&gt;() {
eprintln!(&quot;\nError reported by Func2Error: {}&quot;, e)
}
eprintln!(&quot;\nDebug Error:\n{:?}&quot;, e);
std::process::exit(1);
}
Ok(())
}
<span class="boring">#[allow(dead_code)]
</span><span class="boring">mod chainerror {
</span><span class="boring">#![doc = include_str!(&quot;../README.md&quot;)]
</span><span class="boring">#![deny(clippy::all)]
</span><span class="boring">#![allow(clippy::needless_doctest_main)]
</span><span class="boring">#![deny(missing_docs)]
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">use std::any::TypeId;
</span><span class="boring">use std::error::Error as StdError;
</span><span class="boring">use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter};
</span><span class="boring">use std::panic::Location;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// chains an inner error kind `T` with a causing error
</span><span class="boring">pub struct Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> occurrence: Option&lt;String&gt;,
</span><span class="boring"> kind: T,
</span><span class="boring"> error_cause: Option&lt;Box&lt;dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync&gt;&gt;,
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// convenience type alias
</span><span class="boring">pub type Result&lt;O, E&gt; = std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;E&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Use the `context()` or `map_context()` Result methods instead of calling this directly
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn new(
</span><span class="boring"> kind: T,
</span><span class="boring"> error_cause: Option&lt;Box&lt;dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync&gt;&gt;,
</span><span class="boring"> occurrence: Option&lt;String&gt;,
</span><span class="boring"> ) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring"> Self {
</span><span class="boring"> occurrence,
</span><span class="boring"> kind,
</span><span class="boring"> error_cause,
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// return the root cause of the error chain, if any exists
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn root_cause(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;(dyn StdError + 'static)&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.iter().last()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Find the first error cause of type U, if any exists
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Examples
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```rust
</span><span class="boring"> /// use chainerror::Context as _;
</span><span class="boring"> /// use chainerror::ErrorDown as _;
</span><span class="boring"> /// use std::error::Error;
</span><span class="boring"> /// use std::io;
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn do_some_io() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// chainerror::str_context!(Func2Error);
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn func2() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// let filename = &quot;foo.txt&quot;;
</span><span class="boring"> /// do_some_io().context(Func2Error(format!(&quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename)))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// chainerror::str_context!(Func1Error);
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn func1() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// func2().context(Func1Error::new(&quot;func1 error&quot;))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// if let Err(e) = func1() {
</span><span class="boring"> /// if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::&lt;Func1Error&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> /// assert!(f1err.find_cause::&lt;io::Error&gt;().is_some());
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::&lt;Func2Error&gt;().is_some());
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> /// # else {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # panic!();
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> /// # else {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # unreachable!();
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn find_cause&lt;U: StdError + 'static&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;U&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.iter()
</span><span class="boring"> .filter_map(&lt;dyn StdError&gt;::downcast_ref::&lt;U&gt;)
</span><span class="boring"> .next()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Find the first error cause of type [`Error&lt;U&gt;`](Error), if any exists
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// Same as `find_cause`, but hides the [`Error&lt;U&gt;`](Error) implementation internals
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Examples
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```rust
</span><span class="boring"> /// # chainerror::str_context!(FooError);
</span><span class="boring"> /// # let err = chainerror::Error::new(String::new(), None, None);
</span><span class="boring"> /// // Instead of writing
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_cause::&lt;chainerror::Error&lt;FooError&gt;&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// // leave out the chainerror::Error&lt;FooError&gt; implementation detail
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_chain_cause::&lt;FooError&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn find_chain_cause&lt;U: StdError + 'static&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;U&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.iter()
</span><span class="boring"> .filter_map(&lt;dyn StdError&gt;::downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;U&gt;&gt;)
</span><span class="boring"> .next()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Find the first error cause of type [`Error&lt;U&gt;`](Error) or `U`, if any exists and return `U`
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// Same as `find_cause` and `find_chain_cause`, but hides the [`Error&lt;U&gt;`](Error) implementation internals
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Examples
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```rust
</span><span class="boring"> /// # chainerror::str_context!(FooErrorKind);
</span><span class="boring"> /// # let err = chainerror::Error::new(String::new(), None, None);
</span><span class="boring"> /// // Instead of writing
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_cause::&lt;chainerror::Error&lt;FooErrorKind&gt;&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> /// // and/or
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_chain_cause::&lt;FooErrorKind&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> /// // and/or
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_cause::&lt;FooErrorKind&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// // leave out the chainerror::Error&lt;FooErrorKind&gt; implementation detail
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_kind_or_cause::&lt;FooErrorKind&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn find_kind_or_cause&lt;U: StdError + 'static&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;U&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.iter()
</span><span class="boring"> .filter_map(|e| {
</span><span class="boring"> e.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;U&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .map(|e| e.kind())
</span><span class="boring"> .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::&lt;U&gt;())
</span><span class="boring"> })
</span><span class="boring"> .next()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Return a reference to T of [`Error&lt;T&gt;`](Error)
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Examples
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```rust
</span><span class="boring"> /// use chainerror::Context as _;
</span><span class="boring"> /// use std::error::Error;
</span><span class="boring"> /// use std::io;
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn do_some_io() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// chainerror::str_context!(Func2Error);
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn func2() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// let filename = &quot;foo.txt&quot;;
</span><span class="boring"> /// do_some_io().context(Func2Error(format!(&quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename)))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// #[derive(Debug)]
</span><span class="boring"> /// enum Func1ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Func2,
</span><span class="boring"> /// IO(String),
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// /// impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {…}
</span><span class="boring"> /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; ::std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # match self {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Func1ErrorKind::Func2 =&gt; write!(f, &quot;func1 error calling func2&quot;),
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) =&gt; write!(f, &quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename),
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn func1() -&gt; chainerror::Result&lt;(), Func1ErrorKind&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// func2().context(Func1ErrorKind::Func2)?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// do_some_io().context(Func1ErrorKind::IO(&quot;bar.txt&quot;.into()))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// if let Err(e) = func1() {
</span><span class="boring"> /// match e.kind() {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Func1ErrorKind::Func2 =&gt; {}
</span><span class="boring"> /// Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) =&gt; panic!(),
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> /// # else {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # unreachable!();
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn kind(&amp;self) -&gt; &amp;T {
</span><span class="boring"> &amp;self.kind
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Returns an Iterator over all error causes/sources
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Example
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn iter(&amp;self) -&gt; impl Iterator&lt;Item = &amp;(dyn StdError + 'static)&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> ErrorIter {
</span><span class="boring"> current: Some(self),
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// Convenience methods for `Result&lt;&gt;` to turn the error into a decorated [`Error`](Error)
</span><span class="boring">pub trait Context&lt;O, E: Into&lt;Box&lt;dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync&gt;&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Decorate the error with a `kind` of type `T` and the source `Location`
</span><span class="boring"> fn context&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(self, kind: T) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Decorate the error just with the source `Location`
</span><span class="boring"> fn annotate(self) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;AnnotatedError&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Decorate the `error` with a `kind` of type `T` produced with a `FnOnce(&amp;error)` and the source `Location`
</span><span class="boring"> fn map_context&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug, F: FnOnce(&amp;E) -&gt; T&gt;(
</span><span class="boring"> self,
</span><span class="boring"> op: F,
</span><span class="boring"> ) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// Convenience type to just decorate the error with the source `Location`
</span><span class="boring">pub struct AnnotatedError(());
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl Display for AnnotatedError {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut Formatter&lt;'_&gt;) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;(passed error)&quot;)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl Debug for AnnotatedError {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut Formatter&lt;'_&gt;) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;(passed error)&quot;)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;O, E: Into&lt;Box&lt;dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync&gt;&gt;&gt; Context&lt;O, E&gt;
</span><span class="boring"> for std::result::Result&lt;O, E&gt;
</span><span class="boring">{
</span><span class="boring"> #[track_caller]
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn context&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(self, kind: T) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> match self {
</span><span class="boring"> Ok(t) =&gt; Ok(t),
</span><span class="boring"> Err(error_cause) =&gt; Err(Error::new(
</span><span class="boring"> kind,
</span><span class="boring"> Some(error_cause.into()),
</span><span class="boring"> Some(Location::caller().to_string()),
</span><span class="boring"> )),
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[track_caller]
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn annotate(self) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;AnnotatedError&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> match self {
</span><span class="boring"> Ok(t) =&gt; Ok(t),
</span><span class="boring"> Err(error_cause) =&gt; Err(Error::new(
</span><span class="boring"> AnnotatedError(()),
</span><span class="boring"> Some(error_cause.into()),
</span><span class="boring"> Some(Location::caller().to_string()),
</span><span class="boring"> )),
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[track_caller]
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn map_context&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug, F: FnOnce(&amp;E) -&gt; T&gt;(
</span><span class="boring"> self,
</span><span class="boring"> op: F,
</span><span class="boring"> ) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> match self {
</span><span class="boring"> Ok(t) =&gt; Ok(t),
</span><span class="boring"> Err(error_cause) =&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> let kind = op(&amp;error_cause);
</span><span class="boring"> Err(Error::new(
</span><span class="boring"> kind,
</span><span class="boring"> Some(error_cause.into()),
</span><span class="boring"> Some(Location::caller().to_string()),
</span><span class="boring"> ))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// An iterator over all error causes/sources
</span><span class="boring">pub struct ErrorIter&lt;'a&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> current: Option&lt;&amp;'a (dyn StdError + 'static)&gt;,
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;'a&gt; Iterator for ErrorIter&lt;'a&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> type Item = &amp;'a (dyn StdError + 'static);
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn next(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;Self::Item&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> let current = self.current;
</span><span class="boring"> self.current = self.current.and_then(StdError::source);
</span><span class="boring"> current
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; std::ops::Deref for Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> type Target = T;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn deref(&amp;self) -&gt; &amp;Self::Target {
</span><span class="boring"> &amp;self.kind
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// Convenience trait to hide the [`Error&lt;T&gt;`](Error) implementation internals
</span><span class="boring">pub trait ErrorDown {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Test if of type `Error&lt;T&gt;`
</span><span class="boring"> fn is_chain&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; bool;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Downcast to a reference of `Error&lt;T&gt;`
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_ref&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Downcast to a mutable reference of `Error&lt;T&gt;`
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_mut&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Downcast to T of `Error&lt;T&gt;`
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_ref&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;T&gt;;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Downcast to T mutable reference of `Error&lt;T&gt;`
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_mut&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut T&gt;;
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;U: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; ErrorDown for Error&lt;U&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn is_chain&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; bool {
</span><span class="boring"> TypeId::of::&lt;T&gt;() == TypeId::of::&lt;U&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_ref&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is_chain::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
</span><span class="boring"> unsafe {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(trivial_casts)]
</span><span class="boring"> Some(*(self as *const dyn StdError as *const &amp;Error&lt;T&gt;))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> None
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_mut&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is_chain::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
</span><span class="boring"> unsafe {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(trivial_casts)]
</span><span class="boring"> Some(&amp;mut *(self as *mut dyn StdError as *mut &amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> None
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_ref&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is_chain::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
</span><span class="boring"> unsafe {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(trivial_casts)]
</span><span class="boring"> Some(&amp;(*(self as *const dyn StdError as *const &amp;Error&lt;T&gt;)).kind)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> None
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_mut&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is_chain::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
</span><span class="boring"> unsafe {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(trivial_casts)]
</span><span class="boring"> Some(&amp;mut (*(self as *mut dyn StdError as *mut &amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;)).kind)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> None
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl ErrorDown for dyn StdError + 'static {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn is_chain&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; bool {
</span><span class="boring"> self.is::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_ref&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_mut&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_ref&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;T&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;().map(|e| e.kind()))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_mut&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> return self.downcast_mut::&lt;T&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::&lt;T&gt;())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl ErrorDown for dyn StdError + 'static + Send {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn is_chain&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; bool {
</span><span class="boring"> self.is::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_ref&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_mut&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_ref&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;T&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;().map(|e| e.kind()))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_mut&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> return self.downcast_mut::&lt;T&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::&lt;T&gt;())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl ErrorDown for dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn is_chain&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; bool {
</span><span class="boring"> self.is::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_ref&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_mut&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_ref&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;T&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;().map(|e| e.kind()))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_mut&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> return self.downcast_mut::&lt;T&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::&lt;T&gt;())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; StdError for Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn source(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;(dyn StdError + 'static)&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.error_cause
</span><span class="boring"> .as_ref()
</span><span class="boring"> .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &amp;(dyn StdError + 'static))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; StdError for &amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn source(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;(dyn StdError + 'static)&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.error_cause
</span><span class="boring"> .as_ref()
</span><span class="boring"> .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &amp;(dyn StdError + 'static))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; Display for Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut Formatter&lt;'_&gt;) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;{}&quot;, self.kind)?;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> if f.alternate() {
</span><span class="boring"> if let Some(e) = self.source() {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;\nCaused by:\n {:#}&quot;, &amp;e)?;
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; Debug for Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut Formatter&lt;'_&gt;) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> if f.alternate() {
</span><span class="boring"> let mut f = f.debug_struct(&amp;format!(&quot;Error&lt;{}&gt;&quot;, std::any::type_name::&lt;T&gt;()));
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> let f = f
</span><span class="boring"> .field(&quot;occurrence&quot;, &amp;self.occurrence)
</span><span class="boring"> .field(&quot;kind&quot;, &amp;self.kind)
</span><span class="boring"> .field(&quot;source&quot;, &amp;self.source());
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> f.finish()
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> if let Some(ref o) = self.occurrence {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;{}: &quot;, o)?;
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> if TypeId::of::&lt;String&gt;() == TypeId::of::&lt;T&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> || TypeId::of::&lt;&amp;str&gt;() == TypeId::of::&lt;T&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> {
</span><span class="boring"> Display::fmt(&amp;self.kind, f)?;
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> Debug::fmt(&amp;self.kind, f)?;
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> if let Some(e) = self.source() {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;\nCaused by:\n{:?}&quot;, &amp;e)?;
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T&gt; From&lt;T&gt; for Error&lt;T&gt;
</span><span class="boring">where
</span><span class="boring"> T: 'static + Display + Debug,
</span><span class="boring">{
</span><span class="boring"> #[track_caller]
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn from(e: T) -&gt; Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> Error::new(e, None, Some(Location::caller().to_string()))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">/// Convenience macro to create a &quot;new type&quot; T(String) and implement Display + Debug for T
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// # Examples
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// ```rust
</span><span class="boring">/// # use chainerror::Context as _;
</span><span class="boring">/// # use chainerror::ErrorDown as _;
</span><span class="boring">/// # use std::error::Error;
</span><span class="boring">/// # use std::io;
</span><span class="boring">/// # use std::result::Result;
</span><span class="boring">/// # fn do_some_io() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// # Ok(())
</span><span class="boring">/// # }
</span><span class="boring">/// chainerror::str_context!(Func2Error);
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// fn func2() -&gt; chainerror::Result&lt;(), Func2Error&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// let filename = &quot;foo.txt&quot;;
</span><span class="boring">/// do_some_io().context(Func2Error(format!(&quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename)))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// chainerror::str_context!(Func1Error);
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// fn func1() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// func2().context(Func1Error::new(&quot;func1 error&quot;))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// # if let Err(e) = func1() {
</span><span class="boring">/// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::&lt;Func1Error&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring">/// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::&lt;chainerror::Error&lt;Func2Error&gt;&gt;().is_some());
</span><span class="boring">/// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::&lt;Func2Error&gt;().is_some());
</span><span class="boring">/// # } else {
</span><span class="boring">/// # panic!();
</span><span class="boring">/// # }
</span><span class="boring">/// # } else {
</span><span class="boring">/// # unreachable!();
</span><span class="boring">/// # }
</span><span class="boring">/// ```
</span><span class="boring">#[macro_export]
</span><span class="boring">macro_rules! str_context {
</span><span class="boring"> ($e:ident) =&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[derive(Clone)]
</span><span class="boring"> pub struct $e(pub String);
</span><span class="boring"> impl $e {
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn new&lt;S: Into&lt;String&gt;&gt;(s: S) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring"> $e(s.into())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> impl ::std::fmt::Display for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; ::std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;{}&quot;, self.0)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> impl ::std::fmt::Debug for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; ::std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;{}({})&quot;, stringify!($e), self.0)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> impl ::std::error::Error for $e {}
</span><span class="boring"> };
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// Derive an Error for an ErrorKind, which wraps a [`Error`](Error) and implements a `kind()` method
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// It basically hides [`Error`](Error) to the outside and only exposes the [`kind()`](Error::kind)
</span><span class="boring">/// method.
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// Error::kind() returns the ErrorKind
</span><span class="boring">/// Error::source() returns the parent error
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// # Examples
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// ```rust
</span><span class="boring">/// use chainerror::Context as _;
</span><span class="boring">/// use std::io;
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// fn do_some_io(_f: &amp;str) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;(), io::Error&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// return Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound));
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
</span><span class="boring">/// pub enum ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring">/// IO(String),
</span><span class="boring">/// FatalError(String),
</span><span class="boring">/// Unknown,
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// chainerror::err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind);
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring">/// fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring">/// match self {
</span><span class="boring">/// ErrorKind::FatalError(e) =&gt; write!(f, &quot;fatal error {}&quot;, e),
</span><span class="boring">/// ErrorKind::Unknown =&gt; write!(f, &quot;unknown error&quot;),
</span><span class="boring">/// ErrorKind::IO(filename) =&gt; write!(f, &quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename),
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// impl ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring">/// fn from_io_error(e: &amp;io::Error, f: String) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring">/// match e.kind() {
</span><span class="boring">/// io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe =&gt; panic!(&quot;Should not happen&quot;),
</span><span class="boring">/// io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset =&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// ErrorKind::FatalError(format!(&quot;While reading `{}`: {}&quot;, f, e))
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// _ =&gt; ErrorKind::IO(f),
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// impl From&lt;&amp;io::Error&gt; for ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring">/// fn from(e: &amp;io::Error) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring">/// ErrorKind::IO(format!(&quot;{}&quot;, e))
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// pub fn func1() -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;(), Error&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// let filename = &quot;bar.txt&quot;;
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// do_some_io(filename).map_context(|e| ErrorKind::from_io_error(e, filename.into()))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// do_some_io(filename).map_context(|e| ErrorKind::IO(filename.into()))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// do_some_io(filename).map_context(|e| ErrorKind::from(e))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// ```
</span><span class="boring">#[macro_export]
</span><span class="boring">macro_rules! err_kind {
</span><span class="boring"> ($e:ident, $k:ident) =&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> pub struct $e($crate::Error&lt;$k&gt;);
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl $e {
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn kind(&amp;self) -&gt; &amp;$k {
</span><span class="boring"> self.0.kind()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl From&lt;$k&gt; for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn from(e: $k) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring"> $e($crate::Error::new(e, None, None))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl From&lt;$crate::Error&lt;$k&gt;&gt; for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn from(e: $crate::Error&lt;$k&gt;) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring"> $e(e)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl From&lt;&amp;$e&gt; for $k
</span><span class="boring"> where
</span><span class="boring"> $k: Clone,
</span><span class="boring"> {
</span><span class="boring"> fn from(e: &amp;$e) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring"> e.kind().clone()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl std::error::Error for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn source(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.0.source()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl std::fmt::Display for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> std::fmt::Display::fmt(&amp;self.0, f)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl std::fmt::Debug for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&amp;self.0, f)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> };
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="writing-a-library"><a class="header" href="#writing-a-library">Writing a library</a></h1>
<p>I would advise to only expose an <code>mycrate::ErrorKind</code> and type alias <code>mycrate::Error</code> to <code>chainerror::Error&lt;mycrate::ErrorKind&gt;</code>
so you can tell your library users to use the <code>.kind()</code> method as <code>std::io::Error</code> does.</p>
<p>If you later decide to make your own <code>Error</code> implementation, your library users don't
have to change much or anything.</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust"><span class="boring">#[allow(dead_code)]
</span><span class="boring">#[macro_use]
</span><span class="boring">pub mod chainerror {
</span><span class="boring">#![doc = include_str!(&quot;../README.md&quot;)]
</span><span class="boring">#![deny(clippy::all)]
</span><span class="boring">#![allow(clippy::needless_doctest_main)]
</span><span class="boring">#![deny(missing_docs)]
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">use std::any::TypeId;
</span><span class="boring">use std::error::Error as StdError;
</span><span class="boring">use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter};
</span><span class="boring">use std::panic::Location;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// chains an inner error kind `T` with a causing error
</span><span class="boring">pub struct Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> occurrence: Option&lt;String&gt;,
</span><span class="boring"> kind: T,
</span><span class="boring"> error_cause: Option&lt;Box&lt;dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync&gt;&gt;,
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// convenience type alias
</span><span class="boring">pub type Result&lt;O, E&gt; = std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;E&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Use the `context()` or `map_context()` Result methods instead of calling this directly
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn new(
</span><span class="boring"> kind: T,
</span><span class="boring"> error_cause: Option&lt;Box&lt;dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync&gt;&gt;,
</span><span class="boring"> occurrence: Option&lt;String&gt;,
</span><span class="boring"> ) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring"> Self {
</span><span class="boring"> occurrence,
</span><span class="boring"> kind,
</span><span class="boring"> error_cause,
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// return the root cause of the error chain, if any exists
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn root_cause(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;(dyn StdError + 'static)&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.iter().last()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Find the first error cause of type U, if any exists
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Examples
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```rust
</span><span class="boring"> /// use chainerror::Context as _;
</span><span class="boring"> /// use chainerror::ErrorDown as _;
</span><span class="boring"> /// use std::error::Error;
</span><span class="boring"> /// use std::io;
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn do_some_io() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// chainerror::str_context!(Func2Error);
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn func2() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// let filename = &quot;foo.txt&quot;;
</span><span class="boring"> /// do_some_io().context(Func2Error(format!(&quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename)))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// chainerror::str_context!(Func1Error);
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn func1() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// func2().context(Func1Error::new(&quot;func1 error&quot;))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// if let Err(e) = func1() {
</span><span class="boring"> /// if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::&lt;Func1Error&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> /// assert!(f1err.find_cause::&lt;io::Error&gt;().is_some());
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::&lt;Func2Error&gt;().is_some());
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> /// # else {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # panic!();
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> /// # else {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # unreachable!();
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn find_cause&lt;U: StdError + 'static&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;U&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.iter()
</span><span class="boring"> .filter_map(&lt;dyn StdError&gt;::downcast_ref::&lt;U&gt;)
</span><span class="boring"> .next()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Find the first error cause of type [`Error&lt;U&gt;`](Error), if any exists
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// Same as `find_cause`, but hides the [`Error&lt;U&gt;`](Error) implementation internals
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Examples
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```rust
</span><span class="boring"> /// # chainerror::str_context!(FooError);
</span><span class="boring"> /// # let err = chainerror::Error::new(String::new(), None, None);
</span><span class="boring"> /// // Instead of writing
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_cause::&lt;chainerror::Error&lt;FooError&gt;&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// // leave out the chainerror::Error&lt;FooError&gt; implementation detail
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_chain_cause::&lt;FooError&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn find_chain_cause&lt;U: StdError + 'static&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;U&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.iter()
</span><span class="boring"> .filter_map(&lt;dyn StdError&gt;::downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;U&gt;&gt;)
</span><span class="boring"> .next()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Find the first error cause of type [`Error&lt;U&gt;`](Error) or `U`, if any exists and return `U`
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// Same as `find_cause` and `find_chain_cause`, but hides the [`Error&lt;U&gt;`](Error) implementation internals
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Examples
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```rust
</span><span class="boring"> /// # chainerror::str_context!(FooErrorKind);
</span><span class="boring"> /// # let err = chainerror::Error::new(String::new(), None, None);
</span><span class="boring"> /// // Instead of writing
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_cause::&lt;chainerror::Error&lt;FooErrorKind&gt;&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> /// // and/or
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_chain_cause::&lt;FooErrorKind&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> /// // and/or
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_cause::&lt;FooErrorKind&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// // leave out the chainerror::Error&lt;FooErrorKind&gt; implementation detail
</span><span class="boring"> /// err.find_kind_or_cause::&lt;FooErrorKind&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn find_kind_or_cause&lt;U: StdError + 'static&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;U&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.iter()
</span><span class="boring"> .filter_map(|e| {
</span><span class="boring"> e.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;U&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .map(|e| e.kind())
</span><span class="boring"> .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::&lt;U&gt;())
</span><span class="boring"> })
</span><span class="boring"> .next()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Return a reference to T of [`Error&lt;T&gt;`](Error)
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Examples
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```rust
</span><span class="boring"> /// use chainerror::Context as _;
</span><span class="boring"> /// use std::error::Error;
</span><span class="boring"> /// use std::io;
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn do_some_io() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// chainerror::str_context!(Func2Error);
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn func2() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// let filename = &quot;foo.txt&quot;;
</span><span class="boring"> /// do_some_io().context(Func2Error(format!(&quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename)))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// #[derive(Debug)]
</span><span class="boring"> /// enum Func1ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Func2,
</span><span class="boring"> /// IO(String),
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// /// impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {…}
</span><span class="boring"> /// # impl ::std::fmt::Display for Func1ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; ::std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # match self {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Func1ErrorKind::Func2 =&gt; write!(f, &quot;func1 error calling func2&quot;),
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) =&gt; write!(f, &quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename),
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// fn func1() -&gt; chainerror::Result&lt;(), Func1ErrorKind&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// func2().context(Func1ErrorKind::Func2)?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// do_some_io().context(Func1ErrorKind::IO(&quot;bar.txt&quot;.into()))?;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// if let Err(e) = func1() {
</span><span class="boring"> /// match e.kind() {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Func1ErrorKind::Func2 =&gt; {}
</span><span class="boring"> /// Func1ErrorKind::IO(filename) =&gt; panic!(),
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> /// }
</span><span class="boring"> /// # else {
</span><span class="boring"> /// # unreachable!();
</span><span class="boring"> /// # }
</span><span class="boring"> /// ```
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn kind(&amp;self) -&gt; &amp;T {
</span><span class="boring"> &amp;self.kind
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Returns an Iterator over all error causes/sources
</span><span class="boring"> ///
</span><span class="boring"> /// # Example
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn iter(&amp;self) -&gt; impl Iterator&lt;Item = &amp;(dyn StdError + 'static)&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> ErrorIter {
</span><span class="boring"> current: Some(self),
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// Convenience methods for `Result&lt;&gt;` to turn the error into a decorated [`Error`](Error)
</span><span class="boring">pub trait Context&lt;O, E: Into&lt;Box&lt;dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync&gt;&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Decorate the error with a `kind` of type `T` and the source `Location`
</span><span class="boring"> fn context&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(self, kind: T) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Decorate the error just with the source `Location`
</span><span class="boring"> fn annotate(self) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;AnnotatedError&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> /// Decorate the `error` with a `kind` of type `T` produced with a `FnOnce(&amp;error)` and the source `Location`
</span><span class="boring"> fn map_context&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug, F: FnOnce(&amp;E) -&gt; T&gt;(
</span><span class="boring"> self,
</span><span class="boring"> op: F,
</span><span class="boring"> ) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// Convenience type to just decorate the error with the source `Location`
</span><span class="boring">pub struct AnnotatedError(());
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl Display for AnnotatedError {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut Formatter&lt;'_&gt;) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;(passed error)&quot;)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl Debug for AnnotatedError {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut Formatter&lt;'_&gt;) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;(passed error)&quot;)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;O, E: Into&lt;Box&lt;dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync&gt;&gt;&gt; Context&lt;O, E&gt;
</span><span class="boring"> for std::result::Result&lt;O, E&gt;
</span><span class="boring">{
</span><span class="boring"> #[track_caller]
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn context&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(self, kind: T) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> match self {
</span><span class="boring"> Ok(t) =&gt; Ok(t),
</span><span class="boring"> Err(error_cause) =&gt; Err(Error::new(
</span><span class="boring"> kind,
</span><span class="boring"> Some(error_cause.into()),
</span><span class="boring"> Some(Location::caller().to_string()),
</span><span class="boring"> )),
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[track_caller]
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn annotate(self) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;AnnotatedError&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> match self {
</span><span class="boring"> Ok(t) =&gt; Ok(t),
</span><span class="boring"> Err(error_cause) =&gt; Err(Error::new(
</span><span class="boring"> AnnotatedError(()),
</span><span class="boring"> Some(error_cause.into()),
</span><span class="boring"> Some(Location::caller().to_string()),
</span><span class="boring"> )),
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[track_caller]
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn map_context&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug, F: FnOnce(&amp;E) -&gt; T&gt;(
</span><span class="boring"> self,
</span><span class="boring"> op: F,
</span><span class="boring"> ) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;O, Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> match self {
</span><span class="boring"> Ok(t) =&gt; Ok(t),
</span><span class="boring"> Err(error_cause) =&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> let kind = op(&amp;error_cause);
</span><span class="boring"> Err(Error::new(
</span><span class="boring"> kind,
</span><span class="boring"> Some(error_cause.into()),
</span><span class="boring"> Some(Location::caller().to_string()),
</span><span class="boring"> ))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// An iterator over all error causes/sources
</span><span class="boring">pub struct ErrorIter&lt;'a&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> current: Option&lt;&amp;'a (dyn StdError + 'static)&gt;,
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;'a&gt; Iterator for ErrorIter&lt;'a&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> type Item = &amp;'a (dyn StdError + 'static);
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn next(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;Self::Item&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> let current = self.current;
</span><span class="boring"> self.current = self.current.and_then(StdError::source);
</span><span class="boring"> current
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; std::ops::Deref for Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> type Target = T;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn deref(&amp;self) -&gt; &amp;Self::Target {
</span><span class="boring"> &amp;self.kind
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// Convenience trait to hide the [`Error&lt;T&gt;`](Error) implementation internals
</span><span class="boring">pub trait ErrorDown {
</span><span class="boring"> /// Test if of type `Error&lt;T&gt;`
</span><span class="boring"> fn is_chain&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; bool;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Downcast to a reference of `Error&lt;T&gt;`
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_ref&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Downcast to a mutable reference of `Error&lt;T&gt;`
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_mut&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Downcast to T of `Error&lt;T&gt;`
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_ref&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;T&gt;;
</span><span class="boring"> /// Downcast to T mutable reference of `Error&lt;T&gt;`
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_mut&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut T&gt;;
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;U: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; ErrorDown for Error&lt;U&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn is_chain&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; bool {
</span><span class="boring"> TypeId::of::&lt;T&gt;() == TypeId::of::&lt;U&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_ref&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is_chain::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
</span><span class="boring"> unsafe {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(trivial_casts)]
</span><span class="boring"> Some(*(self as *const dyn StdError as *const &amp;Error&lt;T&gt;))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> None
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_mut&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is_chain::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
</span><span class="boring"> unsafe {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(trivial_casts)]
</span><span class="boring"> Some(&amp;mut *(self as *mut dyn StdError as *mut &amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> None
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_ref&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is_chain::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
</span><span class="boring"> unsafe {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(trivial_casts)]
</span><span class="boring"> Some(&amp;(*(self as *const dyn StdError as *const &amp;Error&lt;T&gt;)).kind)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> None
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_mut&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is_chain::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
</span><span class="boring"> unsafe {
</span><span class="boring"> #[allow(trivial_casts)]
</span><span class="boring"> Some(&amp;mut (*(self as *mut dyn StdError as *mut &amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;)).kind)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> None
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl ErrorDown for dyn StdError + 'static {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn is_chain&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; bool {
</span><span class="boring"> self.is::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_ref&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_mut&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_ref&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;T&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;().map(|e| e.kind()))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_mut&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> return self.downcast_mut::&lt;T&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::&lt;T&gt;())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl ErrorDown for dyn StdError + 'static + Send {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn is_chain&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; bool {
</span><span class="boring"> self.is::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_ref&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_mut&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_ref&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;T&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;().map(|e| e.kind()))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_mut&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> return self.downcast_mut::&lt;T&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::&lt;T&gt;())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl ErrorDown for dyn StdError + 'static + Send + Sync {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn is_chain&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; bool {
</span><span class="boring"> self.is::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_ref&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_chain_mut&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_ref&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_ref::&lt;T&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .or_else(|| self.downcast_ref::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;().map(|e| e.kind()))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn downcast_inner_mut&lt;T: 'static + StdError&gt;(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;mut T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> if self.is::&lt;T&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring"> return self.downcast_mut::&lt;T&gt;();
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> self.downcast_mut::&lt;Error&lt;T&gt;&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> .and_then(|e| e.downcast_inner_mut::&lt;T&gt;())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; StdError for Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn source(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;(dyn StdError + 'static)&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.error_cause
</span><span class="boring"> .as_ref()
</span><span class="boring"> .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &amp;(dyn StdError + 'static))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; StdError for &amp;mut Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn source(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;(dyn StdError + 'static)&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.error_cause
</span><span class="boring"> .as_ref()
</span><span class="boring"> .map(|e| e.as_ref() as &amp;(dyn StdError + 'static))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; Display for Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut Formatter&lt;'_&gt;) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;{}&quot;, self.kind)?;
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> if f.alternate() {
</span><span class="boring"> if let Some(e) = self.source() {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;\nCaused by:\n {:#}&quot;, &amp;e)?;
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T: 'static + Display + Debug&gt; Debug for Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut Formatter&lt;'_&gt;) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> if f.alternate() {
</span><span class="boring"> let mut f = f.debug_struct(&amp;format!(&quot;Error&lt;{}&gt;&quot;, std::any::type_name::&lt;T&gt;()));
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> let f = f
</span><span class="boring"> .field(&quot;occurrence&quot;, &amp;self.occurrence)
</span><span class="boring"> .field(&quot;kind&quot;, &amp;self.kind)
</span><span class="boring"> .field(&quot;source&quot;, &amp;self.source());
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> f.finish()
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> if let Some(ref o) = self.occurrence {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;{}: &quot;, o)?;
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> if TypeId::of::&lt;String&gt;() == TypeId::of::&lt;T&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> || TypeId::of::&lt;&amp;str&gt;() == TypeId::of::&lt;T&gt;()
</span><span class="boring"> {
</span><span class="boring"> Display::fmt(&amp;self.kind, f)?;
</span><span class="boring"> } else {
</span><span class="boring"> Debug::fmt(&amp;self.kind, f)?;
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> if let Some(e) = self.source() {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;\nCaused by:\n{:?}&quot;, &amp;e)?;
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> Ok(())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">impl&lt;T&gt; From&lt;T&gt; for Error&lt;T&gt;
</span><span class="boring">where
</span><span class="boring"> T: 'static + Display + Debug,
</span><span class="boring">{
</span><span class="boring"> #[track_caller]
</span><span class="boring"> #[inline]
</span><span class="boring"> fn from(e: T) -&gt; Error&lt;T&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> Error::new(e, None, Some(Location::caller().to_string()))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">/// Convenience macro to create a &quot;new type&quot; T(String) and implement Display + Debug for T
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// # Examples
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// ```rust
</span><span class="boring">/// # use chainerror::Context as _;
</span><span class="boring">/// # use chainerror::ErrorDown as _;
</span><span class="boring">/// # use std::error::Error;
</span><span class="boring">/// # use std::io;
</span><span class="boring">/// # use std::result::Result;
</span><span class="boring">/// # fn do_some_io() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// # Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// # Ok(())
</span><span class="boring">/// # }
</span><span class="boring">/// chainerror::str_context!(Func2Error);
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// fn func2() -&gt; chainerror::Result&lt;(), Func2Error&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// let filename = &quot;foo.txt&quot;;
</span><span class="boring">/// do_some_io().context(Func2Error(format!(&quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename)))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// chainerror::str_context!(Func1Error);
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// fn func1() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn Error&gt;&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// func2().context(Func1Error::new(&quot;func1 error&quot;))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// # if let Err(e) = func1() {
</span><span class="boring">/// # if let Some(f1err) = e.downcast_chain_ref::&lt;Func1Error&gt;() {
</span><span class="boring">/// # assert!(f1err.find_cause::&lt;chainerror::Error&lt;Func2Error&gt;&gt;().is_some());
</span><span class="boring">/// # assert!(f1err.find_chain_cause::&lt;Func2Error&gt;().is_some());
</span><span class="boring">/// # } else {
</span><span class="boring">/// # panic!();
</span><span class="boring">/// # }
</span><span class="boring">/// # } else {
</span><span class="boring">/// # unreachable!();
</span><span class="boring">/// # }
</span><span class="boring">/// ```
</span><span class="boring">#[macro_export]
</span><span class="boring">macro_rules! str_context {
</span><span class="boring"> ($e:ident) =&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> #[derive(Clone)]
</span><span class="boring"> pub struct $e(pub String);
</span><span class="boring"> impl $e {
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn new&lt;S: Into&lt;String&gt;&gt;(s: S) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring"> $e(s.into())
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> impl ::std::fmt::Display for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; ::std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;{}&quot;, self.0)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> impl ::std::fmt::Debug for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; ::std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> write!(f, &quot;{}({})&quot;, stringify!($e), self.0)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> impl ::std::error::Error for $e {}
</span><span class="boring"> };
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring">/// Derive an Error for an ErrorKind, which wraps a [`Error`](Error) and implements a `kind()` method
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// It basically hides [`Error`](Error) to the outside and only exposes the [`kind()`](Error::kind)
</span><span class="boring">/// method.
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// Error::kind() returns the ErrorKind
</span><span class="boring">/// Error::source() returns the parent error
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// # Examples
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// ```rust
</span><span class="boring">/// use chainerror::Context as _;
</span><span class="boring">/// use std::io;
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// fn do_some_io(_f: &amp;str) -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;(), io::Error&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// return Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound));
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
</span><span class="boring">/// pub enum ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring">/// IO(String),
</span><span class="boring">/// FatalError(String),
</span><span class="boring">/// Unknown,
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// chainerror::err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind);
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring">/// fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring">/// match self {
</span><span class="boring">/// ErrorKind::FatalError(e) =&gt; write!(f, &quot;fatal error {}&quot;, e),
</span><span class="boring">/// ErrorKind::Unknown =&gt; write!(f, &quot;unknown error&quot;),
</span><span class="boring">/// ErrorKind::IO(filename) =&gt; write!(f, &quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename),
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// impl ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring">/// fn from_io_error(e: &amp;io::Error, f: String) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring">/// match e.kind() {
</span><span class="boring">/// io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe =&gt; panic!(&quot;Should not happen&quot;),
</span><span class="boring">/// io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset =&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// ErrorKind::FatalError(format!(&quot;While reading `{}`: {}&quot;, f, e))
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// _ =&gt; ErrorKind::IO(f),
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// impl From&lt;&amp;io::Error&gt; for ErrorKind {
</span><span class="boring">/// fn from(e: &amp;io::Error) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring">/// ErrorKind::IO(format!(&quot;{}&quot;, e))
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// pub fn func1() -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;(), Error&gt; {
</span><span class="boring">/// let filename = &quot;bar.txt&quot;;
</span><span class="boring">///
</span><span class="boring">/// do_some_io(filename).map_context(|e| ErrorKind::from_io_error(e, filename.into()))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// do_some_io(filename).map_context(|e| ErrorKind::IO(filename.into()))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// do_some_io(filename).map_context(|e| ErrorKind::from(e))?;
</span><span class="boring">/// Ok(())
</span><span class="boring">/// }
</span><span class="boring">/// ```
</span><span class="boring">#[macro_export]
</span><span class="boring">macro_rules! err_kind {
</span><span class="boring"> ($e:ident, $k:ident) =&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> pub struct $e($crate::Error&lt;$k&gt;);
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl $e {
</span><span class="boring"> pub fn kind(&amp;self) -&gt; &amp;$k {
</span><span class="boring"> self.0.kind()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl From&lt;$k&gt; for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn from(e: $k) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring"> $e($crate::Error::new(e, None, None))
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl From&lt;$crate::Error&lt;$k&gt;&gt; for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn from(e: $crate::Error&lt;$k&gt;) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring"> $e(e)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl From&lt;&amp;$e&gt; for $k
</span><span class="boring"> where
</span><span class="boring"> $k: Clone,
</span><span class="boring"> {
</span><span class="boring"> fn from(e: &amp;$e) -&gt; Self {
</span><span class="boring"> e.kind().clone()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl std::error::Error for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn source(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)&gt; {
</span><span class="boring"> self.0.source()
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl std::fmt::Display for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> std::fmt::Display::fmt(&amp;self.0, f)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring">
</span><span class="boring"> impl std::fmt::Debug for $e {
</span><span class="boring"> fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
</span><span class="boring"> std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&amp;self.0, f)
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> }
</span><span class="boring"> };
</span><span class="boring">}
</span><span class="boring">}
</span>pub mod mycrate {
use crate::chainerror::*; // omit the `crate::` part
pub mod mycrate {
use chainerror::Context as _;
use std::io;
fn do_some_io() -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
Ok(())
}
chainerror::str_context!(Func2Error);
fn func2() -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
let filename = &quot;foo.txt&quot;;
do_some_io().context(Func2Error(format!(&quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename)))?;
Ok(())
}
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub enum ErrorKind {
Func2,
IO(String),
}
chainerror::err_kind!(Error, ErrorKind);
pub type Result&lt;T&gt; = std::result::Result&lt;T, Error&gt;;
impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind {
fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
match self {
ErrorKind::Func2 =&gt; write!(f, &quot;func1 error calling func2&quot;),
ErrorKind::IO(filename) =&gt; write!(f, &quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename),
}
}
}
pub fn func1() -&gt; Result&lt;()&gt; {
func2().context(ErrorKind::Func2)?;
let filename = String::from(&quot;bar.txt&quot;);
do_some_io().context(ErrorKind::IO(filename))?;
Ok(())
}
}
fn main() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
use mycrate::func1;
use mycrate::ErrorKind;
use std::error::Error;
use std::io;
if let Err(e) = func1() {
match e.kind() {
ErrorKind::Func2 =&gt; eprintln!(&quot;Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2&quot;),
ErrorKind::IO(ref filename) =&gt; {
eprintln!(&quot;Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'&quot;, filename)
}
}
eprintln!();
let mut s: &amp;dyn Error = &amp;e;
while let Some(c) = s.source() {
if let Some(ioerror) = c.downcast_ref::&lt;io::Error&gt;() {
eprintln!(&quot;caused by: std::io::Error: {}&quot;, ioerror);
match ioerror.kind() {
io::ErrorKind::NotFound =&gt; eprintln!(&quot;of kind: std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound&quot;),
_ =&gt; {}
}
} else {
eprintln!(&quot;caused by: {}&quot;, c);
}
s = c;
}
eprintln!(&quot;\nDebug Error:\n{:?}&quot;, e);
std::process::exit(1);
}
Ok(())
}</code></pre></pre>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="going-back-to-std"><a class="header" href="#going-back-to-std">Going back to std</a></h1>
<p>Not using <code>chainerror</code> and going full <code>std</code> would look like this:</p>
<p>Btw, the code size is bigger than using <code>chainerror</code> :-)</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">#![allow(clippy::single_match)]
#![allow(clippy::redundant_pattern_matching)]
pub mod mycrate {
use std::error::Error as StdError;
use self::func2mod::{do_some_io, func2};
pub mod func2mod {
use std::error::Error as StdError;
use std::io;
pub enum ErrorKind {
IO(String),
}
impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind {
fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
match self {
ErrorKind::IO(s) =&gt; std::fmt::Display::fmt(s, f),
}
}
}
impl std::fmt::Debug for ErrorKind {
fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
match self {
ErrorKind::IO(s) =&gt; std::fmt::Display::fmt(s, f),
}
}
}
macro_rules! mcontext {
( $k:expr ) =&gt; {{
|e| {
Error(
$k,
Some(Box::from(e)),
Some(concat!(file!(), &quot;:&quot;, line!(), &quot;: &quot;)),
)
}
}};
}
pub struct Error(
ErrorKind,
Option&lt;Box&lt;dyn std::error::Error + 'static&gt;&gt;,
Option&lt;&amp;'static str&gt;,
);
impl Error {
pub fn kind(&amp;self) -&gt; &amp;ErrorKind {
&amp;self.0
}
}
impl From&lt;ErrorKind&gt; for Error {
fn from(e: ErrorKind) -&gt; Self {
Error(e, None, None)
}
}
impl std::error::Error for Error {
fn source(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)&gt; {
self.1.as_ref().map(|e| e.as_ref())
}
}
impl std::fmt::Display for Error {
fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
std::fmt::Display::fmt(&amp;self.0, f)
}
}
impl std::fmt::Debug for Error {
fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
if let Some(ref o) = self.2 {
std::fmt::Display::fmt(o, f)?;
}
std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&amp;self.0, f)?;
if let Some(e) = self.source() {
std::fmt::Display::fmt(&quot;\nCaused by:\n&quot;, f)?;
std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&amp;e, f)?;
}
Ok(())
}
}
pub fn do_some_io() -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn std::error::Error&gt;&gt; {
Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
Ok(())
}
pub fn func2() -&gt; std::result::Result&lt;(), Error&gt; {
let filename = &quot;foo.txt&quot;;
do_some_io().map_err(mcontext!(ErrorKind::IO(format!(
&quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;,
filename
))))?;
Ok(())
}
}
#[derive(Debug)]
pub enum ErrorKind {
Func2,
IO(String),
}
impl std::fmt::Display for ErrorKind {
fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
match self {
ErrorKind::Func2 =&gt; write!(f, &quot;func1 error calling func2&quot;),
ErrorKind::IO(filename) =&gt; write!(f, &quot;Error reading '{}'&quot;, filename),
}
}
}
macro_rules! mcontext {
( $k:expr ) =&gt; {{
|e| {
Error(
$k,
Some(Box::from(e)),
Some(concat!(file!(), &quot;:&quot;, line!(), &quot;: &quot;)),
)
}
}};
}
pub struct Error(
ErrorKind,
Option&lt;Box&lt;dyn std::error::Error + 'static&gt;&gt;,
Option&lt;&amp;'static str&gt;,
);
impl Error {
pub fn kind(&amp;self) -&gt; &amp;ErrorKind {
&amp;self.0
}
}
impl From&lt;ErrorKind&gt; for Error {
fn from(e: ErrorKind) -&gt; Self {
Error(e, None, None)
}
}
impl std::error::Error for Error {
fn source(&amp;self) -&gt; Option&lt;&amp;(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)&gt; {
self.1.as_ref().map(|e| e.as_ref())
}
}
impl std::fmt::Display for Error {
fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
std::fmt::Display::fmt(&amp;self.0, f)
}
}
impl std::fmt::Debug for Error {
fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut std::fmt::Formatter) -&gt; std::fmt::Result {
if let Some(ref o) = self.2 {
std::fmt::Display::fmt(o, f)?;
}
std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&amp;self.0, f)?;
if let Some(e) = self.source() {
std::fmt::Display::fmt(&quot;\nCaused by:\n&quot;, f)?;
std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&amp;e, f)?;
}
Ok(())
}
}
pub type Result&lt;T&gt; = std::result::Result&lt;T, Error&gt;;
pub fn func1() -&gt; Result&lt;()&gt; {
func2().map_err(mcontext!(ErrorKind::Func2))?;
let filename = String::from(&quot;bar.txt&quot;);
do_some_io().map_err(mcontext!(ErrorKind::IO(filename)))?;
Ok(())
}
}
fn main() -&gt; Result&lt;(), Box&lt;dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync&gt;&gt; {
use mycrate::func1;
use mycrate::ErrorKind;
use std::error::Error;
use std::io;
if let Err(e) = func1() {
match e.kind() {
ErrorKind::Func2 =&gt; eprintln!(&quot;Main Error Report: func1 error calling func2&quot;),
ErrorKind::IO(ref filename) =&gt; {
eprintln!(&quot;Main Error Report: func1 error reading '{}'&quot;, filename)
}
}
eprintln!();
let mut s: &amp;dyn Error = &amp;e;
while let Some(c) = s.source() {
if let Some(ioerror) = c.downcast_ref::&lt;io::Error&gt;() {
eprintln!(&quot;caused by: std::io::Error: {}&quot;, ioerror);
match ioerror.kind() {
io::ErrorKind::NotFound =&gt; eprintln!(&quot;of kind: std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound&quot;),
_ =&gt; {}
}
} else {
eprintln!(&quot;caused by: {}&quot;, c);
}
s = c;
}
eprintln!(&quot;\nDebug Error:\n{:?}&quot;, e);
std::process::exit(1);
}
Ok(())
}</code></pre></pre>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="the-end"><a class="header" href="#the-end">The End</a></h1>
<p>That's it for now…</p>
<p>Happy error handling!</p>
<p>To report issues, submit pull request or for the source code, examples and the book source, visit
the <a href="https://github.com/haraldh/chainerror">Git Repo</a>.</p>
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